Hello folks, I hope things are proceeding great at all of your sides. Today I am going to discuss the evolution of PCB (Printed Circuit board) in 2019.
You all must be already aware of the term PCB, what printed circuit board is? In case you are a newbie and don’t have much information about it. Then no problem, because I am going to share the history, the evolution of Printed circuit board (PCB) and when it first comes into usage?
What is PCB?
The printed circuit board mechanically support and connect to electronic components through the use of conductive tracks, pads, and other features.
Alright, lets me explain you in simple words.
PC boards are internal components that transmit electronic signals through electronic devices. For example: whenever you turned on a TV, computer or press a button on your smartphone, you are associating with a Printed circuit Board, which are inside the enclosures of all such devices.
There are few people who are aware of the complexity of the print circuit board behind the today technology. In the absence of printed circuit board, today advanced technology would have never become possible.
History of Printed Circuit Board
To know in detail what PCB (Printed circuit board) is, we have to go back in History to trace the evolution of PCB. PCB has evolved in many ways since its inception.
First PCB patent as known as “Printed wire” were issues in the early 1900s, However, the PC boards we recognize came into use after the world war II.
Charles Ducas from the USA created an electronic path directly on an insulated surface by printing through a stencil with electrically conductive links.
Dr. Paul Eisler an Austrian scientist made the first operational printed wiring board in 1943. On that time it's used as the replacement of massive radio tube wiring.
How earliest Printed circuit boards were made?
If you don’t know about it already then you will be amazed to know how the earliest PCB was created differently. In the 1920s they PCBs were made with different materials like Bakelite, layered, cardboard, Masonite and even thin wooden planks. Holes were drilled into the elements and the flat brass. Wires were nailed or bolted onto the board. The component connection was usually made by the pressing of the end brass trace onto a low rivet. Small nuts and bolts were used before rivet. These types of PCBs were used in early style gramophones and radios.
In 1950 to 60’s laminates using a little different style and materials were introduced but still, PCBs were single sided. All the circuit was on the one side of the board and components was on another side of the board. PCB makes a prime choice for that time over heavy cables and wiring. The evolution of printing wiring board came from the government agencies.
Process of Assembling Electrical Circuits
The “Process of Assembling Electrical Circuits” was then introduced by the US which developed the ways PCBs were made. In 1960, this process involved drawing the wiring patterns and then photographing it onto a zinc plate. This was the significant change and PCB starts observing a winder option. In this time PCB got more advanced in its techniques and methods. Multilayers PCBs also start producing in this time too.
In 1970, the size of the PCB begins to reduce and became much smaller. It was the time when hot air soldering methods were starting to be used. In the 1980s, the further size reduction of the PCB was made due to the outside amount of components. Within a few time, it becomes the preferred method over through-hole components. Because it requires less space and retains the same level of functionality.
The need for Computer manufacturing become the standard way for PCBs to be developed in the 1990s. Now the complexity of the circuit board increased again. This constant improvement of change enabled boards to be more effective and opened up more believable outcomes for various uses and applications. While the complexity of circuit boards keeps on expanding. The costs of the PCBs still manage to keep low.
Around 1995, this is when High-Density Interconnector PCBs were starting to be utilized. These boards include littler lines, pads and give different advantages, for example, decreased weight and size. Onwards starting here, the extra older boards become out-of-date.
Flex and Inflexible PCB
Flex and inflexible PCBs turned out to be progressively basic as they were affordable. The growth of electronic devices and gadget kept on driving PCB manufacturing change to push for effective, skilled and densely packed structures.
There are so many PCBs manufacturing companies out there and everyone is working hard with various priorities. PCBway is also striving to give customers the best product. Their PCBs are famous worldwide and I will definitely recommend them. They will give you one-on-one assistance and help you in selecting the right board for your project. I suggest PCBway because they offer great quality with a full range of printed circuit board capabilities and have always been satisfied.
Future of PCB
As of now, most of the circuit boards are utilizing multi-step strategies, for example, conventional vacuum deposition and photolithographic designing. Though, these techniques have barriers since they require a high handling temperature, include lethal waste, and are costly.
However, it's not hard to imagine PCBs will be transformed in the future. It's as of now starting! with the utilization of 3d printing become more standard '3d printing' a printed circuit board has progressed toward becoming realized.
Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at Top Cisco Routing and Switching Certifications for 2019. If you are in the IT industry and you want to be successful in your IT networking career, then it’s advisable that you achieve a Cisco certification.
This well-known organization offers a wide range of credentials. It’s good to know which Routing and Switching certificate is the best in 2019. This will help you make an informed decision about what certification you should pursue.
Top Popular Cisco Routing and Switching Certifications
Exam-Labs makes achieving the Cisco certifications very simple and affordable by providing the candidates with training courses that can be accessed through personal computers, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. The only question you should be asking yourself is what Cisco credential should you obtain? The answer to this question should depend on what career path you want to choose and what certificates are more useful and popular today. https://www.exam-labs.com/
Going by the number of IT professionals who enroll for various Cisco certification courses with Exam-Labs, there is a particular trend regarding to the credentials that receive the most candidates. The certification courses with the highest number of students are definitely the best ones that are in high demand in the IT industry.This article sheds more light on the top Cisco Routing and Switching credentials for 2019.
At present, the most popular Cisco certifications include the following:
Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) Routing and Switching
There are a lot of types of Cisco Certified Network Associate certification, including collaboration, data center, cloud, security, cyber ops, wireless,server provider, and industrial. But the most well-known associate-level credential among all is CCNA Routing and Switching.
The CCNAR&S certification is the most popular credential, particularly for networking because it is in high demand in majority of the IT companies globally. CCNA R&S is an associate-level certificate. After achieving this Cisco certification, you start your IT career as a network engineer or a network administrator.
Cisco usually conducts the CCNA R&S certification in either two separate exams or in one composite test. These two exams are 100-105 ICND1 and 200-105 ICND2. The composite test has the code – 200-125 CCNA. All these certification exams have a different number of questions but they all last for 90 minutes. The available languages for these CCNA R&S tests are Japanese and English.
A CCNA R&S certified professional can install, configure, troubleshoot, and operate routed and switched networks. Such a specialist can use WAN to set up a connection in the distant area. The general exam topics typically include IPv4 and IPv6 routing technologies, infrastructure services, WAN technologies, infrastructure security, network fundamentals, infrastructure maintenance and management, etc. You can learn all these exam topics at Exam-Labs without breaking the bank. https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/training-events/training-certifications/certifications.html
Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) Routing and Switching
There are many types of Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) certificate, such as wireless, collaboration, security, service provider, data center and cloud. Among all these CCNP certifications, the best credential, which is also most recommended one, is CCNP R&S.
The CCNP Routing and Switching credential has been and remain the best Cisco certification that a networking professional can earn. If you have at least one year of experience, particularly in the IT networking industry, and you are striving to grow in your career, then you should enroll for the CCNP certification program today. So, by earning this certificate, one can be a network administrator, a system engineer, and a network engineer or technician.
When you take the CCNP R&S certification exams, you will have the skills and knowledge to verify, implement, and troubleshoot remote and local networks. Learning this certificate gives you the ability to use WAN and LAN connections on several devices.To obtain this Cisco credential, you should clear the following three exams:
300-101 ROUTE (45-65/120 min)
300-115 SWITCH (30-40/120 min)
300-135 TSHOOT (15-25/120 min)
These CCNP R&S exams can be also taken in English and Japanese. Passing these certification tests will be very easy if you use preparation tools offered by Exam-Labs.
Note: To get the CCNP R&S certification, you should have a valid CCNA R&S credential.
Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) Routing and Switching
There are six different tracks of the Cisco Certified Internet work Expert (CCIE) certification. You have to choose the relevant path depending on the specific networking technology in which you would like to obtain a certificate. The CCIE tracks include wireless, collaboration, service provider, data center, security, and routing and switching. The last domain is the most popular one among others. The CCIE R&S credential is designed for the IT professionals who are seeking to acquire expertise in network levels. After earning this Cisco certification, you qualify as a network engineer or a server administrator (or both).
A CCIE R&S certified individual can easily and effectively plan, troubleshoot, and operate complex networks on all Cisco equipment. To achieve this expert-level certification, one should have at least 3 years of experience to be eligible to take the relevant lab and written exams. The first step is the written test (400-101). It consists of 90-110 questions that should be answered within 120 minutes. This certification exam can be taken in English. The second step is the lab test. It takes 8 hours in total. The exam requires you to configure and troubleshoot a number of complex networks in accordance with certain specifications.
If you fail to pass the exam at your first attempt, you are allowed to retake it after a month. But to avoid failure, prepare with the Exam-Labs platform!
Conclusion
To clear any Cisco certification exam with relative ease, join a training course at Exam-Labs and learn the certification comprehensively from the certified and experienced professionals. Also make use of free study materials available. Besides video guides, there are also many useful preparation tools that will help you explore your Cisco test and earn your credential.
The Cisco Routing and Switching certifications we have mentioned here will help you demonstrate your expertise. They will help you easily get a job, get a promotion, and earn a huge salary.
Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at 3 Reasons To Switch To Cloud Storages. Even though Cloud storages are getting increasingly popular, there are still some dark clouds of misconceptions of stereotypes that shadow the reputation of the entire industry. A lot of users still believe that cloud storages are not safe, that it’s risky to trust sensitive personal and business information to a third-party server. Others, on the other hand, claim that Cloud storages are much more secure than local drives.
The truth, as in most cases, lies in the middle. It would be wrong to say that all Cloud storages are safe - it is indeed possible to encounter fraud a couple of times. However, it would perhaps be even a bigger mistake to assume that just because there were some scams in the past, all Cloud industry must be a threat.
In fact, now the levels of encryption of cloud storages are significantly higher than those of local drives. That, actually, is easy to explain Cloud drives are usually created by big companies and corporations, with professional security departments. Thousands of people work on one task, and one task only - to create a safe place for your file.s In your business, however, you hardly have at least one specialist whose job role would be fully dedicated to security. Even if you want your safety to much the level of Cloud, you would have no resources to implement the same methods.
Of course, this only scratches the top of the iceberg. We took a closer look at the matter and formulated three main reasons to switch to Cloud.
Reason #1 - Much lower costs
When you use Cloud, there is no more need for hardware storage. Cloud storages don’t require any additional efforts from your part when it comes to maintenance. When you entrust your data to be stored on the third-party service, you also leave all the support activities up to them. This saves a lot of time and money - as opposed to physical storages.
Also, hardware storages take up a lot of office space so even if the cost of the hardware itself is relatively low, you’ll be paying for the consequences a lot more and for a while. On top of that, Cloud storages follow on-demand model - you pay only when you need to use storage - no futile waste of storage space and company resources
Finally, the last bonus. Many cloud storages have comfortable free versions or extended trial periods. You can download Dropbox or register on Microsoft’s cloud service with no fee and have access to all essential possibilities. Many platforms offer small-size storages for free along with basic management features For small businesses and startups, this should be completely enough. Also, it’s a great possibility to test the storage before paying for it. You are not buying a cat in a sack.
Reason #2 - Flexibility for scaling businesses
Cloud storages provide access to your files anytime and anywhere, and from any device. You are not tied to the office space or work computer. All information is connected to your personal account or to the account of your team. All you need is to know login and password.
Cloud platforms are usually supported by all popular OSs - Windows, Mac, Linux, iOS, Android along with web applications, compatible with Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Opera, and others. The functionality in mobile, desktop, and web version is usually quite similar (although apps may be somewhat simplified) - so there is no difficulty in switching from one to another.
As your business grows, you start saving more data and taking more responsibility for your clients, employees, partners. Keeping track of all information is a crucial step to successful calling. Unlike local storages, Cloud allows you to automate file management activities - you can share data with other users, edit their access permissions, synchronize files between various devices, delete old files, and create passwords for the most sensitive information. All these features are available by default, no add-ons required.
Reason #3 - Cloud protects from hardware failures
This is surely the most compelling argument in Cloud’s favor. Even if you can secure your local drive by password protection and custom encryption tools, even if you manage to cut costs somehow, there is still no protection for hardware failure.
It doesn’t matter how often you perform diagnosis or how responsibly your company traits maintenance. These activities can prolong the age of your hardware but you are never quite out of the woods. Computers and physical memory storages break for thousands of reasons and you can never prevent them all.
Cloud platforms make sure that your data is not down even if your hardware is. The main purpose of third-party storing services is to provide users with secure backup copies in case something goes wrong. Even if you don’t want to switch your business to Cloud completely, you have to consider using it at least for protection.
After the access to hardware was restored, you can copy all backup files from Cloud to a physical device with a single click. Also, if your device was compromised, you can activate an emergent deletion on physical storage, knowing that you have backup copies stored elsewhere.
Conclusions
Now that you know why every business owner has to consider using CLoud, if not as the main storage, at last for protection purposes. It’s about time we provide you with a quick checklist with tips on smart Cloud implementation.
Start by choosing a free tool - this way, you can practice Cloud management and educate your team. It’s also a possibility to est the concept and understands whether cloud storages work for you.
Later, you can switch to lesser-known storages if you want to, however, for beginners, it’s advisable to start with popular tools, developed by well-known companies. Such examples are Dropbox, Microsoft Storage, Google Storage, Google Drive, and others.
Don’t go for an elaborate solution right away. For instance, Google has two main Cloud option. The more popular one is Google Drive, often used by small teams and in personal purposes. The more complex one is Google Cloud, created for software developers and digital businesses with more narrow functionality and complicated interface. If you are just familiarizing yourself with the concept of Cloud, start with the simpler one, and scale later.
Don’t neglect physical storage protection. Even if you moved all important data to Cloud, be sure to keep your physical devices safe. After all, by accessing your computers, a hacker can also get access to your Cloud.
Apply additional security layers for sensitive data. Even though encryption works for the entire Cloud storage, don’t rely on built-in measures when it comes to financial or legal data. Add password protection and a new encryption level - this feature is provided by the majority of Cloud platforms even in free functionality packages.
Cloud platforms are must-have for modern companies. Sooner than later, you will find yourself in the need of remote storage - which is why it’s best to not delay this decision. Take preventative measures to protect your business data and start adapting your company to Cloud storages as soon as possible.
Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at How to choose best Men's Smart Watch. Watches have become an indispensable complement in our daily lives. As they say about shoes, this watch is able to reveal our personality features. This is why the right choice of watches is needed to control the image we want to show ourselves.
Distinction symbol since the beginning
The first watch was created by the Egyptians. The idea is to measure the time with the tools they have, so they use a mechanism similar to an hourglass, but with water, called clepsydra. Only one of these watches is preserved, designed for King Amenhotep I. Since the beginning of its history, watches have been very much associated with luxury.
Then the mechanism changes, becomes more accurate, until we reach the automatic watch. Progress focuses on reducing precision and size. The first watch was made in 1812 in the name of the Queen of Naples. Again, progress in measuring time comes from a comfortable environment.
This characteristic only increases, even becomes a family symbol, which moves from parents to children, with important emotional value. Pocket watches are another part of men's clothing, while watches are reserved as women's accessories. These limits were disbursed during the first world war, when men began wearing watches for the comfort they offered when they had to wear them on the battlefield.
Already in this period we have seen names in the history of watchmaking that continue to be the main actors of business today as first watches, discovered by Cartier; or the first waterproof watch, developed by Rolex. Since its creation, these brands have become a guarantee of the quality of their products, which have been associated with formal beauty and functioning of the device, but, above all, with the idea that they are a lifelong watch. At the same time, new companies emerged as Omega, Tissot, Tag Heuer ... which continued with the development of luxury products; while, later, other brands appeared like Casio, Viceroy, Seyko or Lotus. So far, they are the best mens watches.
But what about the connected watch?
This is the current trend, wearing a connected watch. Still called a smartwatch, this is a watch that has several features including GPS, calls, receiving notifications from your social networks, tracking your heart rate ... Connected watches have become high-tech objects that are far more trendy and powerful.
Connected watch features
Connected watches have grown rapidly in recent years. We found that actually connected men's watches are always at the forefront of technology that can watch time, use it as a GPS and send short messages. You can also install important applications for certain functions.
This connected men's watch also features a voice recognition and notification system. With the last one, you can have access to your incoming calls and SMS. This watch is mainly used by athletes who use it to calculate their heart rate. So, there is no need to walk with a smartphone on your shoulder. But to benefit from more features and performance, there are brands that offer trendy connected watches. This is the case for Samsung, Apple, LG, Motorola, Asus, Sony or Fitbit Blaze.
How do you choose a smart watch?
There are many brands and models of men's watches that are connected on the market. Here are some criteria to consider when buying a smart watch:
Choose your watch from the design. This watch is mainly an accessory worn by hand. To make it more attractive, choose trendy trendy watches from leading brands with unique designs. Make sure the size of the watch fits with your wrist.
You will find the exclusive WathOs system developed by Apple, which is very similar to the iOS system found on its smartphone. A large number of smart watches are designed with Google's Android Wear system. Samsung's connected watches use the Tizen home system.
Choosing the right watch for your man is considering its compatibility with the smartphone. In other words, if you have an iPhone, it would be better to choose Apple Watch. It is important to note that all watches connected with Android Wear function with an Android smartphone, starting from version 4.3. Samsung Gear with Tizen is compatible with Android phones.
Existing features: It's about choosing a watch that will meet your needs. Check the functions installed on the watch, especially if you are a nomad or sportsman.
There are also two other criteria for choosing connected trips that should not be ignored. This is a case of autonomy which is a weak point of this accessory which is sometimes very greedy in terms of energy. Then there is a storage capacity that must be at least 4 or 8 GB to allow you to store music for example.
Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to A1015. A1015 is a part of transmissive light sensing sequence which has a high competence GaAs Infrared light discharging diode which actions as the light stemming component, extremely sensitive phototransistor is used as the light sensing element. These two apparatuses are established so as in the opposite of each other, any materials fleeting among them are effortlessly sensed.
The A1015 is made in casing of TO-92. By seeing at its smooth side we can comprehend the three terminals impending out, these three terminals from left to right are emitter, collector and base. In today’s post, we will have a look at its fortification, wreckage, consequence, submissions, etc. I will also share some links where I have associated it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to A1015.
Introduction to A1015
A1015 is a part of transmissive light sensing sequence which has a high competence GaAs Infrared light discharging diode which actions as the light stemming component, extremely sensitive phototransistor is used as the light sensing element.
It is commonly used PNP transistor for the intensification and switching submissions.
It is a less signal user transistor it is used to amplify low signals it can also use as a switching device.
Distinctive hFE standards for this small signal transistors series from 10 to 500, having extreme Ic evaluations from around 80 to 600mA.
Its extreme working frequencies assortment is from 1 to 300 MHz.
It is mainly used when intensifying small signals, such as an insufficient volt and only when using milli-amperes of current.
For such apparatuses which devour a large quantity of current it is used for them instead of it, we use power transistors.
Pinout of A1015
These are the main pinout of A1015.
Pin#
Type
Parameters
Pin#1
Emitter
The emitter is for the external association of current.
Pin#2
Base
The base administers the biasing of the transistor. It vagaries the state of the transistor.
Pin#3
Collector
The collector is for the current inward drive. It is related to the load.
Lest see a diagram of the pinout.
Features of A1015
These are some features of A1015.
It is a transistor like PNP.
It dispels the power of 0.4 watts.
The supreme voltage at which it functions is 50 volts and current at its collector is 150mA.
Its noise value is low approximately its value is 1dB.
It is assembled in a readymade plastic coating.
Its direct current gain value is 400.
The power it consumes at the collector is 400 milliwatt.
The value of itemization voltage at (C-E) and (C-B) is 50 volts DC.
The value of permeation Voltage at BE is 1.45 volts of DC.
Its matching transistor is 2SC1815
Its Operational Temperature and Stowage Temperature is -55? to +150?.
Working of A1015
Now we discuss working of A1015 by a circuit diagram which is described below.
The circuit which is we are using in this tutorial is a LED flasher which has A1015, capacitor which mention in the given diagram as C1 and resistor R1 both of these are working as a frequency generator for Q1 transistor this transistor works as a switch for Q2 transistor.
As C1 and R2 work as a switch for Q1, it will works till the voltage discharge upsurges crosswise of C1. As a consequence, Q2 flinches working, and a current drifts through LED and it goes ON.
Although C1 settled over R1 to a period of time when C1 emancipation out there would be no compression to bias the base point of the Q1.
Henceforth, the Q1 stop operation which also halts Q2 to operate. Consequently, LED turn OFF and C1 will switch again and this rotation lasts. And, the spiraling ON and OFF of LED appears as a flasher.
For a better understanding of this circuit, let's see the circuit diagram:.
Now we discuss where we can use this transistor.
Applications of A1015
These are some applications of A1015.
It works as a switch in different projects.
It uses in driver phase amplifier accomplishment.
It used as an audio frequency amplifier.
It can also use a Darlington pair.
It used in the creation of led flasher.
So it was all about A1015 if you have any question about it ask in comments. Thanks for reading.
Hello everyone, I hope you all are having fun. Today's my first tutorial on this blog and I am going to share When Should Mines Reach Out to Mining Optimization Consultants. As a shareholder or project manager of a mining company, you may want to know when you should reach out to mining optimization consultants for help. Is it just the state of the economy or are your profits decreasing due to productivity and performance? If you’re asking yourself this question, you may want to look out for the common reasons why mines employ the services of mining consultants.
Their Productivity is Decreasing
One of the most common sign that mining optimization consultants are needed is when a drop in profits and productivity can be clearly identified. Independent mining advisors can help to identify what may be causing the problem and can offer expert advice on how to solve the issues.
Competitors Are Upgrading
Mines may notice that their competitors have upgraded their operations systems, putting them in the lead. In order to kick start the upgrade and optimisation of your mine, you will need to reach out to mining optimisation consultants who have the experience and all the connections.
Systems are Outdated and Nearing End of Life
If a mine has systems and assets that are outdated and are nearing end of life, they may be forced to upgrade, whether their competitors are doing it or not. Mining consultants will therefore be needed in order to know what to replace these parts with, and how they can best introduce these new systems.
Looking for Mining Consulting Companies in Gauteng?
If you’re looking for mining consulting companies in Gauteng, or experts who offer services across Africa, ensure that you find professionals who have the expertise you need. Your mining consultants should have experience, a great track record, and knowledge in a variety of mining optimization techniques and technologies.
So, that was all for today. I hope you have enjoyed today's tutorial and will let me know about your feedback in the comments. Have a good day !!! :)
Hello everyone, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at Top 10 Largest Steel Producers in the World. The need for high-quality materials grows every year, as we witness how progress changes our fast-paced world. There are a lot of powerful players in the steelmaking industry that produce materials in enormous quantities, shipping them globally. Below is the list of the world’s biggest steel producers. Each of them shapes the market and controls a large share of it. So, who is the biggest producer of steel in the world?
10) ThyssenKrupp
ThyssenKrupp, one of the biggest industrial concerns in Germany, officially began working on March 17, 1999. It’s the world's main producer of high-alloyed steel and metalworking machines. The concern is the leading maker of sheets, elevators, and escalators, with clients in more than 160 countries and the turnover reaching €43 billion.
9) Tata Steel, an Indian mining and steel company
The next spot goes to the Indian producer that owns a number of facilities in Asian and European countries. In the 2017–18 fiscal year, its production reached 25.27 million tons, 12.15 million tons of which were produced in India and 9.99 million tons – in Europe.
8) JFE Holdings
Japan-based JFE Holdings was formed in 2002 through the merger of NKK and Kawasaki Steel Corporation, with the main office in Tokyo. JFE stands for Japan Future Enterprise. The main focus is steelmaking, but it’s also engaged in the engineering, construction, logistics, and chemical industries.
7) Ansteel Group
Unlike other top steel companies from this list, Chinese Ansteel is state-owned. Its main focus is the production of A-grade products for various industries.
6) Jiangsu Shagang
This Zhangjiagang-based manufacturer was the largest privately owned company in China in 2008, and it ranks 6th on our list of steel manufacturing companies. It produces and sales products under its own brand across the world.
5) POSCO, the largest steel company in South Korea
POSCO earns the spot among the world’s leading producers with 42.19 million tons of steel made in 2017. In the Forbes Global 2000 for 2018, POSCO ranked 228th, including 141st in terms of revenue. It mainly operates in South Korea which accounts for 39% of the company’s sales. The rest goes abroad. Apart from that POSCO owns the largest steel plant ever made.
4) Hesteel Group
This steel product manufacturer is one of the Chinese leaders in steelmaking and yet another major representative of China on this list. It was renamed in 2016.
3) Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal
This corporation, who was the biggest steel producer in Japan in 2018 and the third largest globally, opens our top-3. It was formed in 2012. In the list of the largest companies in the world, Forbes Global 2000 for 2018, it ranked 304th and became 198th in the Fortune Global 500 for 2018.
2) China Baowu Steel Group
Next off is China Baowu Steel, who is the largest steel producer in China and stands right behind the main player in the industry. It was formed on December 1, 2016, after the merger of two powerful Chinese corporations. In September 2018, negotiations began to merge it with another Chinese steel producer, the Magang Group. If successful, this merger will make China Baowu almost equal to the industry’s leading manufacturer in terms of production.
1) ArcelorMittal
At the end of 2008, this Luxemburg-based largest metallurgical company controlled 10% of the global steel market. It was founded in 2006 by the merger of Arcelor and Indian Mittal Steel. Numerous manufacturing facilities on four continents allow the company to supply products to dozens of countries.
So, that was all for today. I hope you have liked the list. Have a good day.
Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to PN2222. The PN2222 is a conjoint NPN bipolar junction transistor which is used for common persistence less power intensifying or swapping circuits applications. It is intended for low to intermediate current, squat power, intermediate voltage and can activate at a temperately higher speed. It was initially prepared in the TO-18 metallic cascading.
It is reflected as a very communal transistor and used as a replacement of NPN transistors. It is normally used as a lesser signal transistor and it vestiges a small common persistence transistor of permanent reputation. In today’s post, we will have a look at its cover, specks, association, applications, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to PN2222.
Introduction to PN2222
The PN2222 is a conjoint NPN bipolar junction transistor which is used for common persistence less power intensifying or swapping circuits applications.
The PN2222 was a fragment of an intimate of expedients designated by Motorola at a 1962 IRE treaty. Meanwhile, then it has been prepared by many semiconductor corporations, such as Texas Instruments.
PN2222 is an NPN transistor the pinout of emitter and collector will be uncluttered when we attach base pin with the ground and these pins will be fastened when a signal is delivered on base.
It's gain value is 110 to 800, this value governs the intensification capability of the transistor.
The maximum quantity of current that can drift by the Collector pin is 800mA, hereafter we cannot attach loads which devour more than 800mA by this transistor.
For biasing of transistor we must apply current to base pin. This (Ib) current must be limited to 5mA.
When this transistor is completely biased then it can permit a maximum of 800mA to movement crosswise the collector and emitter.
This phase is named Saturation Region and the characteristic voltage permissible crossways the Collector-Emitter (VCE) or Base-Emitter (VBE) can be 200 and 900 mV correspondingly.
When the base current is detached the transistor converts entirely off, this phase is named as the Cut-off Region and the Base-Emitter voltage might be about 660mV.
Pinout of PN2222
These are the main pinout of PN2222.
Pin#
Type
Parameters
Pin#1
Emitter
Emitter is for current drainage out.
Pin#2
Base
The base controls the biasing of the transistor.
Pin#3
Collector
The emitter is for the current inward movement.
Lest see a diagram of the pinout.
Features of PN2222
These are the main specifications of PN2222.
It is bi-polar higher current user NPN transistor.
It DC gain is (hFE ) is 100.
Its incessant Collector current (IC) is 800mA.
Its (VBE) Emitter-base voltage is six volts.
Its voltage between collector and emitter is thirty volts.
Extreme base current Ib is 5mA.
It's accessible in To-92 Compendium.
Its collector intemperance factor is 0.625 W.
Its changeover frequency is 300 MHz.
It has a functioning and storing connection temperature range -55 to +150 °C.
Working of PN2222
Now we discuss the working of PN2222.
In the next few lines, we will discuss where it can be used after this we discuss it's working.
It is like the generally used NPN transistor BC547. Nevertheless, there are two significant topographies which differentiate both of them.
It can permit collector current up to 800mA and as well has power intemperance of 652mW due to this it is used for larger loads then BC547.
So if you are considering for an NPN transistor which can switch loads of large current user then PN2222 will be the right option for your industrial developments.
Now, we discuss its working.
Like other transistors, it can be used as an amplifier and switch. Voltage crossways of base and emitter are six volts so we have to apply these voltage crossways base and emitter to persuade a base current of the transistor.
This will change it to forward biasing and consequently completions the linking amid collector and emitter.
One important thing in this circuit is the base resistor which is a current preventive resistor. This resistor in the circuit is for limit the coming current which can damage the transistor. Its value can be found by the given equation.
RB = VBE / IB
To mark things modest I have exposed a basic circuit of the transistor as a switch. In a real circuit, alterations must be vital. In this circuit, I supplied five volts to base and 1K resistor to limit the current.
Notice that in this circuit motor consumes around 500mA by the 12V supply source, meanwhile PN2222 rating of collector up to 800mA, which shows it's importance that if we have BC547 in the circuit it would be damaged.
Applications of PN2222
These are some applications of PN2222.
It is used where higher current consumer loads in the circuit. It also used in numerous swapping submissions.
It used to control the speed of different types of motors.
It used in inversion and rectification circuits.
It also used in Darlington pairs.
So it was about PN2222 if you have any query ask in comments. Take care until the next tutorial.
Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to S8550. S8550 is a PNP transistor henceforth during reverse biasing both the collector and emitter will be open and during forward biasing these will be closed. The value of gain is 300 this value governs the magnification ability of the transistor. Its gain is very high therefore it is used for magnification solicitations.
When it is completely biased it can permit a maximum 700mA current to drift crosswise the collector and emitter. This phase is named as Saturation Region and the distinctive voltage permitted across the (VCE) or (VCB) can be 20V and 30V correspondingly. In today’s post, we will have a look at its protection, fragments, connotation, submissions, etc. I will also share some links where I have connected it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to S8550.
Introduction to S8550
S8550 is a PNP transistor henceforth during reverse biasing both the collector and emitter will be open and during forward biasing these will be closed.
It is produced in a flexible TO-92 casing. When we observe the smooth side with the leads piercing descending, the three leads emergent from left to right are named as Emitter, Base and Collector.
It is PNP generally used a transistor, it is a dependable less costly transistor having a good practical feature.
It is premeditated for the acoustic intensification and other common desires in electronic circuitry It is also used in salable employments.
It is the greatest selection for diverse electronic circuits as it has dissipation factor 1 Watt so it is respectable for strengthening of the acoustic signal to about 1 Watt.
The maximum current which can collector cab bear is 700mA due to this is used for large no of switching solicitation in electronically circuits.
Gain value for this transistor is 300, which make it superior to other transistors.
Pinout of S8550
These are some important pinout of S8550.
Pin#
Type
Parameters
Pin#1
Emitter
Emitter is for current drainage out.
Pin#2
Base
The base controls the biasing of the transistor. it is used to on and off of the transistor.
Pin#3
Collector
The collector is for the current inward movement. It is connected with the load.
Lest see a diagram of the pinout.
Features of S8550
These are the main features of S8550.
It exists in TO-92 cascading.
It is a push-pull arrangement class B intensifier.
It is a PNP transistor.
The extreme assessment of the collector’s current is -0.7A or -700mA.
It has extreme emitter to collector voltage (VCE) -20V.
Its emitter to base voltage is (VBE) -5V.
The value of Vcb voltage is -40V.
Power Dissipation aspect of its collector is one watt.
The value of the gain of current is (hFE) 40 To 400.
It's extreme storing and the working temperature is -65 to +150 C.
Working of S8550
Now we discuss its working.
As stated in the above heading the S8550 transistor is usually used in push-pull arrangement with Class B amplifier. So let’s discuss how it works.
A push-pull amplifier, usually recognized as Class B amplifier, it is a category of the multistage amplifier which is used for acoustic intensification of megaphones.
It is very easy to build and needs two indistinguishable flattering transistors.
By admiring it means that we require an NPN transistor and its corresponding PNP transistor. Alike now the NPN transistor is S8050 and its corresponding PNP transistor is S8550.
A circuit diagram of the Class B amplifier with the S8550 is given a blow.
Applications of S8550
It is used in Acoustic Intensification Circuitries.
It is a class B amplifier.
It is a push-pull transistor.
It is used in such circuits where high is need.
It is used in fewer signal submissions.
It consumes load current under -700mA.
It is used in different circuits as a switch.
It amplifies low gain signals to high gain.
So, it was all about S8550 if you have a question about it ask in comments. I will guide you comprehensively Take care until the next tutorial. Thanks for reading.
Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to 2sa1943. The 2sa1943 is a high power consuming PNP transistor, firstly it was created by a famous company Toshiba. As it has a high gain of current and consumes higher current at collector it is mostly used for such audio circuits which consume higher power or in AF amplifiers.
Nonetheless, currently the Transistor is outright from Toshiba and it has been swapped with TTA1943. We can also found old 2sa1943 in marketplaces because still it is replicated by other assemblers in China. In today’s post, we will have a look at its fortification, wreckages, implication, proposals, etc. I will also share some links where I have connected it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to 2sa1943.
Introduction to 2sa1943
The 2sa1943 is a high power consuming PNP transistor, firstly it was created by a famous company Toshiba.
This transistor is suitable for acoustic power since it has the competence of a huge current of collector Ic = 15A and transition frequency up to 30MHZ.
Corresponding transistors can also be used at Darlington Pair arrangement for amplifier submissions which has a maximum power of 150 watts. Distinctive capacitance at the collector point of 360 pF for the 2SA1943.
The voltage difference between the collector terminal and base or emitter can be 230 V. The voltage among base and emitter is 5V.
The 2sa1943 transistor made by Toshiba has to a cascade of 2-21F1A, having dimensions of 20.5 x 26 x 2.8 mm, the weight of 9.75g and distance between pinout is 5.45mm.
However, now the Transistor is consummate from Toshiba and it has been exchanged with TTA1943.
Pinout of 2sa1943
These are some important pinout of 2sa1943.
Pin#
Type
Parameters
Pin#1
Emitter
The emitter is used for current moving out.
Pin#2
Base
The base governs the biasing of the transistor. It on and off of the transistor.
Pin#3
Collector
The collector is for the current inner drive. It is linked with the load.
Lest see a diagram of the pinout.
Features of 2sa1943
These are the main features of 2sa1943.
It is a PNP transistor.
The value of the current gain is (hFE) 55 to 160.
Its incessant Collector terminal current (IC) is 15A
It is accessible in suites of TO-264.
Its VCE is 230V.
The value of VCB is 230 V.
The voltage of VEB is five volts.
Power hedonism at the collector is 150 watts.
It has a substitution frequency of 30 MHZ.
It's operational and storing intersection temperature is -55 to +150 °C
The amount of the current gain is (hFE) 55 to 160.
Working of 2sa1943
Now we discuss how we can use this transistor in different projects.
The 2SA1943 is mostly used in amplifier enterprises. Maximum amplifiers work as a push-pull circuit alike that of Class B amplifiers, which needs an NPN transistor and PNP transistor.
As we have already discussed that 2sa1943 is a PNP transistor it also has its corresponding 2SE5200 that is an NPN transistor. These transistors are frequently used together to enterprise high power Amplifiers.
This transistor during working use high switching frequency and consumes high current at collector due to this there is a need for heat absorber to avoid it from overheating.
Heat absorber which we use is acting as the collector pin so it must be inaccessible from other components of the circuit.
These transistors are normally used to physique Stereophonic arrangements that are evaluated for 200W or above, they can react to frequency from 5Hz to 100 kHz and has a sensitivity of 0.75Vrms.
They have less signal to noise ratio (SNR) and also has less harmonic alteration which makes it the best option for acoustic submissions.
Applications of 2sa1943
These are some applications of 2sa1943.
It is used in different Auditory frequency intensifiers.
It is used in AF and RF circuitries.
It is used in such devices which has less veer degree.
It is the best choice for pull-push arrangement circuits.
It is used in such switching where high current is required.
It can also be used as intermediate Power switches.
So it was all about 2sa1943 if you have any question about it ask in comments. I will guide you comprehensively. Thanks for reading.
Syed Zain Nasir
I am Syed Zain Nasir, the founder of <a href=https://www.TheEngineeringProjects.com/>The Engineering Projects</a> (TEP). I am a programmer since 2009 before that I just search things, make small projects and now I am sharing my knowledge through this platform.I also work as a freelancer and did many projects related to programming and electrical circuitry. <a href=https://plus.google.com/+SyedZainNasir/>My Google Profile+</a>