The Engineering Projects

Building Monitor-Specialized Lifts

Hello everyone, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at Building Monitor-Specialized Lifts. The American-based linear motion technologies manufacturer Progressive Automations offers its customers only the most efficient and effective automation solutions applicable to a variety of spheres like shipbuilding, heavy machine building, home interior, engineering, smart houses construction, etc. The impeccable TV lift technology provided by this company is nowadays widely used for the creation of conference halls, high-tech offices for world business enterprises who break the mold of IT technologies. It allows for installing TV screens of different dimensions almost anywhere. Pop-up TV lifts, TV lifts for cabinets & furniture, rotating TV lifts, under the bed TV lifts along with attic & ceiling lifts - all these serve the TV automation which is widely required by technology-lovers.

TV Lifts for DIY Implementation

Linear motion technology implemented in TV lifts constructions manufactured by Progressive Automations is distinguished by its extreme safety and high reliability. With this technology making a DIY TV lift installation at home won’t be a serious problem. With particular attention to all the details embodied by Progressive Automations in all their products, everyone can take them and use to create a piece of high-tech art conveniently serving to watch favorite programs when wanted and hide a TV monitor afterward. TV lifts became something more than just a modern trend nowadays. Their wide implementation along with the use of numerous other last-decade inventions became the matter of contemporary technological approach. Not just because of the style or convenience provided, but because of promising prospects.

Biggest TV Lift Automation Benefit

Not a secret that automation saves the most indispensable resource humanity has ever had - its time. Just imagine how much time do you personally spend on switching your TV on, making coffee, cooking, cleaning, washing, etc. The technical evolution of the last decades makes it possible to save tonnes of hours usually spent on routine and nowadays unnecessary work. And now imagine that you would have to clean all again manually instead of chatting with your friends somewhere in the public places. You would be obliged to clean your house instead of your automated vacuum-robot-cleaner. But with an automated show & hide TV monitors the situation is the same. Previously, nobody could even imagine that it will be possible to permanently hide the monitor each time it is not needed. However, now we have this chance and it saves hours to those who regularly watch TV. Hiding a TV screen from sight after watching and when leaving home in business becomes easy.

Automation as the Investment in Everyday Life

The most convenient thing about this branch of automation technology is that it is relatively cheap. Having only about $700 to spend on automation project homeowner can contact Progressive Automations managers asking them for the assistance and they will gladly help customers to make their dreams come true. This is the best combination of cost-effective approach along with reliable services and tested products offered. Make your technological interior now with products & services offered by Progressive Automations. Nothing's gonna make you happier than the right capital investment in the future of automation. Experience TV lift technology by yourself and make this little convenience serve your everyday life and purposes you set all along through your life. Forget about things you got used to when it comes to TV lift automation - think progressive!  

Introduction to TIP32

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to TIP32. The TIP32 is a silicon Epitaxial base PNP transistor it exists in a TO-220 malleable casing. It is proposed for use in less power consuming rectilinear and swapping submissions. Its quality is that it exists in three different collector and emitter ratings. Its corresponding NPN transistor is TIP31. This is a communal transistor it used in diverse engineering projects. It created for minimum time consuming swapping submissions. In today’s post, we will have a look at its fortification, smashup, dissimilarity, claims, etc. I will also share some links where I have connected it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to TIP32. 

Introduction to TIP32

• The TIP32 is a silicon Epitaxial base PNP transistor it exists in a TO-220 malleable casing.
•  As it has a higher collector current of around 2A it can be used for Power swapping or larger signal intensification.

• The transistor is mostly recognized for its higher intensification capability subsequently 2A is not much of a greater capability.
• So, if you are observing for a PNP transistor for your amplifier circuitry then TIP32 can be your excellent option or to change sophisticated current loads greater than 2A.
• There are two limits on the power supervision capability of a transistor first one is normal intersection temperature and second is failure safe functioning area curvatures specify IC-VCE restrictions of the transistor which should be experiential for the dependable process such as the transistor need not be exposed to larger indulgence than the arcs designate.

  Pinout of TIP32

• These are the main pinout of  TIP32.

  Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	Emitter	Current originates out by the emitter, it is typically connected to ground.
  Pin#2	Base	It manages the biasing of the transistor and workings to turn ON or OFF the transistor.
  Pin#3	Collector	Current actions in over collector, typically related to load

  Let's see a diagram of the pinout.

Ratings of TIP32

Symbols	Ratings	Parameters
VCBO	-40V	These are the voltage across collector and base.
VCEO	-40V	These are the voltage around collector and emitter.
VEBO	-5 V	These are the voltage around emitter and base.
IC	-3A	It is the current at collector which is dc.
ICP	-5A	It is the pulse of collector current.
IB	-3A	It is the current at the base.
Pc	40W	It is the power dissipation at  Collector (TC=25°C).
TJ	150 C	It is the Junction Temperature.

 

Features of TIP32

• These are some important features of TIP32 which are described below.
  • This is an Intermediate power consuming PNP  power Transistor.
  • Its direct current gain is about 10 to 50.
  • The Incessant current at collector terminal (I_c) is three amperes. Collector current (IC) is 3A.
  • The voltage at collector and emitter terminals is 100 volts.
  • The quantity of collector and base (V_CB) voltage is a hundred volts.
  • The voltage across emitter and base terminals is five volts.
  • This transistor exists in To-220 Packaging.

Working of TIP32

• Though TIP has higher collector current and gain, it is properly modest to switch the expedient meanwhile it has an emitter and base voltage of the only 5V and the base current of merely 120mA.
• Then as we are working with higher current, there will be decent warmth indulgence for swapping submissions and henceforth a heat absorber is suggested.
• Also, the Transistor can be run openly from (pulse width modulator) PWM signal meanwhile the emitter and base are less, though the PWM must basis sufficient current for the whole capacity of the Transistor.
• The current over the base pinout has to be inadequate, you can also use even a one kilo-ohm resistor if your collector current prerequisite is less.

Applications of TIP32

• It is used in such switching circuits which consume higher current around 2 amperes.
• It can be used in intermediate power using switching circuits and high signal intensification.
• It can also be used to vary the speeds of different motors.
• It used in half bridge circuits.
• It used for rectification and inversion of current.

So it was all about TIP32 if you have any question about it ask in comments. I will give some solution to your questions. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to TIP31

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to TIP31. The TIP31 is a typical NPN transistor which is frequently cast-off for intermediate power submissions. This  (BJT) is a three (3) points expedient which works for intensification or swapping submissions. It is designed by linking three units of semiconductors with alternatively dissimilar doping. The central unit which is (base) is thin and the other two external areas (emitter and collector) are greatly doped. Some transistors can intensify a minor current which will then be dominant sufficient to work a spotlight or other higher current expedients. These diplomacies are also capable to notice an alteration in voltage and perform as a switch. The TIP31 is a communal transistor which is cheap and tranquil to use for numerous submissions. In today’s post, we will have a look at its protection, wreck, divergence, entitlements, etc. I will also share some links where I have associated it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to TIP31. 

Introduction to TIP31

• The TIP31 is a typical NPN transistor which is frequently cast-off for intermediate power submissions.
• It contains three (3) contrarily doped semiconductor parts, the collector area, the base section, and the emitter.

•  These three parts are p-type, n category, and p category, correspondingly. Every of these part is linked to a point and suitably categorized.
• During a Connection of transistor components, it desires to do it sensibly since an improper linking can the origin of an instant and enduring harm to the transistor.
• There are four (4) conditions of processes for this sort of transistor forward-energetic, reverse- energetic, cut-off, and saturated region.
• Every assists a firm purpose and do a job which can be very valuable in numerous diverse circumstances.
• This can as well be used for intensification of the auditory signals.
• It is very adaptable and can be applied effortlessly into our different projects.

TIP31 Pinout

• These are the main pinouts of TIP31.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	Emitter	Current initiates out by the emitter, it is usually connected to ground.
Pin#2	Base	It accomplishes the biasing of the transistor and mechanisms to turn ON or OFF the transistor.
Pin#3	Collector	Current travels in over collector, normally it is connected to load.

Let's see a diagram of the TIP31 Pinout.

Features of TIP31

• These are the main features of TIP31.
  • This definite transistor can be used in numerous circumstances and typically acts in an alike method even if this portion is acquired from a dissimilar builder.
  •  The permeation(saturation) voltage for the collector and emitter terminal is 1.2 volts whereas the base and emitter permeation(saturation)  voltage are 1.8 volts.
  • It does not necessitate a large power to start this transistor then the rate is also not small wherever an untrue initiation would happen.
  • The gain of this transistor can vary from twenty (20) to twenty-five (25), which can be enormously valuable particularly when intensifying auditory signals.
  • Its Maximum Working Connection Temperature is 150 centigrade.
  • Its changeover (transition) frequency three (3) MegaHz.

Applications of TIP31

• These are some important applications of TIP31.
• • The submissions of this bipolar junction transistor originate two elementary thoughts.
  •  It used to produce a switching circuitry or an amplifier circuitry.
  •  Theist circuit in given diagram demonstrations the appropriate fitting of this expedient to work as a switching device which will on a LED.
  • In given circuit when the (S1) switch is on, current initiates the movement towards the base of the transistor triggering it to start.
  • The connection V_CE currently is capable to permit current movement which triggered the (Light Emitting Diode) LED.
  • In the given diagram, the 2^nd circuit displays how two transistors can be shaped to procedure a pretty powerful amplifier circuitry.
  • When the exposed (open) circuitry at the switch (S1) is substituted with a short circuit, current initiates to movement to the Ist transistor.
  •  This sources intensification in the current and also on the 2^nd transistor. It happens since the emitter of the ist transistor is unswervingly linked with the base of the 2^nd.
  •  The 2^nd transistor will now dowse and source the LED to trigger. The resultant yield of the 2^nd emitter has been intensified two times.

So it was all about TIP31 if you have any question about it ask in comments. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.

How does a PCB work? (Printed Circuit Board)

Hello friends, as you all have seen that I am trying to help you in getting to know in depth about PCBs. Today I am going to discuss How does a PCB work? (Printed Circuit Board). As I discussed in my last two articles: Types of  PCB (Printed circuit board), Evolution of PCB. Both of them are significant articles and assist you in learning more about PCBs. As you all know, PCBs are now part of our daily life and used in every electronic equipment. The device you are using to read this article also using PCBs either it is a phone or PC. The PCB has a major advantage over all the old circuit board because now PCBs work more precisely as compared to an earlier time. Look at the example below: All the large cables were connected where they fit, but there was not a proper setup. However, now PCBs use a different approach.  Therefore PCBs are available in different sizes and shapes. Now PCBs are designed on a computer and can be fitted with different components.

Parts of PCB

Large Wires turn into Thin Lines

Now when you look at the PCB, you can’t find any large wires on the circuit board. Because larger wires are turned into thin lines and those are conductive and connect all the components in the circuit.

Tiny Holes and Save Significant Space

When you see a tiny hole in a PCB, it is a place where a component will be fixed. All the tiny holes are drilled exactly where all the components need to be placed. For example, such as: If a microchip is placed and it is a part of the circuit and required six connections, in that case, the same numbers of holes will be made on the board. Now part of the circuit can be fixed perfectly and without long wires and leads.

Components

It is the last and final part that is added to the circuit board. Components are the small electronic devices that should be linked to the unit to work. The most common components that are included in printed circuit boards are:

• Microchips
• Resisters
• Switches
• Diodes

The function of the PCB components is:

• Battery -  Its supply power to the circuit and by a double terminal device.
• Diode - Diode controls the electricity on the circuit board and forces it to flow in one direction.
• Capacitor - It can quickly hold and release the electrical charge.
• IC (Integrated Circuit) - It is a chip that contains on many circuits and components and it can quickly release and hold any charge.
• Inductor - It stores energy from an electrical current as a magnetic energy store.
• Resistor - It provides resistance and manages the flow of electrical current.
• Switch - Switch will either block the current or let it flow. It depends on it is closed or open
• Transistor -  Transistor control the electrical signals.
• LED (Light Emitting Diode) - It is a small light on the circuit board and it will be helping in providing a visual response.

All these components perform the work of the circuit and PCB provides the connections.

How PCB works or gets created Nowadays?

• Nowadays, most of the electronic circuit is designed on a computer. This helps electrical engineer in creating the perfect mounted arrangements parts.
• All of this process happens before making the design permanent. It is more like ink on a paper.
• PCB got printed after when their design is completed.
• You can get your PCB done, online by various companies and the one, I recommend, is PCBWay. They got a professional team and delivers the order on time.

The raw circuit board has two layers:

• The bottom layer is non-conductive.
• The top layer is conductive and the sheet of the top layer is made of metal such as copper.
• An ink that is printed on the metal layer is Etch-resistant ink and it is required in the design.
• Thereafter the board is covered with chemicals. It will remove the metal layer except where the design is printed.

What was the purpose?

The conductors will remain in the pattern where it was needed for the circuit. When the components will be connected to the board and preserve. Now PCBs will be tested and if they will pass the test, then it will be shipped. All of this process is automated with thousands and millions of the same circuit board being built for use around the world.

Why PCBs are necessary for electronic and Technology Industry

• Mechanical support for electronic devices
• Connect various components to other materials
• Serve as conductor of heat transfer
• Guard the electronic components by providing electromagnetic
• Provide electrical impedance and minimize and maximize the transfer of power.

Conclusion

I hope you understand how does PCBs work and what is the purpose of its parts and their functions. It will help you in choosing the best PCB for you. If you have any question regarding this article or any other related to the PCB. Feel free to comment down below and ask as much as you want. Because we love to hear from you and happy to help in any situation.

Introduction to C2383

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to C2383. C2383 is a silicon Epitaxial NPN Transistor, it is manufactured for color television to control the sound submissions. It is an expedient which operate on the high voltage the value of VCEO is 160 volts. It is corresponding to A1013 transistor in design. It is assembled in TO-92 MOD type of casing and has the dimension of 210±20um 240um×240um. It manufactured by the famous electronic company of Toshiba. In today’s post, we will have a look at its fortification, smashup, prominence, proposals, etc. I will also share some links where I have correlated it with other microcontrollers. You can also get more material about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to C2383.

Introduction to C2383

• C2383 is a silicon Epitaxial NPN Transistor, it is manufactured for color television to control the sound submissions. It is an expedient which operate on the high voltage the value of VCEO is 160 volts.

• It has enormous incessant collector current competence.
• It is suggested for upright rebound output and sound output submissions for line-operated televisions.
• It has collector current value one ampere and collector dissipation factor is 0.9 watt.
• The C2383 transistor has a current gain anyplace among 60 and 320.

Now we discuss the pinout of C2383.

Pinout of C2383

• These are the main pinout C2383 which are well-defined beneath.

• Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	Emitter	The emitter is for an outward enterprise of current.
  Pin#2	Base	The base manages the biasing of the transistor. It whims the state of the transistor.
  Pin#3	Collector	The collector is for the current inward enterprise. It is connected to the load.

  Lest see a diagram of the pinout.

Features of C2383

• These are the main features of C2383.
  • Its power Intemperance (dissipation) is 0.9Watts.
  • It current at collector is one ampere.
  • Its working temperature and storing intersection temperature assortment is -55O C to +150O.
  • It is the lead-free module.
  • It is a high voltage consuming module VCEO is 160V.
  • It is the best option for perpendicular ricochet output and acoustic output requests for line-operated TVs.
  • Its transition frequency is 100 MHz.

Now we discuss the rating parameters of C2383.

Maximum Rating of C2383

Symbols	Value	Parameters
VCBO	160 V	The voltage across the collector and base.
VCEO	160 V	The voltage across emitter and collector.
VEBO	6 V	The voltage across emitter and base at.
IC	1 C	It is the current which consume at the collector.
IB	0.5 A	The current value at the base.
Pc	900 mW	It is power dissipate at the collector.
TJ	150C	It is the junction temperature.
Tstg	-55 to 150 C	It is storing temperature range.

Now we discuss the electrical characteristics of C2383.

Electrical Characteristics of C2383

These are some important electrical characteristics.

Symbols	Test Conditions	Parameters
ICBO	VCB=150V, IE=0	The value of collector cut-off current.
IEBO	VEB=5V, IC=0	The value of emitter cut-off current.
BVCBO	IC=0.1mA	It is the Collector-Base failure Voltage
BVCEO	IC=10mA	It is the Collector-emitter failure voltage.
BVEBO	IE=0.1mA	It is the base-emitter failure voltage.
hFE	VCE=5V, IC=200mA	It is the direct current gain.
VCE(sat)	IC=500mA, IB=50mA	It is the collector saturation voltage.

Now we discuss working of C2383.

Working of C2383

• As we discussed earlier it is used in different television screens and LCDs so now we study how it works in motorized projector ceiling screen.
• Motorized electric projector screens are mainly great traditions to make a home theater arrangement on an economical.
• These motorized projection screens are inordinate for households, industries, as well as scholastic atmospheres with silent motors and huge watching zones they are perfect to couple with video projectors.
• The remote-controlled Home Gear 120 inches motorized projector screen is one of our preferred choices it measures 120" obliquely, has a 16:9 characteristic ratio, weighs 28.6 lbs and its lusterless screen substantial is effortlessly splashed with soap and water.
• The screen is comprised of 3 layers a white PVC higher layer, a terylene fabric central layer, and a black PVC back which are proposed to recover the fertility and clearness of picture excellence.

Applications of C2383

• These are some important applications of C2383.
  • It is used in color televisions to control sound submissions.
  • It is used in different screens to controls the motions of projectors.

So it was all about C2383 if you have any question about it ask in comments. I will guide you comprehensively. Take till the next tutorial.

Should you Outsource Mobile App Development

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at Should you outsource mobile app development or keep it in house? Many businesses face the same dilemma when it comes to mobile app development - is it best to keep everything within the company, or pass it onto another pair of hands? The truth is, there are pros and cons to both. It’s all about what your business wants, how much it is willing to spend, and how much time you have available. If you’re wanting to create a successful mobile app that will stick around, it’s important you consider both options carefully and choose what you really believe will be best for you, your company, and your staff. Here we’ll go through the pros and cons of both, to allow you to make the most educated decision possible.

What is outsourcing?

• Outsourcing is turning to an outside agency to develop an app for your business. This agency could be a mobile/design studio, a digital agency, mobile specialists, app developers, or even freelancers.

Why should you outsource?

• Outsourcing is best for businesses that do not have the right resources to develop in-house.
• It sounds like common sense, really- however many venture into the unknown when it comes to mobile app development, and end up on the losing side of it.

What is in-house development?

• Development in-house means hiring your own team to manage and create the app.
• Your business will oversee the entire project from start to finish, without the involvement of any third parties.

Why would you keep your development in-house?

This is perfect for businesses who want to take total control of the development. You’ll be able to address any problems quickly and easily, build team skills, and execute everything much quicker. Which is more cost effective? Mobile app development is a long term project that can cost you and your business a lot of time and money. Hiring a team in-house will cost you not only in fees, but insurance, holiday pay, and even other company incentives, too. Passing your project to an outside team will stop you from having to hire new staff, and allow you to pay an upfront fee for all work undergone. Many find this not only cheaper but less hassle when it comes to managing a whole new team. Staff members are also much more likely to stay with you if you keep the work challenging.

Which will result in quality results?

Mobile development is likely to be very time consuming if IT isn’t your business’ forte. Outsourcing your development means your project is left in safe hands, with a team working towards a tight deadline. Your teams can then work with their skills to get the best out of the app. For example, Digital Authority Partners suggest that staff from an e-commerce store will be able to focus on customer service, marketing and other efforts to boost your online sales.

Which holds the most risk?

Many managers struggle to delegate tasks to employees. Businesses can struggle to pass their work onto outside agencies in the exact same way. It’s hard to trust others with something you’re putting so much time and money into. Luckily, many agencies now work with projects in chunks, sending examples and designs to the client regularly to check everything is going as envisioned. If you find it particularly hard to trust others to take on work, then it might be best that you keep it in-house. This way you have complete control, and don’t turn into a difficult client for someone else! However, if you’re happy to outsource the project, simply check in with the team regularly to make sure they are creating exactly what you want. Mobile applications generated over $77 billion in total by the end of 2017, compared to just $18.56 in 2012. You’re playing with a lot of potential money when it comes to mobile apps, so it’s best that you’re confident with your team.

How about aftercare?

It’s easy to think that once development is over, you’re good to go for the foreseeable future. Many businesses don’t realize that a fair amount can go wrong with mobile apps that will lead them to fail. An app that constantly crashes, is hard to use or has glitches will lead customers to discontinue use. Working with an outsourced team will allow you to approach them for support with these issues at a fixed cost. This means that even when something goes terribly wrong, a team can be working on it almost immediately. If your team is in-house, they may struggle to deal with issues straight away. After all, we all know it can be hard to build a mobile app.

Which is most efficient

The likelihood is that outsourcing will be much more efficient for mobile app development, especially when it comes to small startups. The time it takes you to get something on the market can be the difference between an amazing project and ‘just another’ app, especially if a competitor beats you to it. App agencies have a wealth of experienced designers on-hand, and there’s no shame in turning to them if it will put you ahead of the competition and make you money. This means you and your team can pay more attention to marketing your app, which all starts with building a great site and landing page for it. 

The bottom line

Overall, if you are a business with limited staff, funds and time - outsourcing is going to be better for you. This means you can pass all of the development stress onto another team, giving you more time to focus on what you’re good at and marketing your product instead. However, if your business has the time and money available to invest in its own team, this may work out to be the best way to keep track of everything happening with the development and keep your unique app idea on the down-low!  By 2020, mobile apps are forecast to generate around 189 billion U.S. dollars in revenue. Make sure you’re getting your app ideas out there now, no matter how you choose to develop them.

How to Write a Technical Research Paper

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at How to Write a Technical Research Paper. Research projects help scholars prove theories or contribute to the development of knowledge in their fields. They document their successful projects in research papers. It is crucial to document the project professionally. With that, interested parties can enjoy learning from your research. The ability to read through the paper determines how much the reader gains from it. For a student, it is the key to good grades. Below are the steps to writing an excellent technical research paper:

1. Know what your readers want

The research should not target your supervisor alone. You should prepare it for a broader audience. Are you targeting professionals, like online research paper writing service, or a general audience with limited knowledge of the topic? Identify your target readers and write according to what they expect from you. Consider their level of expertise and include all the relevant information depending on their level of understanding.

2. Understand the topic

It is essential to choose a subject with which you are familiar. That makes it easier to collect relevant information and develop an appropriate problem statement. After collecting all the information that you need, you must narrow it down by choosing the essential details. You need to know how to use similar works of other scholars effectively. Consider the unique features that make the results of your project different from previous ones. You may lack sufficient proof or make little progress in your research. With that, you can define possible outcomes and recommend suitable methods of attaining them.

3. Paper Format

After gathering all the data that you need, you must know how to present it. Your research paper should follow the proper format. You must know what information to provide at every point. That makes it easier to read. Readers can easily find the information they need by merely moving to the appropriate section. Below is the format:

a) Title

It tells the reader what your paper is about. It can either be long and descriptive or short and straightforward. Make sure that it is informative and engaging.

b) Abstract

It briefly defines the problem, your approach, and your conclusion. You should write it after completing the paper. You can also include the background of the research and your motivation. The information in this part should be unique. You should not rewrite the sentences in other sections of your paper.

c) Introduction

In this section, you introduce your problem in detail and describe how the paper relates to your problem statement. It should tell the reader of the importance of your topic and provide them with a summary of your findings. That gives them an idea of what to expect from your research. An appealing introduction encourages the reader to continue reading. Therefore, it is crucial to use the right words and ensure that you provide the relevant details. Define the problem and why it is crucial. Tell the reader why it is hard and what makes previously proposed solutions ineffective. Finally, brief them of the critical components of your approach and their importance. You can also include a summary of your contributions in the final paragraph.

d) Background information

It should be a brief but detailed paragraph about works similar to your study. If you have a lot of background material, you can include it as part of the introduction.

e) The body

That includes different sections whose titles depend on your project. It should consist of the main messages that you need to pass. Generally, the body provides information on what you did, how you did it, and details of the results. Engage the reader's mind by presenting all qualitative and quantitative data clearly and in an organized manner. Use tables, charts, diagrams, and graphs to increase the readability. Discuss every experiment and its results in details, giving reasons for any unexpected outcomes. Finally, include footnotes and endnotes for information that you get from other sources. That eliminates plagiarism.

f) Conclusion

That is a summary of your findings. Avoid repeating information from the introduction and abstract. It should be brief and to the point.

g) Bibliography

This section includes a list of all sources of works cited within your paper. Bibliography should be consistent, complete, and in alphabetical order. The format you choose depends on your citation style. Make sure that you include all relevant information in the correct order. You can use a reference generator to make it fast and easy. It is crucial to document your research project professionally. Go through the paper to ensure that it has no grammatical errors. Also, use a presentable font like the Times New Roman to make it look better. Ensure double spacing to avoid congestion. That results in a neat paper that readers can enjoy.

Evolution of PCB ( Printed Circuit Board )

Hello folks, I hope things are proceeding great at all of your sides. Today I am going to discuss the evolution of PCB (Printed Circuit board) in 2019. You all must be already aware of the term PCB, what printed circuit board is? In case you are a newbie and don’t have much information about it. Then no problem, because I am going to share the history, the evolution of Printed circuit board (PCB) and when it first comes into usage?

What is PCB?

The printed circuit board mechanically support and connect to electronic components through the use of conductive tracks, pads, and other features. Alright, lets me explain you in simple words. PC boards are internal components that transmit electronic signals through electronic devices. For example: whenever you turned on a TV, computer or press a button on your smartphone, you are associating with a Printed circuit Board, which are inside the enclosures of all such devices. There are few people who are aware of the complexity of the print circuit board behind the today technology. In the absence of printed circuit board, today advanced technology would have never become possible.

History of Printed Circuit Board

• To know in detail what PCB (Printed circuit board) is, we have to go back in History to trace the evolution of PCB. PCB has evolved in many ways since its inception.
• First PCB patent as known as “Printed wire” were issues in the early 1900s, However, the PC boards we recognize came into use after the world war II.
• Charles Ducas from the USA created an electronic path directly on an insulated surface by printing through a stencil with electrically conductive links.
• Dr. Paul Eisler an Austrian scientist made the first operational printed wiring board in 1943. On that time it's used as the replacement of massive radio tube wiring.

How earliest Printed circuit boards were made?

If you don’t know about it already then you will be amazed to know how the earliest PCB was created differently. In the 1920s they PCBs were made with different materials like  Bakelite, layered, cardboard, Masonite and even thin wooden planks. Holes were drilled into the elements and the flat brass. Wires were nailed or bolted onto the board. The component connection was usually made by the pressing of the end brass trace onto a low rivet. Small nuts and bolts were used before rivet. These types of PCBs were used in early style gramophones and radios. In 1950 to 60’s laminates using a little different style and materials were introduced but still, PCBs were single sided. All the circuit was on the one side of the board and components was on another side of the board. PCB makes a prime choice for that time over heavy cables and wiring.  The evolution of printing wiring board came from the government agencies.

Process of Assembling Electrical Circuits

The “Process of Assembling Electrical Circuits” was then introduced by the US which developed the ways PCBs were made. In 1960, this process involved drawing the wiring patterns and then photographing it onto a zinc plate. This was the significant change and PCB starts observing a winder option. In this time PCB got more advanced in its techniques and methods. Multilayers PCBs also start producing in this time too. In 1970, the size of the PCB begins to reduce and became much smaller. It was the time when hot air soldering methods were starting to be used. In the 1980s, the further size reduction of the PCB was made due to the outside amount of components. Within a few time, it becomes the preferred method over through-hole components. Because it requires less space and retains the same level of functionality. The need for Computer manufacturing become the standard way for PCBs to be developed in the 1990s. Now the complexity of the circuit board increased again. This constant improvement of change enabled boards to be more effective and opened up more believable outcomes for various uses and applications. While the complexity of circuit boards keeps on expanding. The costs of the PCBs still manage to keep low. Around 1995, this is when High-Density Interconnector PCBs were starting to be utilized. These boards include littler lines, pads and give different advantages, for example, decreased weight and size. Onwards starting here, the extra older boards become out-of-date.

Flex and Inflexible PCB

Flex and inflexible PCBs turned out to be progressively basic as they were affordable. The growth of electronic devices and gadget kept on driving PCB manufacturing change to push for effective, skilled and densely packed structures. There are so many PCBs manufacturing companies out there and everyone is working hard with various priorities. PCBway is also striving to give customers the best product. Their PCBs are famous worldwide and I will definitely recommend them. They will give you one-on-one assistance and help you in selecting the right board for your project.  I suggest  PCBway because they offer great quality with a full range of printed circuit board capabilities and have always been satisfied.

Future of PCB

As of now, most of the circuit boards are utilizing multi-step strategies, for example, conventional vacuum deposition and photolithographic designing. Though, these techniques have barriers since they require a high handling temperature, include lethal waste, and are costly. However, it's not hard to imagine PCBs will be transformed in the future. It's as of now starting! with the utilization of 3d printing become more standard '3d printing' a printed circuit board has progressed toward becoming realized.

Top Cisco Routing and Switching Certifications for 2019

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at Top Cisco Routing and Switching Certifications for 2019. If you are in the IT industry and you want to be successful in your IT networking career, then it’s advisable that you achieve a Cisco certification.

This well-known organization offers a wide range of credentials. It’s good to know which Routing and Switching certificate is the best in 2019. This will help you make an informed decision about what certification you should pursue.

Top Popular Cisco Routing and Switching Certifications

Exam-Labs makes achieving the Cisco certifications very simple and affordable by providing the candidates with training courses that can be accessed through personal computers, laptops, tablets, and smartphones. The only question you should be asking yourself is what Cisco credential should you obtain? The answer to this question should depend on what career path you want to choose and what certificates are more useful and popular today. https://www.exam-labs.com/

Going by the number of IT professionals who enroll for various Cisco certification courses with Exam-Labs, there is a particular trend regarding to the credentials that receive the most candidates. The certification courses with the highest number of students are definitely the best ones that are in high demand in the IT industry.This article sheds more light on the top Cisco Routing and Switching credentials for 2019.

At present, the most popular Cisco certifications include the following:

Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) Routing and Switching

There are a lot of types of Cisco Certified Network Associate certification, including collaboration, data center, cloud, security, cyber ops, wireless,server provider, and industrial. But the most well-known associate-level credential among all is CCNA Routing and Switching.

The CCNAR&S certification is the most popular credential, particularly for networking because it is in high demand in majority of the IT companies globally. CCNA R&S is an associate-level certificate. After achieving this Cisco certification, you start your IT career as a network engineer or a network administrator.

Cisco usually conducts the CCNA R&S certification in either two separate exams or in one composite test. These two exams are 100-105 ICND1 and 200-105 ICND2. The composite test has the code – 200-125 CCNA. All these certification exams have a different number of questions but they all last for 90 minutes. The available languages for these CCNA R&S tests are Japanese and English.

A CCNA R&S certified professional can install, configure, troubleshoot, and operate routed and switched networks. Such a specialist can use WAN to set up a connection in the distant area. The general exam topics typically include IPv4 and IPv6 routing technologies, infrastructure services, WAN technologies, infrastructure security, network fundamentals, infrastructure maintenance and management, etc. You can learn all these exam topics at Exam-Labs without breaking the bank. https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/training-events/training-certifications/certifications.html

Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) Routing and Switching

There are many types of Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNP) certificate, such as wireless, collaboration, security, service provider, data center and cloud. Among all these CCNP certifications, the best credential, which is also most recommended one, is CCNP R&S.

The CCNP Routing and Switching credential has been and remain the best Cisco certification that a networking professional can earn. If you have at least one year of experience, particularly in the IT networking industry, and you are striving to grow in your career, then you should enroll for the CCNP certification program today. So, by earning this certificate, one can be a network administrator, a system engineer, and a network engineer or technician.

When you take the CCNP R&S certification exams, you will have the skills and knowledge to verify, implement, and troubleshoot remote and local networks. Learning this certificate gives you the ability to use WAN and LAN connections on several devices.To obtain this Cisco credential, you should clear the following three exams:

• 300-101 ROUTE (45-65/120 min)
• 300-115 SWITCH (30-40/120 min)
• 300-135 TSHOOT (15-25/120 min)

These CCNP R&S exams can be also taken in English and Japanese. Passing these certification tests will be very easy if you use preparation tools offered by Exam-Labs.

Note: To get the CCNP R&S certification, you should have a valid CCNA R&S credential.

Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) Routing and Switching

There are six different tracks of the Cisco Certified Internet work Expert (CCIE) certification. You have to choose the relevant path depending on the specific networking technology in which you would like to obtain a certificate. The CCIE tracks include wireless, collaboration, service provider, data center, security, and routing and switching. The last domain is the most popular one among others. The CCIE R&S credential is designed for the IT professionals who are seeking to acquire expertise in network levels. After earning this Cisco certification, you qualify as a network engineer or a server administrator (or both).

A CCIE R&S certified individual can easily and effectively plan, troubleshoot, and operate complex networks on all Cisco equipment. To achieve this expert-level certification, one should have at least 3 years of experience to be eligible to take the relevant lab and written exams. The first step is the written test (400-101). It consists of 90-110 questions that should be answered within 120 minutes. This certification exam can be taken in English. The second step is the lab test. It takes 8 hours in total. The exam requires you to configure and troubleshoot a number of complex networks in accordance with certain specifications.

If you fail to pass the exam at your first attempt, you are allowed to retake it after a month. But to avoid failure, prepare with the Exam-Labs platform!

Conclusion

To clear any Cisco certification exam with relative ease, join a training course at Exam-Labs and learn the certification comprehensively from the certified and experienced professionals. Also make use of free study materials available. Besides video guides, there are also many useful preparation tools that will help you explore your Cisco test and earn your credential.

The Cisco Routing and Switching certifications we have mentioned here will help you demonstrate your expertise. They will help you easily get a job, get a promotion, and earn a huge salary.

3 Reasons To Switch To Cloud Storages

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at 3 Reasons To Switch To Cloud Storages. Even though Cloud storages are getting increasingly popular, there are still some dark clouds of misconceptions of stereotypes that shadow the reputation of the entire industry. A lot of users still believe that cloud storages are not safe, that it’s risky to trust sensitive personal and business information to a third-party server. Others, on the other hand, claim that Cloud storages are much more secure than local drives. The truth, as in most cases, lies in the middle. It would be wrong to say that all Cloud storages are safe - it is indeed possible to encounter fraud a couple of times. However, it would perhaps be even a bigger mistake to assume that just because there were some scams in the past, all Cloud industry must be a threat. In fact, now the levels of encryption of cloud storages are significantly higher than those of local drives. That, actually, is easy to explain Cloud drives are usually created by big companies and corporations, with professional security departments. Thousands of people work on one task, and one task only - to create a safe place for your file.s In your business, however, you hardly have at least one specialist whose job role would be fully dedicated to security. Even if you want your safety to much the level of Cloud, you would have no resources to implement the same methods. Of course, this only scratches the top of the iceberg. We took a closer look at the matter and formulated three main reasons to switch to Cloud.

Reason #1 - Much lower costs

When you use Cloud, there is no more need for hardware storage. Cloud storages don’t require any additional efforts from your part when it comes to maintenance. When you entrust your data to be stored on the third-party service, you also leave all the support activities up to them. This saves a lot of time and money - as opposed to physical storages. Also, hardware storages take up a lot of office space so even if the cost of the hardware itself is relatively low, you’ll be paying for the consequences a lot more and for a while. On top of that, Cloud storages follow on-demand model - you pay only when you need to use storage - no futile waste of storage space and company resources Finally, the last bonus. Many cloud storages have comfortable free versions or extended trial periods. You can download Dropbox or register on Microsoft’s cloud service with no fee and have access to all essential possibilities. Many platforms offer small-size storages for free along with basic management features For small businesses and startups, this should be completely enough. Also, it’s a great possibility to test the storage before paying for it. You are not buying a cat in a sack.

Reason #2  - Flexibility for scaling businesses

Cloud storages provide access to your files anytime and anywhere, and from any device. You are not tied to the office space or work computer. All information is connected to your personal account or to the account of your team. All you need is to know login and password. Cloud platforms are usually supported by all popular OSs - Windows, Mac, Linux, iOS, Android along with web applications, compatible with Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, Opera, and others. The functionality in mobile, desktop, and web version is usually quite similar (although apps may be somewhat simplified) - so there is no difficulty in switching from one to another. As your business grows, you start saving more data and taking more responsibility for your clients, employees, partners. Keeping track of all information is a crucial step to successful calling. Unlike local storages, Cloud allows you to automate file management activities - you can share data with other users, edit their access permissions, synchronize files between various devices, delete old files, and create passwords for the most sensitive information. All these features are available by default, no add-ons required.

Reason #3 - Cloud protects from hardware failures

This is surely the most compelling argument in Cloud’s favor. Even if you can secure your local drive by password protection and custom encryption tools, even if you manage to cut costs somehow, there is still no protection for hardware failure. It doesn’t matter how often you perform diagnosis or how responsibly your company traits maintenance. These activities can prolong the age of your hardware but you are never quite out of the woods. Computers and physical memory storages break for thousands of reasons and you can never prevent them all. Cloud platforms make sure that your data is not down even if your hardware is. The main purpose of third-party storing services is to provide users with secure backup copies in case something goes wrong. Even if you don’t want to switch your business to Cloud completely, you have to consider using it at least for protection. After the access to hardware was restored, you can copy all backup files from Cloud to a physical device with a single click. Also, if your device was compromised, you can activate an emergent deletion on physical storage, knowing that you have backup copies stored elsewhere.

Conclusions

Now that you know why every business owner has to consider using CLoud, if not as the main storage, at last for protection purposes. It’s about time we provide you with a quick checklist with tips on smart Cloud implementation.

• Start by choosing a free tool - this way, you can practice Cloud management and educate your team. It’s also a possibility to est the concept and understands whether cloud storages work for you.
• Later, you can switch to lesser-known storages if you want to, however, for beginners, it’s advisable to start with popular tools, developed by well-known companies. Such examples are Dropbox, Microsoft Storage, Google Storage, Google Drive, and others.
• Don’t go for an elaborate solution right away. For instance, Google has two main Cloud option. The more popular one is Google Drive, often used by small teams and in personal purposes. The more complex one is Google Cloud, created for software developers and digital businesses with more narrow functionality and complicated interface. If you are just familiarizing yourself with the concept of Cloud, start with the simpler one, and scale later.
• Don’t neglect physical storage protection. Even if you moved all important data to Cloud, be sure to keep your physical devices safe. After all, by accessing your computers, a hacker can also get access to your Cloud.
• Apply additional security layers for sensitive data. Even though encryption works for the entire Cloud storage, don’t rely on built-in measures when it comes to financial or legal data. Add password protection and a new encryption level - this feature is provided by the majority of Cloud platforms even in free functionality packages.

Cloud platforms are must-have for modern companies. Sooner than later, you will find yourself in the need of remote storage - which is why it’s best to not delay this decision. Take preventative measures to protect your business data and start adapting your company to Cloud storages as soon as possible.