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What we have built is a simple transmission system based on the Zigbee routing and networking protocol. This protocol and its details are discussed in greater detail in the Standards section (below); in this section, we focus on underlying network theory and the role this theory played in our project.

Data networks (and transmission systems) are typically divided into various layers based on functionality. This is sometimes called a protocol stack (in our case, we are using a Zigbee stack). Essentially, the lower the layer, the closer we are to worrying about actual physical electrons flying around. Conversely, the higher the layer, the less we are worrying about physical constraints and the more abstract the data structures are that we are dealing with and manipulating.

The most famous of these layering models is the Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model, which is shown below :

Figure 2. The OSI Reference Model (Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model)

The functionality of each layer (or group of layers) is described in a bit more detail below.

Physical Layer

The physical layer's job is to move individual digital bits from one place to another. The protocols in this layer depend on the actual physical medium. For example, in a wireless system, the actual physical medium is simply the atmosphere.

Link Layer

A network's link layer routes a series of bits (sometimes called a datagram) from one node in a network to another. This can happen through a series of intermediate switches (or routers). Protocols at this layer provide more robust and full-featured services than protocols at the physical layer. WiFi is one example of a link-layer protocol.

Network and Transport Layers

Again, since these layers are higher in the model, protocols at this layer typically are more full-featured than protocols at the link or physical layers. Protocols at these layers use the link layer's routing capabilities to move the aforementioned datagrams between nodes in a network. The Internet Protocol (IP) is probably the most famous network layer protocol, while the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) are two examples of well-known and widely-used transport-layer protocols.� Certain higher-level functionality is more prevalent in these two layers than in lower levels.� For example, flow control � controlling the transmission rate between nodes in order to lower congestion on the network (realizing that even just a two-node transmission system can be considered a �network�) � and reliable transmission (ensuring that a packet is actually received) are two features commonly implemented in the network and transport layers.

Session, Presentation, and Application Layers

These layers are essentially the end-result of a networking protocol stack. For example, a web browser resides in the application layer. These layers make use of all of the lower layers to send data between nodes on a network, and then use their own protocols for manipulating that data. A web browser renders HTML but uses lower-level protocols to send HTML between nodes in a network.

Our Project

The part of our project that we implemented basically deals with the network layer and above. The XBee chips (which are discussed in much greater detail later in the report) and firmware allow us to �black box� the Data Link and Physical layers, and the open source Xbee-API and Xbee-Arduino software packages greatly simplified our work in the network layer.� Thus, it was not strictly necessary for us to have a deep understanding of the underlying physical, link, and network layer protocols used, but a brief discussion of this is warranted nonetheless.

The physical layer protocol/standard used in Zigbee systems is IEEE 802.15.4 (http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG4.html).� This is a wireless standard that operates, in North America, in the range of 2400-2483.5 MHz or 902-928 MHz.� Zigbee, and most importantly our chips, operate in the higher 2.4 GHz range, so that is the range we will briefly discuss here.� The data transmission rate is up to 250 kilobits per second.

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About the Author

I am Syed Zain Nasir, the founder of The Engineering Projects (TEP). I am a programmer since 2009 before that I just search things, make small projects and now I am sharing my knowledge through this platform.I also work as a freelancer and did many projects related to programming and electrical circuitry.

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