The Engineering Projects

Up Down Counter without Microcontroller

Hello geeks, welcome to our new project. In this project, we are going to make a very interesting project. I think most of us have seen the scoreboards in sports, after looking at that, have you ever wondered about the working of it. Therefore, this time, we will be making something like that only with some extra features. So basically that score board is nothing but a counter which counts the scores. Most of the geeks who have an electronics background or have ever studied digital electronics must have heard about the counter.

Here, in this project, we are going to make an Up-Down counter. A simple counter counts in increasing or decreasing order but the Up-Down counter counts in increasing and decreasing order, both depending upon the input it has given.

But I am having an interesting question about the counter. Let suppose if the counter is counting in increasing order then up to which value, it will count because it can not count to infinite which means it has to reset after some certain value, and I believe that you must be having the same doubt as well. Basically every counter resets itself after a certain value and that value depends upon the bits of a counter.

Let suppose, we have a 8 bit counter which means it will count a maximum of up to 255 after which, it will reset to 0. So the size of the counter depends upon the bits of the counter.

So, in this project, we are going to make a counter which will count from 0 to 9 after which it will again reset to 0.

Software to install

We will make this project in the simulation first, for that we will use a simulation software which is Proteus.

Proteus is a simulation software for electronics based circuits. In this software we can make different types of electronic circuits and we can run the simulation and can monitor the working of that project in real-time only.

And it is a good practice also while making any new project. First of all, we should make a simulation of that project so that we can debug any issues without damaging any real components.

Proteus has a very huge database of all types of electronics components pre-installed.

Components Required

In this project, we will use the following components:

• 7 Segment LED display
• Push buttons
• Resistors
• 74LS192 (BCD/DECADE UP/DOWN COUNTER)
• 7447 BCD to 7-Segment Decoders/Drivers

Components details

7 Segment Led display

• It is an LED display module in which there are seven LEDs arranged in the rectangular form on which we can display single digit numbers from 0-9 and some alphabets as well.
• It has two types, one is common ground and another is common Vcc.
• There are 7 different pins for each LEDs and one common pin, this pin can be common ground or common Vcc depending upon type of the display.
• The pins on the display are noted as a,b,c,d,e,f, and `g.
• Common ground is also known as Common cathode, and common Vcc is also known as Common anode .
• In Common cathode type display, the LEDs will glow when LEDs pins are connected to logic HIGH.
• In Common anode type display, the LEDs will glow when the LEDs pins are connected to logic LOW.
• As they are simple LED’s so while using them in the circuit, it is mandatory to use some protection resistors with each of them if we are using Common ground type display and single resistor with the Common Vcc pin if we are using the Common Vcc type display.
• For the counter, we will follow the truth table of display for showing the numbers.

Push buttons

• Here, we have used a simple momentary push button for setting the counter in UP counting or in DOWN counting.
• There are two pins in the push button.
• As we will use the push buttons in active low condition which means one side will be connected to ground and other terminal will be connected to the Arduino.
• So when we press the push button, it will close the circuit and set the pin.
• While using any push button, it is mandatory to use a pull-up or pull-down resistor with it, otherwise there will be some glitches in the operation.
• Because when the button is released, the circuit will be opened and if there is no pull-up or pull-down connected to the other pin of the push button, then that pin will be in floating state and it will give any random voltage, which will create an issue.
• In this project, we have used the pull-up resistor so that when the push button is released, the pin state will be in logic HIGH state.

BCD/Decade Up-Down counter (74LS192)

• 74LS192 is an Up/Down BCD decade counter IC. It is developed by Motorola.
• This is the main IC which is used in this project for counting purposes.
• It is one the simplest IC for Up/Down counters. It has two different input pins for selecting the Up counter or Down counter mode.
• It is a 16 pin TTL based IC. Operating voltage of the IC is 5v.
• And as per the data sheet for selecting the mode of counter there are basically four pins used and those are MR, PL, CPU, CpD.
• For counting, the MR pin should be logic LOW and the PL pin should be in logic HIGH.
• To start the counting in increasing order or upward, the down counter input pin(CpD) should be at logic HIGH state and the up-counter input pin (CpU) should send a pulse from logic LOW to logic HIGH after this sequence the IC will count upwards.
• We have to follow the same sequence for counting in decreasing order or downward, the up counter input should be at logic HIGH state and the down counter input pin (CpD) should send a pulse from logic LOW to logic HIGH after this sequence the IC will count downwards.

Truth Table for Modes

7447 BCD to 7-Segment Decoders/Drivers

• This IC is used in this project for controlling the 7-segment LED display.
• This is an active low output IC which means we can use its common anode LED display only.
• It basically converts the BCD number to decimal numbers on the 7-segment LED display.
• It has 4 input pins for reading the BCD input and depending upon which it will set the output pins for the 7 segment display.
• To set input pins depending upon the required output we will follow its truth table.

• To read more about this IC, follow the datasheet. BCD to 7-Segment Decoders/Drivers

Project overview

In this project, we will use two push buttons for controlling the counter as an Up counter or Down counter. The outputs from the push buttons will work as input for the BCD/DECADE UP/DOWN COUNTER IC. When we press the push button, there will be a change in the signal pin of the IC and according to the truth table when the signal changes from logic HIGH to LOW and the other input clock pin is at HIGH state then it will change the output count value depending upon the selected pin.

Which means if we push the Up counter push button, it will send a pulse to CpU pin of the IC, afterwards it will process as the increment in the output value, so it will increase the current output value by one. Similarly, for the Down counter push button, when we press the button, it will send a pulse to the CpD pin of the IC, thereafter it will process as the decrement in the output value so it will decrease the current output value by one.

And the outputs of the BCD/DECADE UP/DOWN COUNTER IC will work as the input for the BCD to 7-Segment Decoder. And the output pins of the BCD to 7-Segment Decoder will be connected to the 7 segment LED with some protection resistor to prevent them from damaging.

The 7-Segment Led display will glow the LEDs depending upon the output values on the BCD to 7-Segment Decoder/Driver.

Now we know the workflow of our counter.

So let‘s move to the circuit of the counter.

Circuit diagram and working

For making the project, we will be using the Proteus simulation software.

• First, start the new project in the Proteus and import all the required components into the workplace.

• After importing all the components in the workplace, let’s start connecting those.

• First of all, we will connect the push button with the BCD counter IC.
• As we know, the push button has to be connected in pull mode so we will connect a resistor with each of the push buttons and another terminal with the BCD counter IC.
• Another terminal of the Up counter push button will be connected to the ‘UP’ pin of the BCD counter IC and the Down counter push-button terminal will be connected to the ‘DN’ pin of the counter IC and other pins like MR will be connected to the Vcc and PL pin will be connected to the ground.
• All the connections are made as per the datasheet of the IC.

• After this, we will connect the output pins of the BCD counter to the input pins of 7 segment LED driver IC. While connecting the pins of the IC, make sure they are connected in the correct sequence otherwise it will not display the correct value on the LED display.
• Now we will connect the protection resistors and the 7-segment LED display with the output of the 7 segment LED driver IC.
• After connecting them our circuit will be ready.
• Before testing it, do not forget to re-verify the connections.

Result and test

Now we have our circuit ready, it is time to test it.

• Start the simulation by clicking on the play button in the Porteus simulation.
• First we will check for the Up counter.
• Press the Up counter push button. When we press the Up counter push button then the value on the 7 segment display will increase and if we continuously press it then the counter will go up to 9, afterwards it will reset to 0.
• Now check the Down counter. Press the Down counter push button, then the value on the 7 segment display will decrease and if we continuously press it then it will reach to 0 and thereafter it will start from the 9 again and will be decreased to 0.

Conclusion

I hope we have covered all the aspects of this project. And I think it will be a very useful learning project as well. Now if we see any scoreboard, immediately we will be knowing the electronics behind it. I hope you have enjoyed reading this project. Please let us know in the comment section if you have faced any issues while making this project.

Thanks for reading this article. See you in the next project.

Introduction to Electric Vehicles

Hey readers! I hope you are doing good and learning something. Have you ever thought about electric vehicles, which are rechargeable and run on a battery? Now, it is possible, and today, we will discuss electric vehicles.

All over the globe, EVs have made a major difference by being a cleaner and cheaper way to travel than gasoline and diesel cars. Unlike cars with engines, electric cars are environmentally friendly because their engines use rechargeable batteries and give out no emissions. The rise in buyers and producers of EVs is thanks in part to new kinds of batteries, better motors, and certain actions taken by the government.

Because of their various operating systems, Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) are each designed for different situations. All kinds of EVs offer several main benefits: they are better for the world, use less energy, perform well, and cost less to run.

But difficulties such as shorter driving ranges, fewer places to charge, batteries losing their power, and cars costing more upfront keep many people from using EVs. Even then, progress in EVs is being pushed forward by innovations in batteries, using wireless chargers, and technology for cars and the grid. On the road to sustainability, EVs will show the way and help cut down on pollution worldwide.

Here, you will learn about electric vehicles, their main components, working, types, charging structure, advantages, and future. Let’s start.

What is an Electric Vehicle (EV)? 

Electricity, not gas or diesel, is what an EV needs to work. Its motor operates on rechargeable batteries, and those batteries get recharged whenever the toy is connected to an electric power source. No emissions at the tailpipe means EVs are green and save energy.

Some EVs are named Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs), some are called Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), and there are a few called Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs). Many methods exist, but all technology is about lowering the use of fossil fuels.

The reduced expense to run EVs, as well as how quiet they are and how little maintenance they require, are bright reasons many choose them for future journeys.

The History of Electric Vehicles:

Electric vehicles are not a 21st-century invention; they have existed since the early 19th century. Here’s a short chronology:

• 1828 -1835: Inventors such as Ányos Jedlik and Thomas Davenport developed the first crude electric motors and electric vehicles with non-rechargeable batteries. 

• 1870s -1880s: Advances in technology (for example, lead acid batteries developed by Gaston Planté) made electric vehicles somewhat practical. 

• 1890s -1900s: Mentioned above, electric vehicles gained popularity (in the U.S.) because they were quieter and cleaner than steam and gasoline-powered cars, and by 1900, it was estimated that 28% of vehicles in the U.S. were electric. 

• 1920s: Ford's mass production of gasoline-powered vehicles, better roads, and the refusal to stop using electric vehicles forced electric vehicles into oblivion. 

• Late 20th Century: Increasing oil prices and awareness of environmental issues saw a renewed interest in electric vehicles. The GM EV1 (1996) was a landmark, however, it was recalled. 

• 2000-Present: Tesla Motors has completely disrupted the electric vehicle market by focusing on performance, design, and battery range, and today, nearly all major automobile manufacturers are heavily investing in electric vehicle technology.

How Electric Vehicles Work:

The electric vehicle (EV) derives its propulsion from electric batteries instead of gasoline or diesel, which is the primary difference from a traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle. What we refer to as an electric vehicle is the electric powertrain/s, which is a rechargeable battery and delivers clean and efficient transportation without fossil fuels.

Power Source:

The battery pack is the core of the energy system of an EV, which is constructed mainly out of lithium-ion cells. The worth of the battery pack is that it stores electrical energy for its drive system and delivers power to the electric motor.  Batteries, pack capacities may vary by vehicle battery size according to the manufacturer, but larger battery packs mean longer driving range. You can attach EVs to outside electricity sources, such as at your home or public EV charging spots. It depends on the charger: you can be charged in under an hour with a DC charger, but a Level 2 charger can take hours.

Powertrain:

EVs need to convert the direct current (DC) electrical energy in the battery pack with an inverter first to alternating current (AC). AC electrical energy is currently used to drive the electric motor to generate torque to move the vehicle in a given direction. EVs commonly use a single-speed gear reduction transmission, which is less complex than traditional ICE vehicles ' multi-speed transmission; hence, a mechanical system is simplified, and maintenance needs are also reduced. The takeoff and acceleration in EVs are smooth with instantaneous torque.

Regenerative Braking:

A unique part of electric vehicles is that they can slow down using regenerative braking. If you push the brake or let off the gas, the system will make you slow down more quickly. After that, the electric motor turns in reverse and assists in producing energy. In the old way, braking lost the vehicle’s energy as heat. With regenerative braking, the energy is turned into electricity and is fed back to the battery. As a result, less energy is needed, and the vehicle has a greater range.

Types of Electric Vehicles:

Components of Electric Vehicles:

The organization and construction of Electric Vehicles (EVs) differ greatly from that of traditional vehicles with Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) engines. These components work in conjunction to afford isolated and locally sourced clean green transportation that will connect efficiently. Below is a description of how the main components work together to allow EVs to operate and be controlled:

1. Battery Pack:

The EV battery pack is like a fuel tank in any car, the batteries are the basic source of energy. A new generation of carbon-free liquid-fuel equivalent. They supply enough electricity to power the motor and run all the car’s electronic circuits. Most EVs use Lithium-ion batteries today, since they deliver a high amount of energy, last over time, and are efficient.  A higher power pack kWh rating commonly means your battery will provide a longer driving range. Safety, top performance, and a long life for the batteries of an electric vehicle depend on the Battery Management System.

2. Electric Motor:

The electric motor is what converts electrical energy to mechanical energy and provides power to move the vehicle. There are a multitude of motors available for use in EVs:

• AC Induction Motor: is utilized because of its robust construction and low price, used by every Tesla vehicle in earlier versions.

• Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM): Found for its high efficiencies and compact design; used widely in EVs today.

• Brushless DC Motor (BLDC): Marries the best attributes of both AC and DC motors; provides high torque, efficiency, and is ideal to use in smaller vehicles.

3. Inverter:

The job of the inverter is to change the DC battery’s current to AC so that the electric motor can use it. The inverter will also change the AC into DC during regenerative braking, so the power goes back to the battery. The inverter will likewise convert the AC to DC during regenerative braking to be sent back to the battery. The inverter controls how much power to send to the motor by changing the frequency and voltage of the AC supply.

4. Onboard Charger:

The onboard charger is responsible for taking in electricity when the EV is plugged into a charging station. It will convert the grid's AC power into DC suitable for the battery. The ratings of the chargers' power can dictate the speed at which the battery will charge. Higher kilowatt ratings will allow one to charge the battery sooner.

5. Thermal Management System:

The thermal management system controls the temperature of vital components such as the battery, inverter, and motor to provide optimal operating conditions. Thermal management systems will have cooling circuits, pumps, and in some instances heating elements. With the right thermal management, there are no upsets in system behavior, fragile components are kept safe, and temperatures are controlled so going too high or too low because of harsh ambient conditions is avoided.

6. Controller:

For many automakers, the controller is the brain of an EV because it supervises nearly all of the vehicle's systems. The controller manages the speed of the vehicle, how much torque is generated, regains energy through braking, and allocates power to each part. The controller gets input information from the vehicle accelerator, brake pedal, and a variety of on-board sensors, and applies efficiency commands to the vehicle to ensure smooth operation and optimal performance.

Charging Infrastructure:

Advantages of Electric Vehicles:

Rather than ordinary gas or diesel cars, EVs are better in many different ways. EVs are better for the environment, cost less, and are much more comfortable to operate.

Environmentally Friendly:

Because there is no tailpipe, EVs have no air emissions when driving. Once again, this keeps the air cleaner and is also an advantage for cities. And if you charge your EV from solar, wind, or other clean energy, it helps reduce the disease rate and the levels of global warming since it doesn't create toxic gases like carbon dioxide.

Cost Savings In the Long Term:

It is normally cheaper to drive an EV rather than a fuel car. Electricity is cheaper than gasoline, and EVs have fewer moving parts and, therefore, less maintenance costs. For example, you are not getting oil changes, and you also will not have engine issues. In the long run, this can lead to substantial cost savings.

Smoother and Quieter Ride:

EVs will provide a fast and smooth drive. The beauty of an EV is that the motor provides power instantly; therefore, you do not need to wait for the engine to rev up or change gears, and there is no noise, providing a smoother experience for you, as well as reducing, in a smaller way, the impact of noise pollution on roads.

Reduced Dependence on Oil:

By using EVs, we lessen our reliance on imported oil and fossil fuels. Since our nation can produce electricity in several ways, it could mean we depend less on other countries for fuel, become more energy secure, and save money on our fuel needs.

Government Incentives:

Countries everywhere are providing benefits to encourage both consumers and businesses to use electric vehicles. There are incentives such as lower taxes, money back, reserved parking, no highway tolls, and free rides in HOV and carpool lanes. With these offers, it’s easier to own and drive electric vehicles.

Future Trends in Electric Vehicle Technology:

Within the next decade, the technology for electric vehicles will undergo developments previously not considered possible:

Solid-State Batteries:

• Higher energy density

• Faster charging rates & longer life span

Wireless Charging:

Convenient and easy charging with no bother of cables

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Vehicles:

EVs could double as mobile grid storage

Autonomous Vehicles:

A combination of electrification and driverless technology

Sustainability in Manufacturing:

• Less carbon footprint in electric vehicle manufacturing

• Technology will incorporate recycled materials or green materials

Conclusion:

Electric vehicles (EVs) are far more than a trend; they're the future of transportation. Because they provide a cleaner, more efficient way of traveling, EVs help to reduce pollution and simply our dependence on fossil fuels as which is critical in protecting the environment. Better battery technology has greatly improved the consumer purchase price and capabilities of an EV, with improved driving ranges and charging times.

Although there are issues regarding the battery production problem (the costs) and the availability of charging stations, and there are ongoing efforts of innovation and investments in those issues, EVs are becoming the preferred transportation option globally. 

More concisely, EVs are also propelling us to a cleaner, smarter, and more sustainable future, transforming the way we move, while equally protecting the planet and its people for generations to come.