The Engineering Projects

If you’re in the market for new CAD software, may we suggest you focus on cloud-based options? 

There are two reasons for this: one, cloud-based CAD solutions are more flexible, considering they operate on remote servers that you can access from just about anywhere; and two, most are subscription-based, so you’ll avoid exorbitant costs for the program and high-powered workstations. There are more benefits , but we’ll save some for the rest of the blog post.

The question, though, is how to choose the best cloud-based CAD software for your projects? With so many options on the market - Onshape, AutoCAD Web App, Fusion 360, Autodesk, and more - picking the best one can seem like an impossible task. 

The good news is, there is no single best CAD software; there is only the right one for your needs. And in this blog post, we’ll help you choose the right cloud-based CAD solution by outlining four critical factors you should consider.

Your Needs and Goals

Before diving into the sea of options, make sure your specific needs and goals are crystal clear to you. What do we mean by this? Well, first, how complex are your designs? How big is your team? What level of collaboration is preferred and required? 

These are all important questions to answer before you even think about investing in software.

Also, be aware that some options are better for architectural or mechanical engineering while others are ideal for industrial design. For example, Fusion 360 is a versatile CAD tool that combines industrial and mechanical design capabilities with cloud-based collaboration features.

On the other hand, PTC’s Onshape is completely cloud-based and known for its robust version control and real-time collaboration, making it ideal for dispersed teams working on more complex projects. Both Fusion 360 and PTC’s Onshape are great options for professionals, but only the latter is fully cloud-based. This is neither better nor worse; again, it depends on your needs and goals.

Learning Curve

Each software has a learning curve. Now, most cloud-based CAD solutions do come with user-friendly interfaces, which is obviously a plus, but that doesn’t make them easy to use from the get-go, especially if your team is not particularly familiar with how CAD software works. Also, some options simply have steeper learning curves.

Tinkercad by Autodesk is a solid option for beginners and students as its UI is pretty intuitive, plus it comes with educational resources. If your team is already familiar with CAD, SolidWorks cloud-based offerings may be better suited as it has excellent collaboration tools and allows your team to work together from just about anywhere, using a web browser.

Compatibility with Other Tools and Software

Another critical factor when choosing CAD software is whether or not it’s compatible with your existing tech stack, a.k.a. how seamlessly (or how tricky) it integrates with what you already use. This could be other design tools , of course, but also project management software if you use one.

A good CAD solution should also have the ability to import and export files in different formats. So, when picking an option, make sure you, first, know the file formats you use for your projects, and two, that the CAD software you’re considering can actually read and write those formats. 

For example, if you need to share your CAD files with people or teams that use different CAD software, you may need to convert your files to a common format, like STEP or IGES.

Security and Data Management

While cloud-based CAD tools offer numerous benefits, data security can be a concern. This is why, when looking at different options, it’s crucial to focus on those that offer robust security features, including data encryption. Look for technologies like TLS for secure communicatio n over networks and AES for encrypting data at rest.

Reliable and secure CAD software should also be compliant with industry regulations and offer backup and disaster recovery options. No one wants to lose their data, but unfortunately, unpredictable things do happen, so make sure the software you choose offers data redundancy and regular backups.

Wrapping Up

Anyone who wishes to boost the quality of their designs should give cloud-based CAD software a serious thought. A robust, comprehensive solution can help your team streamline the design process while helping them collaborate in a better and easier way. When choosing the right cloud-based CAD software, pay close attention to your specific needs and goals, evaluate how steep the learning curve is, and always, always prioritize security.

Want to enjoy your favorite game as much as possible? Your current computer may not be doing the job.

As online games get more advanced, the requirements on your hardware get more intense. Here are some quick fixes you can do to skyrocket your gaming experience.

New online gaming technology that requires more from your PC

So, the gaming world is going through a serious glow-up at the moment, and it's putting our PCs to the test. It's not just about having killer graphics anymore; our computers are basically being dared to level up. A clear genre of games that is really pushing our PCs to their limits is online casino games. Many online casinos have introduced live versions of your traditional games that involve live gaming, real-time updates, and sophisticated interfaces that make playing table games online feel just like being in a real casino. Although these new additions make for an immersive and engaging round of poker, it’s also putting a lot of stress on your hardware.

It’s also the same story in other games. We're talking about high-tech stuff like ray tracing, game AI flexing its brainpower, and engaging virtual reality – all of which is making our PCs break a bit of a sweat. While developers are introducing AI to conduct live software testing and introduce real-time updates for gamers, it can feel like everything’s happening at once for your hardware.

Because of these futuristic gaming experiences, grabbing a better graphics card isn't just a cool upgrade; it's practically a must if you want to soak in all the details of these virtual worlds. And giving your RAM a boost? It's not just for professional gamers and video editors, it’s for anyone who wants to be sure their system can smoothly handle all the fancy details and quick moves that these top-tier gaming setups throw your way.

As all of these bits of technology get rolled out into our favorite games, it's pretty obvious our PCs need a little TLC to keep up. What used to be a sweet bonus is now a ticket to the front row for anyone who wants to fully geek out in the awesome world of modern online gaming.

Think about upgrading your graphics card

Get ready to amp up your online gaming with a flash. We recommend every gamer to upgrade their graphics card if they want to play games like the developers intended. To put it bluntly, a solid graphics card is like the backbone of your system. 

Your setup won't stand a chance against the graphics demands of the latest games without a good graphics card . A quality graphics card ensures you enjoy smoother frame rates, improved visuals, and less bothersome lag. Whether you're exploring expansive open worlds or engaging in intense multiplayer battles, investing in a high-quality graphics card is a game-changer that can significantly elevate your gaming experience.

Investing in the latest models from reputable manufacturers, with features such as ray tracing and high video RAM capacity, can future-proof your gaming rig and ensure compatibility with upcoming titles.

Beyond mere visual improvements, a superior graphics card contributes to overall system performance, making multitasking and resource-intensive applications run more smoothly. For gamers who crave the best possible graphics and responsiveness, upgrading the graphics card is a pivotal consideration.

You’re going to want to boost your RAM

Not familiar with the term RAM? It's worth delving into if you're aiming for an optimal gaming experience. Enhancing the RAM on your device is a foolproof method to maximize your gaming performance. The best part? It's a straightforward and efficient task that you can easily tackle on your own.

RAM, or random access memory, allows your system to store and quickly access data that is actively in use. For gaming, more RAM means better multitasking capabilities, reducing the risk of slowdowns and enhancing system responsiveness. Upgrading to higher-capacity RAM modules, such as moving from 8GB to 16GB or beyond, is particularly beneficial for gamers who run multiple applications simultaneously, such as streaming, voice chat, or background processes.

Furthermore, considering faster RAM modules with a higher frequency can provide additional performance gains. Games that rely heavily on quick data access, such as open-world titles with expansive environments, can see noticeable improvements with faster RAM. Upgrading your RAM is a cost-effective way to boost your system's overall performance and ensure a smoother gaming experience across various genres and settings.

Get yourself a fancy high-refresh-rate monitor

Alright, let's chat about monitors – they're kind of a big deal, no matter if you’re a fan of hanging with friends of Fortnite, or flexing your problem-solving skills at a high-stakes game of poker.

If you want a gaming experience that’s as smooth as butter, it’s well worth the expense of splurging on a high refresh rate monitor. We're talking about those with rates like 120Hz, 144Hz, or even higher, for those super smooth animations that make it feel like you’re actually in a game.

But, why are high-refresh-rate monitors so much better than anything else you can get in your local gaming store? It’s all about getting that awesome visual quality of the games you’re playing so you can get in there with lightning-quick reactions.

Now, team that up with a graphics card and RAM, and bam – your gaming setup hits a whole new level of awesome.

How has the relentless pursuit of precision and efficiency in manufacturing reshaped our modern world? The global manufacturing sector has evolved dramatically, driven by continuous innovations in technology and processes. This evolution is highlighted by the significant growth of the advanced manufacturing market, which is projected to reach unprecedented values in the coming years.  Its role in the production of high-quality, durable goods cannot be overstated.

We’re witnessing a transformation in the way products are made. Recent industry reports show that the global advanced manufacturing market size is expected to reach significant figures by the next decade. This growth is mainly driven by the demand for stronger, more resilient components capable of withstanding extreme conditions.

Development Throughout History

The art of metalworking traces back over millennia, with the earliest civilizations harnessing the power of heat to craft tools, weapons and artifacts that laid the foundations of society. Historical records from as early as 3000 BCE show the utilization of simple heat treating methods in the Middle East and Europe, indicating an early understanding of how heating and cooling metal could alter its properties for specific uses.

The Industrial Revolution marked a significant shift, introducing mechanized production and innovative heat treatment techniques. By the 19th century, the introduction of processes like case hardening and tempering revolutionized manufacturing, enabling the mass production of durable metal goods. This period witnessed a significant leap in production capabilities and the quality of metal components. Driven by advancements in fuel sources and furnace technology, it set the stage for the sophisticated heat treating processes used in today's manufacturing industries.

Modern Manufacturing Techniques

As manufacturing evolves, so do the techniques designed to enhance the properties of metal components. Modern manufacturing has embraced a variety of advanced heat treating methods, each tailored for specific applications and desired outcomes.

Austempering

Austemper heat treating stands out for its ability to significantly improve the mechanical properties of steel and iron parts, offering an ideal balance between strength, toughness and ductility. This process, which involves a precise heating and quenching regime, results in less distortion compared to traditional quench and temper methods. It's especially beneficial in automotive and aerospace components, where the enhanced wear resistance and strength can substantially improve safety and longevity.

Case Hardening

Case hardening, or carburizing, enriches the surface layer of steel with carbon, then quenched to harden, creating a tough outer shell while preserving a softer, more ductile core. This technique is crucial for parts that must withstand high levels of stress and wear, such as gears, crankshafts and fasteners. Its primary advantage is the ability to produce components that are resistant to surface wear while maintaining overall impact resistance.

Induction Hardening

Induction hardening uses electromagnetic induction to quickly heat the metal surface followed by rapid cooling, selectively hardening specific areas of a component without affecting its core. This localized treatment is ideal for parts requiring enhanced wear resistance on specific surfaces or edges, such as shafts, spindles and rails. The precision and speed of induction hardening make it a valuable technique for high-volume production environments.

Nitriding

Nitriding distinguishes itself by diffusing nitrogen into the surface of steel at relatively low temperatures, thus achieving high surface hardness without the need for quenching. This process is highly valued for its ability to improve fatigue life, corrosion resistance and wear resistance in steel parts. Nitriding is often used for critical components in the aerospace, automotive and tool industries, where a hard, durable surface is essential for performance and longevity.

Impact on Workforce and Skills

The adoption of advanced manufacturing techniques has significantly impacted the workforce and required skill sets. It demands a higher level of technical proficiency and adaptability from employees. As industries integrate more sophisticated technologies, such as AI and automation, the demand for skills in digital literacy, machine operation and maintenance has surged. This shift underscores the need for ongoing education and training programs to equip workers with the necessary competencies to thrive in modern manufacturing environments, ensuring they can effectively manage and optimize these advanced processes.

Environmental Impacts and Solutions

The integration of advanced manufacturing techniques has raised concerns over environmental impacts, particularly in terms of energy consumption and emissions. However, solutions are emerging, such as the development of more energy-efficient processes and the incorporation of renewable energy sources into manufacturing operations. There's also a growing emphasis on recycling and reusing materials to minimize waste. These strategies aim to reduce the environmental footprint of manufacturing. They can also align with global sustainability goals, demonstrating the industry's commitment to eco-friendly practices.

Global Manufacturing Trends

Global manufacturing trends are increasingly moving towards sustainability, digital transformation and resilience. With the rise of Industry 4.0, manufacturers are adopting smart technologies, such as IoT and AI , to enhance efficiency and reduce waste. The shift towards green manufacturing practices is also prominent, as companies strive to minimize their environmental impact by optimizing resource use and reducing emissions. In global, there’s a push for more localized production chains to improve supply chain resilience in response to disruptions. This indicates a significant transformation in how and where products are made.

Challenges and Solutions in Adoption

The transition towards advanced manufacturing techniques presents several challenges, including significant investment costs, the need for skilled labor and the integration with existing production lines. Solutions to these hurdles involve leveraging government and private sector funding for technology upgrades, enhancing vocational training programs to build a skilled workforce and adopting flexible manufacturing systems that can easily integrate new technologies. This strategic approach greatly helps manufacturers overcome adoption barriers. It can also ensure they can capitalize on the benefits of advanced manufacturing techniques for increased efficiency and competitiveness.

Cutting-Edge Technologies

The future outlook for manufacturing is poised for significant transformation, driven by cutting-edge technologies like advanced materials engineering, additive manufacturing (3D printing) and the integration of artificial intelligence. These innovations promise to revolutionize product design, reduce time-to-market and enhance customization, while also improving sustainability through efficient use of resources and materials. The convergence of these technologies is set to redefine manufacturing processes, making them more flexible, efficient and environmentally friendly.

Wrapping Up

How will the innovations of today shape the manufacturing of tomorrow? The journey from ancient metalworking to today's precision engineering showcases our relentless pursuit of improvement and efficiency. The integration of advanced technologies and sustainable practices promises to elevate the quality and performance of manufactured goods, while also aiming to address the pressing environmental challenges of our time.

The commitment to innovation, sustainability and resilience in the face of global challenges will undoubtedly forge a future where manufacturing drives economic growth. Hopefully, it will also contribute to a more sustainable and equitable world.

Hi readers! Welcome to a detailed exploration of the MQ gas sensor series where we are discussing the basic details of its members. This series was engineered using revolutionary technology to detect combustible and toxic gases with great efficiency. It uses the chemiresistor sensing element to detect the target gas and has a quick response time that makes it a reliable choice. These are used in multiple industries, domestic areas, offices, and other places where a chance of leakage of combustible gas occurs. This series might not be fancy, but it is designed for a long life and ensures minimal false detection for reliable output.

We are going to start the discussion with a basic introduction to this series, and then we’ll try to clear up some basic concepts in order to have the best understanding. The main target of this article is to discuss the gas sensors individually and highlight their distinctive features. You will see each MQ sensor in it, and in the end, we will discuss its working principle and conclude each point. Here is today’s first topic:

What is a Gas Sensor?

A gas sensor is an electronic device that is used for the detection of a particular gas in the surrounding air. In some cases, it also measures the concentration of the target gas. Mostly, these sensors work on the basic chemical reaction of the gas molecules with the internal components. These are some of the most basic elements of the safety system in different industries and systems and are life-saving in different cases. 

Gas sensors come in different sizes and shapes, and usually, these are the parts of a circuit that may include the microcontroller boards. These boards take the information from the gas sensor and control the other members of the circuit. There are multiple series of gas sensors that play crucial roles in different domains, and some important names are highlighted here:

• MQ Gas Sensor Series
• Figaro TGS Gas Sensor Series
• Alphasense B4 Series
• SGX Sensortech MiCS Series
• Winsen Gas Sensor Series

MQ Gas Sensor Series Introduction

The MQ gas sensor series is a popular series that is designed mainly for combustible gases like methane, carbon monoxide, liquefied petroleum gas, alcohol, hydrogen, propane, butane, smoke, natural gas, carbon dioxide, and many others. Each member of this series is designed to detect a particular set of gases. This series is compatible with Arduino and arduino related boards (such as the ESP32) and incorporates different circuits.

The features of this sensor make it one of the most suitable options for all types of users, whether they are students, professionals, or hobbyists, and they can utilize it for different projects. The good thing is, that each sensor is pretty straightforward to install, has a simple structure, works on low power, and is a cost-effective solution to the gas leakage problem. 

MQ Gas Sensor Series Basic Concepts

Prior to exploring the different types, it's essential to establish some fundamental points regarding gas sensors. The detection of the presence of gas is not enough, but gas concentration (quantity of the gas) is a crucial point when measuring gases like carbon dioxide, oxygen, ozone, or methane. Generally, two units are used to measure the gas concentration, the basic introduction of which is given here:

What is the ppm?

The parts per million (abbreviated as ppm) is the ratio of one gas with respect to the other. In simple words, if we are dealing with the concentration of oxygen in the air, then 1000 ppm of O2 in the air means that if we have a million gas molecules, then 1000 out of these are oxygen and the other 999,000 are air. The same concept is applied to different units other than millions, such as:

• Micrograms per cubic meter (µg/m³)
• Milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m³)
• Parts per billion (ppb)
• Milliliters per liter (ml/L)

What is the Percentage Concentration?

Another unit to measure the concentration of gas is the percentage concentration. It refers to the percentage of a particular gas in a mixture of different gases. In simple words, it is the total percentage of 100 in the mixture. For instance, the 20% percentage concentration of carbon mono oxide (CO) in the air means, 20% CO is present in the air and 80% are other gases in a particular area.

In the MQ gas sensor series, usually, the ppm is used to describe the performance of the sensor with respect to the concentration. The relationship between these two units is shown as:

1 ppm= 1/10,00,000=0.0001%

MQ Gas Sensor Series Types

As mentioned before, the MQ gas sensor series offers multiple sensors that are associated with a particular group of gases. Here is a list of all the members present in the MQ sensor family:

MQ Gas Sensor Series Detail

Until now, we’ve seen the name and related gas, but each of them has some specific features, so let’s highlight some important points about each of the MQ gas sensor series:

MQ2 Gas Sensor

The MQ2 gas sensor is an electronic device that is used to detect various flammable gases such as methane (CH4), butane (C4H10), liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and smoke. Because of its wide number of detectable gases, it is equally useful in industries as well as in domestic areas where these combustible gases are widely used for cooking, fuel, or other purposes.

This sensor has a quick response time and a high sensitivity, which make it a good and reliable choice for detecting flammable gases that can pose a serious threat to health and safety. It is a versatile gas sensor and, therefore, is one of the most commonly used sensors in the MQ sensor series.

This sensor is present in two forms: as a standalone sensor or as a module. Another point that highlights its easy-to-use design is the presence of the potentiometer. Through this, the user can set the threshold values to stimulate the digital pin when set. The following table will clearly show all this information:

MQ3 Gas Sensor

The MQ3 is another gas sensor with a wide variety of gas detection capabilities; therefore, it is one of the favorites of multiple users. It detects a wide variety of gases, including alcohol, benzene, methane, hexane, LPG, carbon monoxide, and some others. Some important advantages of this sensor are its fast response time and high sensitivity. This is used in areas where gases are used as fuel and there are high chances of leakage.

This is also present in the form of a standalone sensor or a module. It has a digital output pin; therefore, can be used even without the need of a microcontroller (in simple circuits). It has the potentiometer to set the threshold values. The quick response time makes it suitable for various industries and domestic areas. Here is the table that shows all these features at a glance:

MQ4 Gas Sensor

This sensor from the MQ sensor series has a fast response time and provides a stable output, which makes it a perfect choice for different projects. It can detect natural gas and methane and is a reliable sensor, among other alternatives. The two LEDs in its structure are a special feature of its module that acts as the output lights. The purpose of these lights is explained here:

1. The output at the green light on the module shows that the concentration of the gas is less than the critical level.
2. The output of the red light indicates that the concentration of the target gas is less than the critical value.

Along with these, other features of this module are mentioned in the table here:

MQ5 Gas Sensor

The MQ5 is the sensor from the MQ as a sensor series, particularly designed to detect H2, LPG, CH4, CO, alcohol, smoke, and related gases. The most significant gas in this regard is LPG because MQ5 has the greatest sensitivity for it. Because it has a great sensitivity to flammable gases, it is therefore a crucial component of the safety system in almost all types of places. The module removes the false alarms because it can filter the noise from alcohol, cooking fumes, or cigarette smoke. The small size and easy integration make it a suitable choice for multiple types of projects.

This comes as a sensor as well as a module to fit in different circuits. The module has a buzzer and a potentiometer that allow the user to set the threshold values. In this way, it can be set in such a way as to create an alarming buzzer sound if the target gas concentration exceeds the threshold value. The concentration detection ranges from 200 ppm to 10000 ppm, which is quite wide. It is commonly present in the metal casing and, therefore, has a grey or silver color. All the important features of this sensor are mentioned in the table below:

MQ6 Gas Sensor

The MQ6 gas sensor is a member of the MQ gas sensor series, which is mainly used for the LPG butane (made of butane and propane) gas sensor but has a sensitivity for other gases as well, such as butane, propane, methane, alcohol, hydrogen, and smoke. The fast response time is a remarkable feature of this sensor that makes it a good choice for detecting LPG, among others on the market. It is a cost-effective sensor with a fast response time, so it is a reliable option. Just like other modules in the MQ series, it can also work with the Arduino, and the user simply has to connect its analogue pin with the Arduino circuit.

This sensor has a potentiometer to adjust the sensitivity and is present in the form of a separate sensor or module. Depending on the module or model, it comes in blue or black color. It detects the gas concentration anywhere between the range of 100 ppm to 10000 ppm. Like other sensors from this aries, the MQ6 sensor also has a power range of 5V. Some modules have the digital pin as most of the MQ sensor members. Here is the table that will show you its features at a glance:

MQ7 Gas Sensor

The MQ7 gas sensor is designed to detect carbon monoxide in the air. It has a high sensitivity to the target gas and, therefore, is a reliable device for various circuits. The rapid response time of this sensor (10 seconds) allows it to quickly respond. It works on 5V power, which is very low and makes it a good choice for projects like IoT, where these are powered on continuously. The small size is also a reason for its low power consumption.

The potentiometer is present in its module, and usually, it is present in blue and grey. Just like other sensors, the metallic covering of the sensor’s circuit protects it from unwanted particles of dirt or other substances. It has a sensitivity ranging from 20 to 2000 ppm and is designed to provide a stable output. Other details of this sensor are mentioned in the table of its features:

MQ8 Gas Sensor

Hydrogen is a colorless odorless gas that is flammable even at low concentrations; therefore, early detection of this gas is important. The MQ8 gas sensor is an ideal choice for it because its mechanism is designed to detect hydrogen ranging from 100 to 1000 ppm. It has a sensitivity to other gases as well, such as smoke and LPG, but in these cases, it does not provide the best performance. It has a fast response time and is small, so it may be placed in different circuits.

The operating temperature of this sensor is 5 volts, and it is available at a cheaper rate on the market so can be used in almost all types of projects. It shows the analog and digital output; therefore, it can be used without any need for a microcontroller. The digital output ranges from 0V to 5V and follows the TTL logic. At Atians the stable performance is 20 seconds after it is powered on so is a reliable source for the detection of hydrogen gas. The following table highlights its basic features:

MQ9 Gas Sensor

The MQ9 gas sensor is a reliable source to detect carbon monoxide and some flammable gases. We know that CO is a poisonous gas that hinders the oxygen supply in the body; therefore, its early detection is crucial in areas where the chances of gas leakage are high. Multiple sensors are on the market for CO detection, but MQ9 is preferred because of its low cost and instant performance.

The digital and analog outputs help users consume them for multiple types of projects. The gas detection depends on the change in temperature values. At low temperatures, MQ9 can detect the presence of carbon monoxide whereas when the temperature is high, it successfully detects methane, propane, and other combustible gases. This feature supports its applications in the domestic areas for fuel gas leakage detection.

MQ131 Gas Sensor

The MQ131 gas sensor is specialized to detect the ozone gas around it. It works like the MQ7 and MQ9 gas sensors which means that at low temperatures, it detects the presence of ozone gas, and at high temperatures, the depletion layer around its sensing element is absorbed in the air so it eliminates all other absorbed gases.

The increase in the ozone concentration results in the increase of its conductance and can detect ozone (highly sensitive), CL2, NO2, and some other gases. Here is its table that explains its features:

MQ135 Gas Sensor

The MQ135 is also called the all-rounder of the gas detector because of the wide variety of gases it can easily detect, therefore, it is a solution for multiple industries' gas detection. The basic gases it can detect are NH3, NOx, alcohol, benzene, smoke, and CO2, but it is also sensitive to ammonia, sulfide, smoke, and other harmful gases.

 In some cases, it is considered an air quality sensor because it can detect multiple impurities in the air. Its basic features are mentioned in this table:

MQ137 Gas Sensor

This sensor is designed to detect ammonia (NH3) and carbon monoxide (CO) and belongs to the air quality monitoring category. It has a digital pin, can be connected to the microcontroller, and also has a sensitivity to ozone gas.

It shows a quick response time and is easy to install in the projects therefore, is a good option to be used in the study project as well. Other features can be found in the table below:

Conclusion

The MQ gas sensor series stands as the optimal solution for detecting gas leaks, whether they involve combustible gases or general ones. It is a reliable and versatile solution for the detection of various gases that are alarming for the safety measures of any place. Most of the sensors have a wide detection scope, and after carefully observing all the sensors, I can say most of the sensors have a gas detection range from 10 ppm - 10000 ppm. The sensors are engineered to detect specific gases, yet they possess the capability to detect additional gases, although with reduced sensitivity, owing to their similar internal structure.

The basic structure of these sensors depends on the ceramic tube on which the sensing layer is spread and a heating structure that stimulates the sensing element to absorb oxygen from the air. This produces the depletion layer of oxygen ions and increases its resistance. Once the target gas comes into contact with this region, it initiates a reaction that leads to a reduction in the thickness of the depletion region. Consequently, the conductivity of the sensing element increases, which is reflected in the output signal on the analog pin. If the threshold value is set through the potentiometer, it stimulates the digital pin.

We have seen different members of the MQ series and understood their basic features and working principles. I hope you found this article useful and if you want to learn more, you can ask in the comment section.

Asset tracking is a crucial asset management element that helps organizations maintain a precise record of their possessions while enhancing asset visibility. It minimizes the risk of asset loss, theft, or misplacement, which helps save the money the company would have used to cater to unnecessary replacements.

Asset tracking makes it easier to determine the maintenance that has been done on your equipment and tools to ensure they remain in pristine working condition. With the right asset-tracking techniques, your company can make the most of its assets. Discussed below are five key asset-tracking tips.

1. Use a real-time location system (RTLS)

Knowing precisely where your assets are in real-time, with whom, and in what condition can help prevent costly issues and instances of last-minute maintenance needs or duplicate purchases. A real-time location system helps to identify and track the location of an asset and people in real time.

A real-time location system provides continuous instant information, unlike traditional systems, which provide periodic updates. Knowing your assets’ location in real-time helps to enhance security and improve operations. Click here to learn all about real-time location services .

2. Identify what you need to track

When it comes to asset tracking, determining what to track is crucial. If your business runs many machines during production, downtimes, and runtimes are vital in figuring out each asset’s usefulness for your operations. If you operate a transport company, each vehicle’s location is key to determining an appropriate schedule. If you’re first beginning with asset tracking, decide the equipment, cars, and machines you need to track, plus the data you intend to gather.

3. Assign unique identification numbers to every asset

Companies in the construction sector will hardly be able to run without a significant number of assets to ensure business success and project completion. However, tracking all the construction materials, tools, and machinery can be pretty difficult, particularly when you have many similar pieces. Assigning a unique asset identification or tracking number to each asset can help avoid confusion while ascertaining efficient asset tracking.

Since every identification number is different, it sets all your assets apart from each other for instant recognition in your asset tracking system. Unique tracking numbers will help departments and managers with procedures such as maintenance, accounting, and reordering.

4. Track new assets immediately after they arrive

When new machines are installed, or new equipment pieces arrive, you might be tempted to put the new assets straight to work. Nevertheless, if you want to ensure efficient asset tracking, you should promptly incorporate the new assets into your asset tracking system. This makes it easier to monitor downtime, runtime, and maintenance expenses from the very start and to get a detailed analysis of how much these new assets cost your business compared to how much they generate.

5. Use asset-tracking software

Many organizations track their assets by maintaining spreadsheet records or traditional paper registers, which can hamper productivity and business growth. This is where great asset-tracking software comes in. It empowers you with better asset organization, streamlined processes, and comprehensive records of critical asset information. The best asset tracking software provides detailed reporting and analytics, which allows instant generation of reports designed to your organization’s needs.

Endnote

Asset tracking is a crucial asset management task you shouldn’t ignore. Consider implementing these key asset-tracking tips to promote business success and growth.

Good day peeps! Welcome to another episode of the MQ gas sensor series and today, the topic is the MQ214 natural gas sensor. We know that natural gas is inflammable and is utilised widely for cooking and other purpose in domestic areas as well as a fuel in multiple industries. The leakage of natural gas can be the reason for the accidents and its accumulation may even result in the explosion. Moreover, continuous inhalation of this gas can cause health issues such as nausea, dizziness, and headaches therefore, instant detection of its leakage is crucial. For this, one of the best options is MQ214 because it has a fast response time, low power consumption and is easily available.

In this article, we are discussing the fundamental points about this sensor. We’ll see its basic introduction and will see the basic components to see its features. After that, we’’ go through some points of its datasheet. Following this, we will explore the working principle and physical dimensions of the sensor and consequently, we’ll see some important applications where this sensor is widely used. Let’s move towards the first point:

MQ214 Natural Gas Sensor Introduction

The detection of natural gas leakage is important because every year, multiple accidents are seen because of the undetectable presence of natural gas. The MQ124 is a member of the MQ sensor series which is utilised to detect natural gas (which primarily consists of methane (CH4), in different projects. It has the features like a simple structure, easy installation, instant performance and reliability that make it a popular choice. Moreover, it has a good sensitivity to other gases as well but in this article, our focus is the main target gas (natural gas). Some important gases that MQ124 detects are:

• Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Methane (CH4)
• Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
• Hydrogen (H2)
• Alcohol (C2H5OH)
• Smoke

MQ214 Natural Gas Sensor Basic Structure

Now, you will see the important components of this sensor that collectively create the MQ124 natural gas sensor:

MQ214 Natural Gas Sensor Ceramic Tube

The ceramic tube acts as the base for the sensing element and plays a role in the better performance of the sensor. It is made of alumina (Al2O3) and has good thermal and electrical resistance as well as chemical inertness which makes it a perfect choice for this role. This provides mechanical strength to the sensing element and does not cause any change in its performance. 

MQ214 Natural Gas Sensor Sensing Element

Usually, metal oxides are used in such cases because of their chemical properties and in most of the MQ gas sensors, including MQ124, tin oxide (SnO2) is used as the sensing element. It is present in the form of a uniform layer around the ceramic material and absorbs the gases to perform its duty. It acts as the heart of the MQ124 natural gas sensor and provides reliable performance.

MQ214 Natural Gas Sensor Heating Circuit

The sensing element alone can not show the best result until the heating sensor does its work. It raises the sensing element temperature to the optimal range and stimulates it to absorb the gas. The main heating element in this structure is made with the resistant wire (usually made of nichrome. Other components of this circuit are:

• Power supply
• Temperature Control
• Protection Circuitry
• Wiring and Connectors

MQ214 Natural Gas Sensor Housing and Base

The housing and base of the MQ124 sensor serve as both a support structure and a shield, ensuring the circuit's integrity and protecting it against external factors. The following points will help you to understand their role:

• These are made with heat resistance and reliable materials such as plastic, metal, or bakelite that protect the internal circuit from heat and environmental factors.
• The housing encloses the delicate internal structure and acts as a protective barrier against dust, moisture, and other contaminants.
• The housing is perforated and allows the gas only to pass through it.
• Depending on the model of MQ214, the base may have mounting holes or brackets for easy installation.
• In addition to this, the base may also have labels, wire entry points, ventilating points, etc.

MQ214 Natural Gas Sensor Datasheet

The datasheet is an important document that represents the technical information of the devices. Here are some important points that highlight basic information about MQ214:

MQ214 Natural Gas Sensor Features

• It has a high sensitivity to natural gas and, therefore, has a very low response time.  

• It has tin oxide (a metal oxide) for sensing the target gas therefore providing accurate and reliable output. 

• The wide range of 200 to 10000 parts per million (ppm) of this sensor makes it an ideal option for detection. 

• It has adjustable laid resistance.

• This sensor has a temperature range of -10°C to 50°C and shows flexibility in the designing process as well. 

MQ214 Natural Gas Sensor Specifications

The following is the outline of the technical specifications of the MQ214 natural gs sensor:

MQ214 Natural Gas Sensor Sensitivity Characteristics

This sensor can detect multiple gases at a time but has the most sensitivity to natural gas. Here is the sensitivity characteristic graph of this sensor for different gases that shows the comparison:

MQ214 Natural Gas Sensor Temperature/Humidity Curve

The temperature has a major role in the performance of this sensor therefore, always have an eye on the temperature and humidity graph before using it. Here is the graph that will show you its performance at varying temperatures and humidity:

Here,

• Ro shows the sensor resistance at 1000ppm of i-butane in the air at 33% RH by keeping the temperature at 20 degrees.
• Rs shows the sensor resistance at 5000ppm of CH4 at different temperatures and humidities.

If you are interested to know more about the MQ214 datasheet, you can visit the following link:

MQ214 Natural Gas Sensor Pinout Configuration

The pin configuration of the MQ214 Natural Gas Sensor follows the same pattern as other sensors within the MQ gas sensor series. Below is a table presenting all the relevant details:

MQ214 Natural Gas Sensor Packages

MQ214 Natural Gas Sensor Alternatives

The MQ214 is a popular choice for natural gas detection but it has some limitations. if you want to know some alternatives for the Same target gas then here is the list of these:

• Electrochemical Sensors

• Figaro TGS series (e.g., TGS813 for methane)

• Sensirion SGP series (e.g., SGP30 for various VOCs)

• Infrared (IR) Sensors

• Shinyei PPD series (e.g., PPD-420 for methane)

• Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Sensors (Alternatives to MQ-214)

• Figaro TGS2600 series (wider range of detectable gases)

• Figaro TGS822 (hydrogen-specific)

• Catalytic Bead Sensors:

• Figaro TGS6810 series

As mentioned before, natural gas is mainly methane so the list contains specialized sensors for detecting it. Other sensors can detect multiple gases including methane. 

Where to Buy MQ214 Natural Gas Sensor 

Always get sensitive devices from a reliable source. Here is the list of the sources where millions of products are present with the best quality and price:

• eBay

• AliExpress

• Amazon

MQ214 Natural Gas Sensor Working Principle

The main principle that MQ124 follows when working to detect the target gas is the chemiresitor and it is defined as:

The chemiresistor is the mechanism of the metal oxide gases in which when they absorb a particular gas their electrical resistance increases.

The output on the MQ124 is obtained by following the steps given here:

• When the sensor is powered on, the heating circuit starts its work and the temperature of the sensor increases gradually until it reaches 300 C.
• At this temperature, the sensing element is stimulated to absorb the oxygen from its surrounding air. The chemical reaction creates the oxygen ions and as a result, a thin depletion layer is accumulated around the sensing element.

• The depletion region results in the increase of electrical resistance. The analogue values of this resistance are sent through the analogue pin. At this point, the mQ214 is ready to detect any target gas.
• If there is a leakage of the gas around it, the depletion region around the sensing element starts reacting with it and it results in the absorption of the region. As a result, the electrical resistance change decreases and more current passes through the circuit.
• The sensor measures the conductivity and changes it into an electrical current. The magnitude of this current is directly proportional to the gas concentration. These values are sent continuously to the analogue pin.
• If the threshold value is set before, once reaching it will cause the sensor to send the signal to the digital pin.

As a result of this flow, the target gas, along with its magnitude is sensed through the MQ214.

MQ214 Natural Gas Sensor Physical Dimensions

Below is the table that shows the general dimensions of the MQ214 natural gas sensor. Keep in mind that these may vary from model to model but the typical values are shown here:

MQ214 Natural Gas Sensor Applications

Natural gas is widely used in different domains of life therefore, this sensor has a wide scope. Here are some important projects in these domains that will highlight the importance of this sensor:

• Home Safety and Monitoring

• Smart Home Gas Leak Alarm

• DIY Air Quality Monitor (Combustible Gases)

• Industrial Applications

• Industrial Gas Leak Detection System

• Combustible Gas Level Monitoring for Production Lines

• Environmental Monitoring:

• Portable Methane Detector for Environmental Research

• Community Air Quality Monitoring Network
  

Hence in this way, we have seen the fundamental knowledge about the MQ214 natural gas sensor. We started the discussion with its basic introduction and saw the basic elements that collectively create this sensor. We also saw the important points from its datasheet such as its features, specifications, and some important graphs. The working principle was also discussed in detail here and in the end, we also saw the physical dimensions and applications of this sensor. I hope I have covered all the points but if you are curious in more detail, you can ask in the comment section. 

The electrical grid is a part of our infrastructure that we often overlook. It provides the power needed to run our homes, businesses, and critical services shaping the society we live in. Have you ever stopped to think about the history and importance of this network? Let's delve into how it functions, from the energy sources that fuel it to the technological advancements, the challenges it confronts, and what lies ahead.

The Modern Energy Grid is a Very Sturdy System

When was the time you faced a power outage? When your lights flicker, or the power goes out, it's a reminder of how we depend on the grid. Our daily routines are closely connected to its operation powering everything, from our morning coffee makers to equipment in hospitals. Disruptions in the grid can have far-reaching consequences affecting communication networks, transportation systems, and even the economy.

Beyond the individual inconveniences of power outages , the electrical grid plays a crucial role in supporting a well-functioning modern society. Think about how businesses and industries suffer when there's a grid failure. Production slows down, employees cannot perform their duties and all commercial activities grind to a halt. Key infrastructure, like water treatment facilities, hospitals, and emergency services heavily rely on electricity to deliver services to the public.

Exploring Various Energy Sources

Energy serves as a driving force that fuels our society.  In order to meet the ever-growing demand for power, we rely on a variety of energy sources, from simply burning stuff, to converting sunlight into usable power.

Conventional energy sources, like coal and natural gas, have historically been the mainstay of energy production. These sources are known for their reliability in ensuring an electricity supply. They also offer high energy density, allowing them to generate power in a compact space. However, their efficiency levels can vary. For instance, coal-fired plants typically run at 30-40% efficiency, while natural gas turbines and power plants can reach efficiencies of up to 60%. Gas turbines can quickly start up and provide peak power during times of high demand.

Recently, renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power have become more popular due to their benefits and improved cost-effectiveness. These resources rely on sources that make them sustainable in the long term. However, they do come with limitations. Solar power is dependent on sunlight availability, which changes throughout the day and is influenced by weather conditions. Wind power relies on wind speed and consistency. Although hydroelectric power is effective and reliable, it is constrained by the presence of rivers or dams.

When evaluating energy sources' effectiveness it's crucial to consider the factors that impact their performance. Assessing efficiency involves looking at how energy's converted resources are used, and the overall effectiveness of a system. Each energy source has its pros and cons in terms of efficiency, environmental impact, and cost. To determine the best energy sources for our needs it's important to weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each option and find a balanced approach.

Advancements in Technology

Technological advancements have greatly improved the efficiency and reliability of the electricity grid. Smart grids for instance use sensors, automation, and two-way communication to optimize energy distribution, reduce power usage during peak times, and quickly address any issues that may arise.

Thanks to progress in grid design and control systems, integrating renewable energy sources into the power network has become more viable. Energy storage technologies, such as batteries and pumped hydro, have also emerged as components in recent years, allowing surplus energy to be stored for use when demand is high.

Challenges and Vulnerabilities

Despite the advancements made the power grid is still facing challenges and vulnerabilities that require attention. The issue of an aging infrastructure is significant, given that many parts of the grid were built decades ago which often goes unnoticed. Additionally, the increasing risk of cyberattacks poses a threat to both the reliability and security of the grid. Natural disasters such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires can also result in damage and disruptions to electricity supply for prolonged periods. To address these issues it is crucial to invest in modernizing the grid while focusing on enhancing its resilience and strengthening cybersecurity measures.

The Future of the Grid

The outlook for the power grid appears quite promising. The trend towards decentralization is becoming more apparent as consumer-level distributed energy generation gains popularity. The move towards electrifying transportation, through the use of electric vehicles, will require an updated grid infrastructure to support charging stations and meet growing demand. Furthermore, the adoption of renewable energy sources will contribute to establishing a friendly and sustainable grid reducing our reliance on fossil fuels.

Role of Consumers and Energy Conservation

While progress in grid technology and energy production is crucial, each of us plays a part in supporting its reliability and sustainability. Simple actions, like being mindful of energy consumption, can have an enormous impact. Practices such as using energy-efficient appliances, turning off lights, and improving building insulation can significantly reduce energy usage. Opting for renewable energy sources, like rooftop solar panels, can also play a role in promoting overall sustainability within the grid.

Final Thoughts

The power grid has changed over time, becoming an integral part of our daily lives. Its reliability is often taken for granted, yet even the smallest disturbances can have far-reaching effects, highlighting its importance in today's world. As we work towards a sustainable future by embracing renewable energy sources and advancements in grid technology, new opportunities arise. However, we must address challenges such as aging infrastructure and cybersecurity threats, with individuals contributing by practicing energy efficiency and conservation.

Let us appreciate and support the electrical grid that powers our lives and be conscious of our energy usage and its impact on this essential infrastructure.

Hello learners! Welcome to the introduction of the round PCBs, where we are going to discuss the round PCBs in detail. This is specially designed for articles for beginners as well as for intermediate skills in printed circuit boards. PCBs are the backbone of any circuit, and it is crucial to understand the type and application of the circuit and its PCB in detail before starting to work on it. 

If you are going to buy crucial products like PCBs, always choose the best option that has positive reviews and a great experience. The best option for this is PCBWay.com, which has a great variety of PCBs, electronic components, equipment, and services. They have a vast variety of PCB services that range from high-speed PCBs to optical module PCBs, semiconductor tests, aerospace PCB circuit boards, and many other fields in different shapes, including round PCBs.

The best thing is that they provide the fastest services, and ordering online is easy here. Go to PCBWay.com and click on the PCB instant quote. They will ask for different parameters that you have to fill according to your circuit. Choose the build time and add it to the cart. You can find the detailed process on their website.

In this article, we’ll see the basic introduction of round PCBs. We’ll see the definition of round PCBs and understand how they are different from the other shapes. After that, we’ll see its manufacturing in detail and will see different phases of manufacturing. We’ll also have a look at their application. Let’s start learning.

Introduction to Round PCB

The PCBs are present in different shapes and sizes and are customized by keeping different parameters in mind such as the scope, type, and working of the circuit. Usually, people have seen rectangular or square PCBs but one must know that round PCBs bring flexibility and functionality in the design and features of the circuits. To easily understand these, let's have a look at their introduction:

"Round PCBs are different from rectangular or square PCBs in terms of shape and applications and these bring factors like space utilization in circuits and provide better performance in different scenarios."

These PCBs introduce signal integrity in the high-frequency circuits because the components are tightly packed in the curved traces and as a result, better performance is gained. The difference is the presence of the curves in the round PCBs that have multiple advantages in the circuits. 

Round PCBs Manufacturing

Just like other PCBs, the manufacturing of the round PCBs involves different steps and special techniques are applied in these steps. Let’s have a look at these steps:

Round PCBs Design and Garber Files

A PCB design software is used to get started with the design process of round PCBs. it creates the schematic and layout of the circuit. In the case of round PCBs, great care and attention are required because of the curves. The route tracing and component placement are different from the rectangular or square PCBs. 

Once the round PCBs are designed, the process of Gerber file generation is carried out. This file has multiple instructions and information regarding the design and some of them are listed below:

• Copper layers
• Solder mask
• Silkscreen
• Drill holes

Round PCB Panel Preparation

The Garber file just discussed is used for the creation process of the photomasks. These are the essential photographic films that have patterns related to the different layers in the round PCBs. A large sheet of laminated material such as the FR4 is cut into the designed panel. A feature of this panel is, that it is pre-drilled with the registration hole so that it may be aligned with the design. 

Round PCB Inner Layer Imaging and Etching

A photosensitive film (photoresist) is put to the copper foil in the laminate panel's inner layers.

The photomasks for these layers expose the required patterns to ultraviolet (UV) light. The exposed photoresist hardens, leaving the unexposed portions soft. The panel is then processed, eliminating any unexposed photoresist. This leaves the copper traces exposed. The visible copper is chemically etched away, leaving the inner layers with the appropriate circuit designs.

Round PCB’s Lamination and Drilling

The design is now get ready with different processes such as the lamination of the surface and then drilling the holes according to the design. If the design consists of different panels then all of these are aligned together to get the best output. Once the panel is ready, the imaging and etching of the outer layer are carried out to create the final product in terms of design.

Platting of the Round PCBs

The PCBs are then passed through the process of platting. Here, a thin layer of the conducting material is applied to the required arrears to provide conductivity. Usually, this layer is copper because of its best-conducting characteristics. 

Round PCB’s Soldermask and Silkscreening Process

Once the copper (or any other material) is traced on the round PCBs, a solder mask is applied to the PCB so that the traces may be protected against oxidation. In the end, the silkscreen is applied to the PCBs to add more details.

Applications of Round PCBs

The applications of the round PCBs are the same as the traditional ones but they play a crucial role in improving factors such as performance and space constraints. Here are some advantages that you must know:

Round PCBs Consumer Electronics

The consumer electrics are changing day by day. Smart technologies have made these electronics smaller and more stylish. The round PCBs help to get better performance in the smaller space. For instance, these are used in smartwatches, fitness trackers, and related wearables where the round shape fits into the device easily. 

Round PCBs in the Medical Devices

The medical devices are becoming smaller and smarter. For instance, the large X-ray machines, or blood pressure measuring devices are smaller now and are used as wearables. The round PCBs are used here because of their round curves and smart shape to fit in these devices. 

Round PCBs in the Automotive Industry

The round PCBs are not only smart but are more appealing in their looks. The automotive industry requires circuits that not only provide better performance but also look more stylish. Some automotive instrument clusters and control panels always prefer round PCBs because of their look.

As a result, we have understood the round PCBs in detail in this article. We started with the introduction to the round PCBs and then saw how these PCBs are designed and ready to work. We saw why these are better in performance and in the end, we discussed how to get the best PCBs from PCBWay.com. I hope all the points are clear now and if you want to know more, you can contact us.

Hey students! Welcome to another episode of the MQ gas sensor series. Today, we are interested to learn about the high-performance sensor that is used to detect the presence of benzene gas. This is the MQ138 gas sensor and it instantly detects the target gas because it has tin dioxide as the sensing element. Usually, it can detect multiple gases and is considered as the Volatile organic compounds (VOC) sensor but the most significant target gas of this sensor is benzene therefore, we’ll pay attention towards the discussion of the benzene detection through this sensor. Many features of this sensor resemble other members of the MQ gas sensor series and we’ll read its basic features and specifications in detail. 

In this article, we’ll initiate the discussion with the basic introduction of this sensor where we’ll also see its basic components and their purpose. After that, we’ll show you the datasheet elements that will be helpful to understand its technical specifications. You will also see the working principle, physical dimensions and applications of this sensor in different fields as well so stay with us.

Let’s start with the first topic:

MQ138 Benzene Gas Sensor Introduction

The MQ138 is a member of the MQ gas sensor series that is specialised for the detection of benzene gas around it. It works on low voltages and uses tin oxide as the sensing element that is readily available to detect any leakage of the benzene gas in the surrounding air. Mainly, it follows the chemiresistor which is defined as:

"The chemiresistor of an element refers to the mechanism in which its electrical resistance changes when it absorbs the surrounding gas."

The sensing element of MQ138 absorbs the target gas and the change in the concentration is indicated through the analogue values of the sensor.

We know that benzene is used in multiple industries as a fuel as well as for chemical reactions but exposure to this gas is hazardous for humans. If accidentally inhaled for a short time, it can cause the issue issues like dizziness, and headaches and long-term inhalation is even more dangerous and can also cause cancer. These are the points that make the presence of benzene gas sensor systems such as with MQ138 compulsory at such places. 

Let’s see the components of this sensor to know its details:

MQ138 Benzene Gas Sensor Ceramic Tube

There is a small ceramic tube-like piece of alumina (AL2O3) that works as the mechanical support to the sensing element. This ceramic tube has excellent thermal stability as well as resistance to the electrical current therefore, this does not cause any change in the electrical resistance of the sensing element but only provides the mechanical strength. This results in the uniform absorption of the target gas on the evenly spread sensing element it. 

MQ138 Benzene Gas Sensor Sensing Element

The heart of the MQ138 is the sensing element that is made of tin oxide (SnO2). This is present evenly on the ceramic tube and ready to react with the benzene gas if gas is leaked into the air. Tin oxide has less conductivity to the clean air as compared to the air mixed with benzene therefore it is used as the sensing element in such sensors. 

MQ138 Benzene Gas Sensor Heating Circuit

The heating sensor plays a crucial role in sensors like MQ138 because it maintains the required temperature to stimulate the optimum performance of the temperature. This consists of a heating coil made of nichrome wire and gradually increases the temperature of the sensing element. This is a crucial process and whenever the sensor is turned on, the heater circuit gets the 5V power and starts its work. 

MQ138 Benzene Gas Sensor Housing and Base

The circuit of the sensor is delicate and requires protection from outward agencies such as dirt particles in the air. This is done by a perforated metallic cap that covers the whole sensor. It acts like a filter that only allows the gas to pass through it and as a result, the system may perform best for a long time.

Moreover, the whole body of the sensor is made with plastic or bakelite material. The sensor modules have a large base that has multiple items on it such as the power LED, pins, etc but the sensor alone has a relatively simpler structure and the base has pins for the direct connection in the circuit. 

MQ138 Benzene Gas Sensor Datasheet

Prior to employing any device, it is essential to review the device's datasheet so we are discussing some crucial points from the datasheet of the MQ138 benzene gas sensor:

MQ138 Benzene Gas Sensor Features

The MQ gas sensor series has simple and fundamental features and I am highlighting the most basic features of the MQ138 sensor from its datasheet:

• It has a wide detecting scope and a quick response time so is a reliable option.
• It provides stable performance and has a long life so is an affordable sensor.
• It shows the analogue values at its analogue pin that allow the user to see the concentration level of the benzene gas.
• It has a digital pin the values of which can be set through the potentiometer.
• This sensor has electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection which is one of the reasons behind its long life.
• It shows the protection against the overvoltage.
• It has a simple drive sensor and requires 20 seconds for the pre-heating.

MQ138 Benzene Gas Sensor Specifications

The table given below shows the specifications of the MQ138 benzene gas sensor:

MQ138 Benzene Gas Sensor Basic Circuit

The labels of the image given above are explained below:

• VCC: This pin connects to the positive terminal of the power supply which is typically 5V.
• GND: This pin connects to the ground terminal of the power supply to complete the circuit.
• H or Heater: This pin connects to one side of the resistor (RL) which is responsible for limiting the current flowing through the sensor's internal heating coil that is mentioned before in this article.
• RL: This is the load resistor in series with the heating coil. The typical value for the MQ-137 is around 10KΩ which may vary according to the model.
• A or B: These pins are interchangeable and connect to the circuit voltage which is typically 5V.
• OUT or Signal: This is the analogue output pin that provides a voltage signal that varies depending on the benzene gas concentration around the sensor.

If you want to learn more about the datasheet of this sensor in detail then you must see the link that is provided here:

MQ138 Benzene Gas Sensor Pinout Configuration

Till now, we have been discussing the pins and their features at many points but for ease of learning, here is a table that shows the pins, their name, and precise descriptions that will help you to understand this sensor’s pin details:

MQ138 Benzene Gas Sensor Packages

MQ138 Benzene Gas Sensor Alternatives

Multiple other options can be used in place of the MQ138 benzene gas sensor. Some important names in this regard are listed below:

• Electrochemical Sensors (Benzene Specific)
• Benzene-Specific Semiconductor Sensors
• Air Quality Sensors (VOC Detection - Might include Benzene)

Where to Buy MQ138 Benzene Gas Sensor

Always buy sensitive devices like M138 from the well-reputed source and some of such examples are given below:

• eBay
• AliExpress
• Amazon

MQ138 Benzene Gas Sensor Working Principle

Just like the simple structure, the MQ138 benzene gas sensor has the simple way to work. As mentioned before, it follows the chemisterisitor and the details of this are shared in the following points:

As soon as the sensor is powered on, the heating circuit starts it work. It requires 20-25 seconds from the preheating and gradually, the temperature of the sensor reaches 300 Celsius.

• At this temperature, the tin oxide is readily available for the reaction and it starts reacting with the surrounding air (assume it is clean air). At this point, the oxygen ions start accumulating on the surface of the sensing element. This results in an increase in the electrical resistance. These values are sent through the analogue pin.

• The sensor is ready to detect any target gas around it.

• When the target gas is leaked into the air, the oxygen ions from the depletion region react with it and start melting. This results in a decrease in the electrical resistance. 

• The change in the electrical resistance is indicated on the analogue pin and sent to any output device. 

• If the threshold value is set through the potentiometer then when the analogue values reach it, the sensor shows the digital output on the digital pin and this results in the indication of this gas on output gas without any need of a microcontroller. 

• The higher the concentration of target gas around the sensor the more is the magnitude of the analogue value. 

MQ138 Benzene Gas Sensor Physical Dimensions

MQ138 Benzene Gas Sensor Applications

• Industrial Leak Detection

• Occupational Safety Monitoring

• Air Quality Monitoring

• Environmental Remediation

• Indoor Air Quality Monitoring (limited)

• Personal Safety Devices (specialized)

Hence, today, we have seen the detailed information about the MQ138 benzene gas sensor. Our exploration commenced with a fundamental introduction, followed by an examination of the essential components comprising this sensor. We also understood the basic points from the datasheet of this sensor and then moved towards the working principle and through the steps, we understood the detail of how it detects the target gas. In the end, we saw the packages, dimensions, and applications of this sensor. I trust that I covered all the points and if you want to know more, you can ask in the comment section.

Hi readers! Welcome to the next article on the MQ series gas sensors. Today, our motto is to learn about the basic information of the MQ137 ammonia gas sensor. We know that ammonia gas is extensively used in industries, agricultural lands, Environmental Monitoring, Health and Public Safety, etc. In such areas, there are great chances of leakage that can be harmful and here, sensors like MQ137 are used for the instant detection of the Ammonia gas. It is a colorless gas with a distinct pungent smell and its inhalation may cause eyes, lungs, nose, and throat infections and irritation. So, the MQ137 is specialized for its detection and acts as a life savior in such cases. 

In this article, we’ll commence our discussion with the basic introduction of the MQ137 ammonia gas sensor and will learn its basic structure to understand its features. After that, we’ll see some important points from its datasheet such as its specifications and some important graphs related to its performance. We’ll shed light on its working principle and physical dimensions and in the end, you will see the basic fields where this sensor is widely used. Let’s move towards the first point:

MQ137 Ammonia Gas Sensor Introduction

The MQ137 is an ammonia gas sensor designed to detect ammonia gas in various environments. This is available either as a module or as a sensor and can be integrated into appropriate electronic circuits or microcontrollers such as Arduino, ESP32, etc. The module comes with digital and analog pins and here, the digital pin makes it operate even without using the microcontroller with it. 

Ammonia is a hazardous gas for human inhalation and it causes multiple health issues even with minimal exposure. The MQ137 has the sensing element that instantly reacts with the ammonia gas and changes in the analog pin values indicate the concentration of ammonia around the sensor. 

MQ137 Ammonia Gas Sensor Basic Components

The internal structure and components of the MQ136 ammonia gas sensor are similar to other members of the MQ gas sensor series. Here is the list and a little description of each of them:

MQ137 Ammonia Gas Sensor Ceramic Tube

There is a small tube-like structured piece of ceramic material (micro AL2O3) placed on the circuit of the MQ137 ammonia gas sensor. The reason behind choosing AL2O3 is its excellent thermal stability. Moreover, it does not affect the electrical resistivity of the sensing element, and, therefore, does not cause any change in the results. 

This ceramic tube provides mechanical strength to the sensing element layer so provides a uniform reacting area to the target gas. This is crucial for the exact analogue values. 

MQ137 Ammonia Gas Sensor Sensing Element

The MQ137 has the tin oxide (SnO2) for the sensing of a target gas. Here, the sensing element is present in the form of a uniform layer on the ceramic tube as mentioned in the previous point. As a result, the mechanical support helps the tin oxide to be readily available for reaction even at a small concentration of ammonia gas. 

MQ137 Ammonia Gas Sensor Heating Circuit

The heating sensor is responsible for maintaining the sensing element’s temperature. It consists of a nichrome wire coil that heats the circuit continuously at a uniform temperature. This small coil is embedded near the sensing element and ceramic tube.

MQ137 Ammonia Gas Sensor Electrodes

The connection between the sensing layer and ceramic material is made with the electrodes made of usually gold (Au). These are responsible for providing the path for the electrical current to pass through the sensing element. These play a crucial role because the measurement of the sensing element resistance is the main principle of this sensor. 

MQ137 Ammonia Gas Sensor Housing and Base

The whole circuit is protected by the firm base and housing. The housing is made of a perforated metal cover that only allows the gas to pass through it therefore, it filters the unwanted particles to reach the delicate internal circuit.

The connection of these pins will be discussed in the coming sections. The module of M137 uses a strong base made of plastic or bakelite that not only provides strength to the circuit but is provides space for the pins. Some modules have an LED that shows the presence of the gas if detected.

MQ137 Ammonia Gas Sensor Datasheet

The datasheet is a crucial document to learn before using any electrical device like the MQ137 ammonia gas sensor. Here are some key sections of the MQ137 sensor datasheet that serve as valuable resources to enhance your understanding and facilitate informed usage:

MQ137 Ammonia Gas Sensor Features

• It has high sensitivity and, therefore, can detect the presence of ammonia gas even at low concentrations. 

• It shows the analog values for the change in the concentration of the gas which helps represent the exact concentration value of the ammonia gas. 

• The presence of the digital output pin makes it useable even without the integration of the microcontroller. 

• The circuit is designed in such a way that it represents a stable output and reliable performance as compared to many other sensors. 

• The wide range of gas detection allows this sensor to provide versatility in the values and detect the gas at a distance as well. It has a fast response time that makes it more reliable. 

• It has easy integration and is present in the form of different packages to make it usable in different circuits. 

MQ137 Ammonia Gas Sensor Specifications

The table given below has all the important specifications that you must know:

MQ137 Ammonia Gas Sensor Circuit Diagram

As mentioned before, the circuit and structure of this sensor are straightforward. Here is a basic circuit diagram that will help you to understand its structure:

The explanation of each label is given here:

• Vc: Loop Voltage (typically ≤ 24V DC)

• VH: Heater Voltage (typically 5.0V ± 0.1V AC or DC)

• RL: Load Resistance (which is adjustable by VR1)

• VR1: Variable Resistor (which is used to adjust RL)

• PH: Heater Consumption (typically ≤ 900 mW)

• RH: Heater Resistance (at room temperature, typically 29Ω ± 3Ω)

• △Vs: Output Voltage (difference between voltage in air and voltage in 50ppm NH3, typically ≥ 0.5V)

• α: Concentration Slope (ratio of resistance at 200ppm NH3 to resistance at 50ppm NH3, typically ≤ 0.6)

If you want to learn more about the datasheet, you must visit the link given below:

MQ137 Ammonia Gas Sensor Pinout Configuration

Till now, we’ve been discussing the pin functions of this sensor but have a look at the table below to understand the pinout configuration with a precise description:

MQ137 Ammonia Gas Sensor Packages

There are no standardized packages for the MQ137 ammonia gas sensor but it is present in more than one variety of assembly options so that it may fit in multiple types of circuits without any issue. Here are key package options widely utilized by multiple users:

MQ137 Bare Sensor Board

It is the fundamental form of the sensor which is a simpler assembly option. It consists of just the sensor and its pins for easy connection. 

MQ137 Sensor Board with Breakout Pins

It consists of the sensor board along with the additional header pins. These pins are soldered on it and provide the opportunity to connect it with the wires or the breadboard according to the convenience of the user. 

MQ137 Pre-Assembled Module

This is the most user-friendly item on the list and the following features will justify my statement:

• It includes the basic board and the additional circuitry like resistors, capacitors, and voltage regulators. 

• Some models have a pre-program microcontroller as well as an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Such models are ready to use in the projects. Such models come in a plastic enclosure and have features like screw terminals or header pins for easy connection. 

MQ137 Ammonia Gas Sensor Alternatives

If for some reason, you want to know the alternatives that can be used in place of MQ137 then I would suggest the following sensors:

• Figaro Figaro H2S-B4 (can be adapted for NH3)

• City Technology Corporation (CTC) T8320

• Alphasense NH3-FS-400

• Gas Sensing Solutions GSS-NH3

• Mettler Toledo InPro 5000 NH3

• Teledyne API TDL-4000

Where to Buy MQ137 Ammonia Gas Sensor?

The sensors are small delicate devices and one must always choose the best platform to buy such products. Here are the most popular names in this regard:

• AliExpress

• eBay

• Amazon

MQ137 Ammonia Gas Sensor Working Principle

The study of the simple structure of this sensor aforementioned helps us to understand its working principle in just a few steps:

• As soon as the sensor is powered on, the coil of the heater circuit starts its work and the temperature of the circuit keeps increasing gradually. Usually, the pre-heating takes 20 to 30 seconds.

• Once the temperature reaches 300 Celsius, the heating temperature works only on the maintenance of the temperature instead of raising it. 

• At this temperature, the sensing element, tin oxide connected with the heating circuit through electrodes is stimulated to absorb the oxygen from the surrounding air. This reaction creates the depletion region of the oxygen ions around the sensing element. This accumulation results in an increased value of the electrical resistance. 

• The sensor works in this condition and is readily available to detect the ammonia gas. 

• Once the ammonia gas is leaked into the surroundings, the depletion region (oxygen ions) reacts with the ammonia which results in the absorption of the depletion layer. The values of the current flow are continuously indicated on the analogue pin.  

• The absorption of the depletion layer results in lower resistance. These values are indicated on the analogue pin output and show the presence of the ammonia gas. The higher values mean more concentration of the target gas in the surroundings and vice versa. 

• The digital pin is utilised to get the signal if the analogue value exceeds the threshold limit. In this way, the sensor even does not require an external microcontroller for the basic functions. 

MQ137 Ammonia Gas Sensor Physical Dimensions

There are different assembly options for the MQ137 sensor but generally, I’ve created the table that has the physical dimensions of the sensor (additional components not included):

The size may vary in different models but these are the generalized values. 

MQ137 Ammonia Gas Sensor Applications

In every place where ammonia gas is either utilized as fuel or any other process, the ammonia gas sensor is an important device. Here are some general applications where MQ137 is widely used:

• Domestic Ammonia Gas Alarm
• Air Quality Monitoring
• Industrial Ammonia Gas Leakage Alarm
• Wastewater Treatment Facilities
• Food and Beverage Industry
• Chemical Industry

Hence, today we have learned a lot about the MQ137 ammonia gas sensor. We commence the discussion with the basic introduction of the MQ137  sensor where we also saw its basic structure and components. After that, we saw the features and specifications from the datasheet of this sensor. We also read about the basic principle of working and the physical dimensions of the sensor. In the end, we saw the names of the applications where the MQ137 is used. I hope this was an informative study for you.