We'll go over a couple more arithmetic functions and complex numbers in this lesson. I will try my best to keep it simple. Let's get started!
As an added bonus, you'll discover how to test for the existence of an integer value using a floating-point number.
It's possible to round a number with round():
Round() acts strangely when the integer ends in .5.
2.5 is reduced to 2, and 3.5 is increased to 4. We'll dig a little deeper into this because most people assume that a decimal number ending in .5 is rounded up.
Python 3 uses a mechanism known as rounding ties to round numbers. The term "tie" refers to any number with a fifth digit. 1.37 is the only one that is not a tie.
One decimal place left of the last digit is all that is needed to break even integers down into their constituent parts. You round to the nearest whole number if the digit is even in this case. When an odd-numbered digit is entered, you round up. Hence, a reduction of 2.5 rounds to 2 and a rise of 3.5 rounds to 4.
When dealing with floating-point numbers, the IEEE advises against using anything but rounding ties because of their reduced influence on procedures involving a large number of values.
With over 350,000 members from over 150 countries, the IEEE is the biggest technical professional society in the world. An organization committed to the advancement of electrical and electronic engineering and computer science theory and practice has been established.
IEEE 754 is an IEEE-maintained standard for using floating-point integers on computers. It was first published in 1985, and is still widely used by hardware manufacturers today.
In order to round a value to the desired number of decimal places, a second argument to round() might be utilized.
3.142 and 2.72 is the result of rounding the numbers 3.14159 and 2.71828 to three decimal places, respectively.
There must be an integer as the second argument to round() Python raises a TypeError if it isn't.
In some cases, round() does not get the answer quite right:
Because it is exactly halfway between 2.67 and 2.68, the number 2.675 is a tie. The expected result of round(2.675, 2) would be 2.68, but Python produces 2.67 instead since it rounds to the nearest even value. Errors in floating-point representation are to blame, not a rounding problem ().
Floating-point numbers are irritating, but this isn't a problem specific to Python. C/C++, Java, and JavaScript are all affected by the same flaws in the IEEE floating-point standard.
Although floating-point numbers have a small amount of error, the outputs for round() are still useful in most cases.
If n is positive, n`s absolute value is n, and if n is negative, it is -n. Examples include 3 and 5, which each have their own distinct absolute values.
In Python, abs() is used to get the number's absolute value.
A positive integer of the same type as its input is returned by the abs() function every time it is invoked. To put it another way, when it comes to absolute values of integers and floating points, they are both always positive integers.
The ** operator was previously used to raise a number to a power. If you want, you can use the pow() function instead.
There are two arguments to pow().
In order to raise 2 to its exponent 3 in the following example, we can utilize the pow() function.
It is possible to have a negative exponent in pow():
** and pow() are two different functions, so what's the difference between them?
With a third optional input, the pow() function takes the first number as a modulo, and then computes the second number's power. If (x ** y)%z is what you're looking for, then Pow(x, y, z) is the same thing. To illustrate, consider the following scenario:
Eight is the result of raising two to the power of three. 8 % 2 returns reminder 0 since 2 divides 8 by itself.
Functions like .lower(), .upper(), and .find() may be familiar to you. There are also ways for converting between integers and floating-point numbers, as well.
There is a handy number approach that isn't utilized very often .is_integer() method of floating-point numbers. In this case it returns True, otherwise it returns False.
.is_integer() can be used to verify user input. When placing an order for pizza, you'd need to make sure that the customer entered the correct amount of pizzas in the order form.
Using the built-in functions round(), abs(), and pow() does not require any additional imports. But these are just three of the many functions available in Python for manipulating numbers.
In order to get user input, use input():
A last blank space can be seen at the conclusion of the prompt string, for your convenience. This guarantees that the colon in the prompt is separated from the user's input when they begin typing.
It is necessary to first convert the input() value to float before rounding it:
If the user input string does not contain a numerical number, the above code thinks that it does.
The value can now be rounded to two decimal places using the round() method.
To round an integer, pass it as the first parameter to the round() function. You can choose how many decimal places you wish to round to in the second input field.
Using an f-string, enter the rounded number to print the result.
Even though round() is fantastic, if you're only interested in rounding numbers for display purposes, you'd be better off utilizing the methods mentioned below.
Languages for document formatting determine how printed text and visuals should be organized. Text formatting notation, page description languages, and, most broadly, markup languages are all subclasses of markup languages that specify the intended purpose of a document.
When a user requests a list of numbers, they must first enter those values into a string. To do this using f-strings, you can use curly brackets to surround the variable assigned to a number:
A simple formatting language is supported by those curly brackets, which can be employed to change the appearance of the final formatted string.
Instead of using curly brackets to format n to two decimal places, use n:.2f instead.
An extra colon (:) indicates that everything following it is part of a special formatting rule. As you can see, the.2f standard is used in this case.
A fixed-point number is displayed in Python using .2f since the .2 will truncate the result to the nearest tenth of a decimal place. If the number is less than two decimal places, there will still be two decimal places displayed.
The answer to n:.2f is 7.12 when n is 7.125. Python rounds to the nearest integer, just like round() does, when it comes to formatting integers in strings. If you substitute n = 7.126 for n = 7.125 in n:.2f, you get 7.13:
Replace .2 with .1 to get the decimal rounded up to one place:
Your chosen decimal place count is always displayed in the fixed-point number.
The , option allows you to use a comma for separating the integer portion of huge integers by thousands:
The , should be included before the .in in your formatting specification when rounding off or grouping by thousands.
Currency values can be displayed by using .2f.
% Is a useful option for displaying percentages.
Using the percent option at the conclusion of your formatting specification is mandatory, and you cannot use the f option with it. As an illustration, .1% shows a number with one decimal place exactly:
Group thousands by commas when printing the number 150000. There should be two decimal places on all currency displays, and the dollar sign should always appear first.
One step at a time, let's build up our F-string.
F-string 150000 without any formatting looks like the following:
Set yourself prepared to add the formatting specifiers by putting this in place first.
It is possible to display the value as float by using a colon (:) after both 150000 and letter f.
A precision of six decimal places is the default setting in Python. There should only be two decimal places in your currency, so you may just add . 2 between the : and the f:
Make sure the number is shown in its entirety by including a colon (:) after the number and before the period (.).
There should also be dollar signs ($) to indicate that the price is in US dollars.
Because it is so uncommon in other programming languages, Python has support for complex numbers right out of the box. Python's support for complex numbers, while uncommon outside of scientific computing and computer graphics, is a major plus for the language.
It is common knowledge that a complex number contains two components: a real component and an imaginary component.
When writing complex numbers in Python all that is required is to write the real component, the plus sign, and then the imaginary section with the letter j after them.
This is what we see when we look at the number n in Python's code:
Thus, the output is no longer misinterpreted as a mathematical expression when it is shown in this way.
The real and imagistic components of an imaginary number can be retrieved using the .real and .imag characteristics:
Even though the real and imaginary components were defined as integers, Python nevertheless delivers them as floats.
The conjugate of a complex number can be found using the .conjugate() method.
Find the complex number whose real part and imaginary portion are the same as the opposite-sign complex number's conjugate.
Unlike .conjugate(), the .real and .imag properties do not require parentheses following their names.
Instead of calculating a complex number, the .conjugate() method returns data about the number, while the .real and .imag methods just provide information.
In object-oriented programming, the distinction between methods and properties is critical.
Float and integer arithmetic operators, with the exception of the floor division operator (//), all function with complex numbers. For the sake of keeping things simple, complex arithmetic's mechanics are outside the scope of this article. Rather, consider the following arithmetic examples that demonstrate the use of complex numbers and operators:
The .conjugate() method for int and float objects is interesting, but not surprising, from the perspective of mathematics.
Conjugated numbers are returned when using .real and .conjugate(). However, while using .imag, it always returns 0. As long as the number is an integer, .real and .imag will return integers; if it is an unsigned int, they will return floats as long as it is an integer.
It's possible that you're wondering when you'll actually need to employ complex numbers. In Python, you may never have to deal with complex numbers unless you're doing data analysis or web development.
Science and computer graphics necessitate complex numbers for computation. Because of this, when dealing with complex numbers, Python's built-in support is handy.
What you'll learn in this tutorial is how to:
With this in mind, let`s start.
Integers can be created by simply inputting a number. For example, the tutorial variable is assigned the integer 6 in the following way:
>>>Tutorial = 6
In this case, the integer literal is 6 since it is written into the code exactly as it appears. Using int () and str (), you can turn a string containing an integer into a number (). Commas or decimal points are commonly used to separate digits in huge quantities written by hand. When compared to 1000000, the value 1,000,000 is easier for reading. Use underscores (_) instead of the commas (,) if you want to separate digits in an integer literal. Integer literals of one million can be expressed in one of the following ways:
There is no limit to the size of an integer, which may seem unexpected given that computers have a finite quantity of storage. Atom`s interactive window may be used to enter in the largest number you can think of and Python will be able to run it with no problem.
Numbers having decimal places are called floating-point numbers. -1.75 is a floating-point number, just like 1.0. float is the name of the data type for floating-point numbers:
>>> type (1.0)
<class 'float'>
A floating-point literal or a text converted to a float using float () may be used to construct floats, much like integers.
It is possible to express a floating-point literal in any one of three ways. There are various ways to construct a float literal with a value of one million.
To produce integer literals, you can utilize the first two techniques. An E notation float literal is also used in the third technique.
Numerical values that might otherwise result in a lengthy string of digits in decimal form can be expressed using the E notation.
You can use E notation to write a floating-point literal by starting with an integer and ending with a value. The number before e is multiplied by 10 raised to power the value that is after e. This means that 1e6 is comparable to 1×106.
Displaying very big floating-point integers with E notation is also possible in Python.
It is true that floats have a maximum size, unlike integers. Your system's maximum floating-point number will vary, but a value like 2e400 should be much beyond the capability of the majority of PCs. 2e400 is equal to 2×104°°, which is a staggeringly large digit!
When you get close to maximum allowed float value, the specialized float inf is returned by Python.
The symbol "inf" represents infinity, and it simply indicates that the number you're attempting to compute exceeds the computer's maximum supported floating-point value. Inf is still a float type:
A negative floating-point value that exceeds your computer's minimum floating-point number is represented by the -inf keyword in Python.
If you're a coder, you're unlikely to see inf and -inf unless you deal with exceedingly high numbers.
Exercise 1: Create two variables, num1 and num2, by writing a python program. Integer literals 25000000 should be allocated to both num1 and num2, one written with underscores and the other without. Two distinct lines should be used to print num1 and num2.
In this session, Math operations such as multiplication, subtraction, addition and division will be covered. We'll also pick up a few coding standards for expressing mathematical ideas.
Anywhere you can, keep your whitespace free of trailing spaces. A backslash, space, and newline do not constitute a line continuation indication because they are both hidden. Pre-commit hooks in many projects including CPython itself reject it, and some editors do not save it.
Assigning (=), augmenting (+=, -=, etc.), comparing (==,!=, >, =, >=), Booleans, and comparison operators (is, isn't, is, isn't), as well as any other binary operators, should always be enclosed in a single space on either side (and, or, not).
If operators of the lowest priority are used, consider separating them with whitespace. Each binary operator should have precisely the same number of whitespaces on either side.
The + operator is used to perform addition operations:
>>> 1 + 2
"Operands" refers to the values placed before and after the plus sign (+). This example uses two integers, but the type of operands does not have to be the same.
Adding an int to a float is as simple as this:
The sum of 1.0 and 2 is a float, as shown is 3.0. When a float is multiplied by another float, the output is always another float. It is always an int when two integers are added together.
PEP 8 proposes using a space to separate the operands of an operator.
Despite the fact that Python is capable of evaluating 1+1, many programmers prefer the more readable 1+1. All of the operators in this section should follow this general rule of thumb.
To perform subtraction, you need to use the - operator between the integers.
An int is always produced when two integers are subtracted. The outcome is always a float when one of the operands is a float.
To express negative values, the - operator can be used as follows:
>>> -3
Output: -3
Even though it may appear to be strange, subtracting a negative from another number is possible.
The first of the four instances are the most in line with PEP 8. It's possible to make it extra clear that the second - is altering 3 by placing parenthesis around it.
In order to make your code clearer, it is recommended that you utilize parenthesis. Despite the fact that computers are able to run code, humans are only able to read it. Your code should be as readable and understandable as possible.
Use the * operator to multiply two numbers:
There are no exceptions to this rule when it comes to multiplication. When you multiply two integers, you get an int, and when you multiply a float by a number, you get a float.
When two numbers are to be divided, the / operator is used:
The / operator always returns a float, unlike addition, subtraction, and multiplication, which yield integers. You may use int () to ensure that the result of dividing two numbers is an integer:
It is important to note that the int () function discards any fractional parts of the number
The floating-point number 2.5 is obtained by dividing 5.0 by 2, while the integer 2 is obtained by subtracting .5 from the result of int (2.5).
The operator (//), often known as the floor division operator, can be used instead of the cumbersome int (5.0 / 2):
First, the / operator splits the numbers on each side of it, and then rounds down to an integer. When one of the values is negative, you may not get the expected result.
For instance, -3 / 2 produces -2. The first step is to divide -3 by 2 to get -1.5. Then -2 is rounded to the nearest -2. -1.5. 3 / 2 returns 1, on the other hand, since both values are positive.
A float number is returned if one operand is a float value, as seen in the preceding example. And that's why 9// 3, and 5.0// 2, respectively, return the integers 3 and 2.0, respectively.
When you divide a number by 0, the following happens:
If Python encounters a ZeroDivisionError, it warns you that you've just attempted to violate a universal law.
When you use the ** operator, you can multiply an integer by a power.
Integers are not required to be used as exponents. Floats are another option:
Raising a number to power 0.5 implies taking the square root of that number. The square root of nine is a float, thus even though nine`s data type is an int, Python generates a float 3.0. If both operands of an expression are integers, the ** operator returns an integer and if one of the operands is floating-point number it returns a float.
It's also possible to raise numbers to negative powers like shown below:
If you divide a number raised to a positive power by 1, then you have raised the number to the negative power. As a result, 2 ** -1 equals 1 / (2 ** 1), which is equal to 1 / 2 or 0.5. It's easy to see how 2 ** -2 may be represented as 1 / (2 ** 2), 1 / 4 or 0.25.
5% of 3 is 2, so 3 divides 5 once and gives a remainder of 2. Seven also divides 20 twice, leaving 6 as a remainder. In the previous example, 16 divided by 8 is 0, thus 16 % 8 equals 0. The outcome of dividing the value to the right of % by the number to the left is always 0.
Determining the divisibility of two numbers is a typical use of percent. Number n, for example, is only an odd number when n % 2 is zero. What do you suppose is returned by 1% 0? Let's give this a try.
When you divide one by zero, you get 1 which is the remainder of 1 % 0. Nevertheless, Python throws a ZeroDivisionError since it is impossible to divide 1 by 0.
An error like ZeroDivisionError has little impact on your project in interactive window of IDLE. Even if a prompt window will pop up, you can continue to write code in your editor until the error is fixed.
The execution of a script is halted if Python discovers an error while running it. The software crashes in other words.
When you use the percent operator with negative values, things get a little more complicated:
Python has a well-defined behavior that produces these outcomes, even if they appear surprising at first. To find an integer's residual after multiplying it by another number, Python utilizes the formula r = x- (y * (x / y)).
Complex expressions can be created by combining operators in new and interesting ways. Python can calculate or evaluate an expression to yield a result made up of integers, operators, and parentheses.
An example of an arithmetic expression is shown below.
Evaluating expressions follows the same set of guidelines as performing standard arithmetic operations. These rules were presumably taught to you as the sequence of operations in school.
Among the operators that have equal precedence are these operators "*," "/," "%," and "%". Thus, 2*3 - 1 yields 5, rather than 4, when divided by 3. Because the * operator takes precedence over the - operator, 2*3 is evaluated first.
In the above example, you may have noticed that the requirement requiring a space before and after each operator was not followed. Whitespace in complex expressions is addressed in PEP 8:
If the operators with the lowest priority are being used, then whitespace should be added around them. Using a single space and the equal number of whitespaces on both sides of a binary operator is perfectly acceptable.
Even if parenthesis isn’t essential, it's always good to include them to indicate the order in which steps should be taken.
In this lesson, you've learned how to use Python's numbers with expressions. In the next chapter, you'll learn how to employ math functions and number techniques and learn how to avoid typical mistakes that might lead to program failures.
Welcome back! This is the fifth lesson in our Python programming course. In the last chapter, we discussed how string data types are used in Python. In this tutorial, we’re going to discuss variables in python and the rules for naming them in Python. In addition, you'll learn the fundamentals of working with numbers and strings.
All programming languages use variables as a fundamental building block of their language. It is the allocation of memory that is dedicated to data storage and manipulation. Variables are program elements that keep track of data. The following is an example of a variable.
x = 100
It's called x in the diagram below, and it has a value of 100 in it. In this case, the variable name is x, and the data it contains is the number.
For a variable, its data type is just the type of data it contains.
If a variable has a certain data type, it can be used with any mathematical, relational, or logical operation without resulting in an error; this is known as the data type in programming. There are many different types of data, such as strings and integers, that are used to categorize different kinds of information.
As a Python programmer, we don't have to do anything to free up space. Garbage collection handles this.
There are two types of memory:
Stack memory is used to hold all functions and their calling references. The lifo rule governs how a stack operates. Continuous blocks make up the stack memory. When a function is called, the variables it returns are kept in the program's call stack, where they can be freed upon function completion and the program's exit successfully.
Heap memory refers to the memory allocated at run time when each instruction is performed. A heap is used to store global variables, which can be shared by all functions in the program, rather than the local variables defined within a function. Here, x = 23 is an example.
Integers, floats, and complex numbers are all available as numeric types in Python. In this tutorial, we'll learn about integers because we'll be using them to show how variables work.
For simplicity's sake, an integer is a number that does not include a decimal point or fraction. They might be both positive and negative at the same time. For example, the numbers 1, 2, 3, 500, and 10000000.
The int class contains all integer variables. The class name can be found using the type () method, as illustrated in the example below.
A variable refers to an item's specific name. Instead of having to declare or specify a variable like in other programming languages, Python simply uses the equals (=) sign to create a variable and assign a value.
As stated, "n is allocated the value of 300" in the example above. You can then use n in a statement or expression, and its actual value will be substituted for n.
Just like with a literal value, variables can be shown directly from the interpreter prompt in a REPL session, without the usage of print ().
In the future, if you use n again and alter its value, the new value will be used:
Chained assignment in Python allows the same value to be assigned to many variables at the same time:
The above-chained assignment gives the variables a, b, and c the value 300 at once.
Python has two types of variables: global variables and local variables. To utilize the variable in other parts of your program or module, you need to declare it as a global one. It is common practice in Python to use local variables when creating new variables.
Using the following program, you can see how Python variables function by comparing the local and global variables.
You can utilize a global variable in a function in Python if you include the global keyword in the variable definition.
Variables are statically typed in many programming languages. A variable's data type is specified when it is created, and any value that is assigned to it must always be of the same type.
However, Python variables are exempt from this rule. It is possible in Python to give a variable a value of one type and then change it to another type later on:
This is an important subject in many programming languages, but the answer in Python is a little different.
Since Python is a highly object-oriented language, every piece of data in a program is an object of some type or class. This will be brought up again and again in the course of these tutorials.
Take a look at the following coding:
Translators are instructed to perform the following actions when provided with a statement print (300).
As you can see, the built-in type () function creates an integer object.
An object can be referenced by a Python variable's symbolic name, which serves as a pointer or reference. After assigning a variable name to an object, you can use that name to refer to the object. However, the object itself still contains the data. For instance,
An integer object with the value of 300 is created and the variable n is assigned as an identifier.
n is a pointer to an integer object, and the following code confirms that:
Then consider the following assertion:
What happens if it is executed? A new object is not created. Since n points to the same item, m points to a new symbolic name or reference.
Next, you may try something like this:
Python now constructs a new integer object named m, which has a value of 400.
Finally, let's consider that the following statement is executed:
As a result, Python generates a string object named "foo" and uses that as a pointer in n.
The integer object 300 is no longer mentioned anywhere. There is no way to get in touch with it.
The lifespan of an item will be mentioned at various points in this series of tutorials. When an item is first created, at least one reference to it is made, which marks the beginning of its life. A reference to an object can be added or destroyed at any moment during its lifetime, as you saw in the example above. As long as there is at least one reference to the thing, it lives on.
Objects are no longer accessible when the number of references to them reaches zero. Its time had come to an end at that moment. The allocated RAM allocated to Python will eventually be reclaimed so that it can be utilized for something else. Garbage collection, as it's called in computer jargon, is a very simple way to manage your own memory.
Every Python object is assigned a unique identifier number when it is created. No two objects will ever share an identifier, even if their lives overlap for a period of time. It is not possible to utilize the same identifier for an object after its reference count reaches zero and it is garbage collected.
A Python object's id can be obtained using the id () function, which is part of the standard library. Id () can be used to verify that two variables are actually pointing at one another:
Even after an assignment such as this, which results in the same number being returned for id(n), it is clear that these two numbers point to the same thing. As soon as m is reassigned to the value 400, they no longer point to the same item, but rather to different things, take into account the following:
M and n are both 30-valued integers in this example. The id(m) and id(n) are identical in this example, While running the program, the interpreter makes use of previously created objects for numbers in the [-5, 256] range. As a result, if you assign different integer values in this range to different variables, they will all refer to the same thing.
Python variables can also be deleted by use of function del "variable name". Python's error "variable name is not defined" indicates that you've erased the variable in the following example of the language's delete variable function.
Test the concatenation of several data types such as string and integer. The number "99" will be added to the word "Guru," for example, A Type Error will arise if the number is not expressed as a string when declaring variables in Python. This differs from Java, which does not require the number to be declared as a string.
You will obtain an undefined result if you run the following code.
a="Guru"
b = 99
print a+b
Use print(a+str(b)) to concatenate both a and b into a string.
This is the process of changing one data type to another. Data type conversion is necessary in some scenarios. For instance, you may want to combine two numbers where one of the variables' existing values is an integer and the other is a string. Python typecasting is required before addition, as it must transform a string's data type to an integer.
Type casting in Python can be done using a variety of functions.
Data types in Python are implicitly converted by the Python interpreter, which means that the user is not required to intervene in the process. See the examples below for a better understanding of the subject.
Congratulations! Your perseverance has paid off. The focus of this session was on Python variables, object references, and identity, as well as the naming conventions for Python identifiers and a brief discussion of integers. Let’s meet in our next tutorial as we discuss about Python data types and how they're put to use.
The rapid developments that have been achieved in the Light Emitting Diode industry more so in the area of high-power LEDs, have brought up a challenge on heat dissipation. The LEDs are always mounted on the printed circuit boards and they might end up bringing a lot of problems, especially on the heat generated from them. Without proper laid down structures to dissipate the excess heat will end up damaging the board. To solve this, designers have chosen to implement the use of metal core PCBs.
Metal core PCB boards are special types of PCBs that have a metallic layer that is made up of copper or aluminum. This metallic layer is what gives it this name.
There are many online PCB companies offering Metal Core PCB manufacturing. We are going to take the example of JLCPCB, a China-based online PCB Fabrication House. JLCPCB offers competitive rates and provides excellent results and is considered one of the best PCB manufacturers. You can place a PCB order on JLCPCB's official website.
So, it's quite easy to order for manufacturing of Metal Core PCB on JLCPCB.
When you compare the metal core PCB with other traditional standard PCBs you will realize that it has special layers. The total number of these layers on the PCB will be determined by the total number of conductive layers that you really need. They can be of single or multiple conducting layers. The layers can be categorized into three types
There are three major categories of the MCPCB as discussed below;
This type of metal-core PCB has the copper traces printed on one side of the board and the board comprises of the following;
The single-sided board also has a dielectric layer that is sandwiched between the copper and the metal core layer.
It comes with over two layers hence having a structure that looks like the FR-4 type of PCB materials.
Let us have a look at the steps that can be followed in the design of the metal core printed circuit boards as listed below;
After this step, you now need to confirm the digital image that you have with the original Gerber files from the designer using an inspection laser to confirm if you have done the right thing.
After the confirmation that you have done the right thing, now the design can be moved to the final process of the design. This final step involves the unpacking of the PCB layers accordingly. We are supposed to locate the drill points and this can be done by the use of the x-ray locator.
Now the board is supposed to undergo the process of plating and deposition of copper where the whole PCB is electroplated with the copper layer before the board is taken through the final process of v-scoring and profiling.
The PCBs that are made out of aluminum offer very smart heat dissipation and a good heat transfer mechanism. Aluminum PCBs are very light in weight and are used in LED lighting applications, electronic communication and audio frequency equipment. Listed below in the characteristics of the aluminum substrate;
PCBs made out of the copper core have better performance than those made out of aluminum. But aluminum is preferred to copper by most clients because copper is more expensive. Another disadvantage of copper core over aluminum is that copper boards are heavier and involve a tough process of machining. Copper has a higher rate of corrosion as compared to the aluminum core.
This type of board finds great use in the field of LED technology. Some of the applications are listed below;
ESP32 module comes with multiple inbuilt features and peripheral interfacing capability is one of those features. ESP32 module also consists of an inbuilt temperature sensor, but that can only measure the temperature of the ESP32 core not the temperature of the surrounding environment. So it is required to use a peripheral sensor to measure the temperature of the surrounding environment like home, garden, office etc.
Hello readers. I hope you all are doing great. In this tutorial, we will learn how to interface DHT11 (temperature and humidity sensor) with the ESP32. Later in this tutorial, we will discuss how to share the sensor readings obtained from the DHT11 sensor to a web server.
Before moving towards the interfacing and programming part, let’s have a short introduction to the DHT11 sensor, its working and its connections.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | ESP32 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
Fig. 1: DHT11 sensor
DHT11 is used to measure humidity and temperature from its surrounding. It monitors the ambient temperature and humidity of a given area. It consists of an NTC (negative temperature co-efficient) temperature sensor and a resistive type humidity sensor. It also consists of an 8-bit microcontroller. The microcontroller is responsible for performing ADC (analog to digital conversion) and provides a digital output over the single wire protocol.
DHT11 sensor can measure humidity from 20% to 90% with +-5% (RH or relative humidity) of accuracy and can measure the temperature in the range of 0 degrees Celsius to 50 degrees Celsius with +-2C of accuracy.
DHT11 sensors can also be used to implement a wired sensor system using a cable length of up to 20 meters.
There are two DHT modules (DHT11 and DHT22) available in the market to measure temperature and humidity. The purpose of both module are same but with different specifications. Like DHT22 sensor provides broader temperature and humidity sensitivity ranges. But DHT22 is costlier than DHT11. So you can prefer to use any of the module, as per your requirements.
Table: 1
Note: Connect a 10K resistor between data and power (+5V) pin of DHT11 sensor module.
Fig. 2: ESP32 and DHT11 connections/wiring
We are using Arduino IDE to compile and upload code into ESP32 module. To know more about Arduino IDE and how to use it, follow our previous tutorial i.e., on ESP32 programming series. Link is given below:
https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2021/11/introduction-to-esp32-programming-series.html
DHT11 sensor uses single wire protocol to communicate data which requires a precise timing. In order to interface DHT11 sensor with ESP32 module it is required to add necessary libraries. To install the DHT11 sensor library;
Fig. 3: manage libraries
Fig. 4: Install DHT sensor library
#include "DHT.h"
#define DHTPIN 4 // Digital pin connected to the DHT sensor
#define DHTTYPE DHT11 // DHT 11
// Initializing the DHT11 sensor.
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);
void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
Serial.println(F("DHT test string!"));
dht.begin();
}
void loop() {
// Wait a few seconds between measurements.
delay(2000);
// Reading temperature or humidity takes about 250 milliseconds!
// Sensor readings may also be up to 2 seconds 'old' (its a very slow sensor)
float h = dht.readHumidity();
// Read temperature as Celsius (the default)
float t = dht.readTemperature();
// Read temperature as Fahrenheit (isFahrenheit = true)
float f = dht.readTemperature(true);
// Check if any reads failed and exit early (to try again).
if (isnan(h) || isnan(t) || isnan(f)) {
Serial.println(F("Failed to read from DHT sensor!"));
return;
}
// Compute heat index in Fahrenheit (the default)
float hif = dht.computeHeatIndex(f, h);
// Compute heat index in Celsius (isFahreheit = false)
float hic = dht.computeHeatIndex(t, h, false);
Serial.print(F("Humidity(%): "));
Serial.println(h);
Serial.print(F("Temp.: "));
Serial.print(t);
Serial.println(F("°C "));
Serial.print(F("Temp.: "));
Serial.print(f);
Serial.println(F("°F "));
Serial.print(F("Heat index: "));
Serial.println(hic);
Serial.println(" ");
Serial.print(F("°C "));
Serial.print(hif);
Serial.println(F("°F"));
}
Fig. 5: Add necessary libraries
Fig. 6: Global declarations
Fig. 7
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12: Heat index
Fig. ESP32 and DHT11 interfacing
Fig. 13: Readings observed from DHT11 sensor
The IoT is the interconnection of physical objects or devices with sensors and software accessing capabilities to communicate data or information over the internet.
To build an IoT network, we need an interface medium that can fetch, control, and communicate data between sender and receiver electronics devices or servers.
Espressif Systems created the ESP32 Wi-Fi chip series. The ESP32 module is equipped with a 32-bit Tensilica microcontroller, 2.4GHz Wi-Fi connectivity, an antenna, memory, and power management modules, and much more. All of these built-in features of this ESP32 module make it ideal for IoT applications.
It is an open data platform for the Internet of Things (Internet of Things). ThingSpeak is a MathWorks web service that allows us to send sensor readings/data to the cloud. We can also visualise and act on the data (calculate the data) sent to ThingSpeak by the devices. Data can be stored in both private and public channels.
ThingSpeak is commonly used for internet of things prototyping and proof of concept systems requiring analytics.
Fig. 14: Getting started for free
Fig. 15: Create new account
Fig. 16: MathWorks Sign in
Fig. 17: New Channel
Fig. 18: Fill the channel details
Fig. 19: Field Chart Edit
https://github.com/mathworks/thingspeak-arduino
Fig. 20: Adding ThingSpeak library
To check whether the library is successfully added or not:
Fig. 21: manage libraries
Fig. 22: Arduino IDE Library manager.
//------style guard ----
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
uint8_t temprature_sens_read();
#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
uint8_t temprature_sens_read();
// ------header files----
#include <WiFi.h>
#include "DHT.h"
#include "ThingSpeak.h"
//-----netwrok credentials
char* ssid = "replace this with your SSID"; //enter SSID
char* passphrase = "replace this with your password"; // enter the password
WiFiServer server(80);
WiFiClient client;
//-----ThingSpeak channel details
unsigned long myChannelNumber = 3;
const char * myWriteAPIKey = "replace this with your API key";
//----- Timer variables
unsigned long lastTime = 0;
unsigned long timerDelay = 1000;
//----DHT declarations
#define DHTPIN 4 // Digital pin connected to the DHT sensor
#define DHTTYPE DHT11 // DHT 11
// Initializing the DHT11 sensor.
DHT dht(DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200); //Initialize serial
Serial.print("Connecting to ");
Serial.println(ssid);
WiFi.begin(ssid, passphrase);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) {
delay(500);
Serial.print(".");
}
// Print local IP address and start web server
Serial.println("");
Serial.println("WiFi connected.");
Serial.println("IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
server.begin();
//----nitialize dht11
dht.begin();
ThingSpeak.begin(client); // Initialize ThingSpeak
}
void loop()
{
if ((millis() - lastTime) > timerDelay)
{
delay(2500);
// Reading temperature or humidity takes about 250 milliseconds!
float h = dht.readHumidity();
// Read temperature as Celsius (the default)
float t = dht.readTemperature();
float f = dht.readTemperature(true);
if (isnan(h) || isnan(t) || isnan(f)) {
Serial.println(F("Failed to read from DHT sensor!"));
return;
}
Serial.print("Temperature (ºC): ");
Serial.print(t);
Serial.println("ºC");
Serial.print("Humidity");
Serial.println(h);
ThingSpeak.setField(1, h);
ThingSpeak.setField(2, t);
// Write to ThingSpeak. There are up to 8 fields in a channel, allowing you to store up to 8 different
// pieces of information in a channel. Here, we write to field 1.
int x = ThingSpeak.writeFields(myChannelNumber,
myWriteAPIKey);
if(x == 200){
Serial.println("Channel update successful.");
}
else{
Serial.println("Problem updating channel. HTTP error code " + String(x));
}
lastTime = millis();
}
}
Fig. 23: Libraries
Fig. 24
Fig. 25: server port
Fig. 26
Fig. 29
Fig. 30: connect to wifi
Fig.31: Fetch and print IP address
Fig. 32
Fig. 33
Fig. 34
Fig. 35
Fig. 36: Displaying humidity on thingSpeak server
Fig. 37: Displaying Temperature on ThingSpeak server
This concludes the tutorial. I hope you found this of some help and also hope to see you soon with new tutorial on ESP32.
Public cloud computing systems enable businesses to complement their data centers with worldwide servers that can scale processing capabilities up and down as required. In terms of value and security, hybrid public-private clouds are unparalleled.
However, real-time AI applications demand substantial local processing capacity, frequently in areas distant from centralized cloud servers. speedpak tracking is among the services including AI for the safety of your goods and parcels.
Moreover, some workloads demand low latency or data residency and must stay on-premises or specified locations.
That is why many businesses use edge computing to implement AI applications.
Instead of storing data in a centralized cloud, edge computing saves data locally in an edge device. Moreover, the gadget may function as a stand-alone network node without an internet connection.
Cloud and edge computing offer many advantages and application cases.
Cloud computing is a computing approach in which scalable and elastic IT-enabled capabilities are supplied as a service through the Internet.
Cloud computing's popularity is growing as a result of its many advantages. Cloud computing, for example, has the following benefits:
Edge computing is the process of physically bringing computational capacity closer to the source of data, which is generally an Internet of Things device or sensor. Edge computing, so named because of how computing power is delivered to the network's or device's edge, enables quicker data processing, higher bandwidth, and data sovereignty.
Edge computing lowers the need for huge volumes of data to travel between servers, the cloud, and devices or edge locations to be processed by processing data at the network's edge. It is especially relevant for current applications like data science and artificial intelligence.
Edge and cloud computing have unique advantages, and most businesses will utilize both. Here are some things to think about when deciding where to deploy certain workloads.
In contrast, cloud computing is ideal for non-time-sensitive data processing, but edge computing is ideal for real-time data processing.
Also, the former requires a dependable online connection, while the latter should encompass rural regions with little or no internet access.
Furthermore, cloud computing stores data in the cloud, but edge computing includes very sensitive data and tight data rules.
Medical robotics is one example of when edge computing is superior to cloud computing because surgeons want real-time data access. These systems include a significant amount of software running on the cloud.
Still, the sophisticated analytics and robotic controls increasingly used in operating rooms cannot tolerate latency, network stability difficulties, or bandwidth limits. In this case, edge computing provides the patient with life-saving advantages.
Convergence of cloud and edge is required for many enterprises. Organizations centralize when possible and disseminate when necessary.
Firms may benefit from the security and management of on-premises systems with hybrid cloud architecture. It also makes use of a service provider's public cloud resources.
For each firm, a hybrid cloud solution implies something different. It might imply training in the cloud and deploying at the edge, training in the data center and deploying at the edge using cloud management tools, or training at the edge and deploying in the cloud to centralize models for federated learning. There are several options to connect the cloud and the edge.
Though both the computing systems are equally important, each carries distinctive perks. As the world is moving toward the hybrid approach, understanding the right computing choice will ease your process. Our guide will assist in this regard.
The IoT is the interconnection of physical objects or devices with sensors and software accessing capabilities to communicate data or information over the internet.
To build an IoT network, we need an interface medium that can fetch, control, and communicate data between sender and receiver electronics devices or servers.
Espressif Systems created the ESP32 Wi-Fi chip series. The ESP32 module is equipped with a 32-bit Tensilica microcontroller, 2.4GHz Wi-Fi connectivity, an antenna, memory, and power management modules, and much more. All of these built-in features of this ESP32 module make it ideal for IoT applications.
Hello readers, I hope you all are doing great. In this tutorial, we will learn another application of ESP32 in the field of IoT (Internet of Things). We are using a PIR sensor to detect motion and an Email alert will be generated automatically whenever a motion is being detected.
Fig.1
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | ESP32 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
The HCSR-501 sensor module is used with ESP32 to detect the motion. So whenever a motion is detected, the PIR sensor will generate a HIGH output signal which will act as an input to the ESP32 module. In the absence of motion, the output of the PIR sensor will remain LOW. If a HIGH input signal is generated from the PIR sensor module, the LED (either peripheral or inbuilt) will be turned ON and along with that, an Email will be generated to the receiver’s email address as per the program instructions.
Fig. 2 PIR Motion Sensor
PIR stands for Passive Infrared sensors. It detects heat energy in the surrounding environment using a pair of pyroelectric sensors. Both sensors are placed next to each other, and when motion is detected or the signal differential between the two sensors changes, the PIR motion sensor returns a LOW result (logic zero volts). It means that in the code, you must wait for the pin to go low. The desired function can be called when the pin goes low.
There are two potentiometers available in the HCSR-501 PIR motion sensor module. One of the potentiometers is to control the sensitivity to the IR radiations. Lower sensitivity indicates the presence of a moving leaf or a small mouse. The sensitivity can be changed depending on the installation location and project specifications.
The second potentiometer is to specify the duration for which the detection output should be active. It can be programmed to turn on for as few as a few seconds or as long as a few minutes.
PIR sensors are used in thermal sensing applications such as security and motion detection. They're commonly found in security alarms, motion detection alarms, and automatic lighting applications.
The simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP) is an internet standard for sending and receiving electronic mail (or email), with an SMTP server receiving emails from email clients.
SMTP is also used to establish server-to-server communication.
Gmail, Hotmail, Yahoo, and other email providers all have their own SMTP addresses and port numbers.
Fig. 3 SMTP
To send emails, the SMTP protocol, also known as the push protocol, is used, and IMAP, or Internet Message Access Protocol (or post office protocol or POP), is used to receive emails at the receiver end.
The SMTP protocol operates at the application layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite.
When the client wants to send emails, a TCP connection to the SMTP server is established, and emails are sent over the connection.
SMTP commands:
There are various email service providers available like, Gmail, Yahoo, Hotmail, Outlook etc. and each service provider have unique service parameters.
In this tutorial, we are using the Gmail or Google Mail service.
Gmail is the email service provided by Google and Gmail SMTP server is free to access and anyone can access this service, who has a Gmail account.
It is recommended to create a new email account for sending emails using ESP32 or ESP8266 modules.
If you are using your main (personal) email account (for sending emails) with ESP and by mistake something goes wrong in the ESP code or programming part, your email service provider can ban or disable your main (personal) email account.
In this tutorial we are using a Gmail account.
Follow the link to create a new Gmail account : https://accounts.google.com
Fig. 4 create new gmail account
To get access to this new Gmail account, you need to enable Allow less secure apps and this will make you able to send emails. The link is attached below:
https://myaccount.google.com/lesssecureapps?pli=1
Fig. 5 permission to less secure apps
Table 1
Fig. 6 ESP32 and HCSR-501 connections
We are using Arduino IDE to compile and upload code into ESP32 module. To know more about ESP32 basics, Arduino IDE and how to use it, follow our previous tutorial i.e., on ESP32 programming series. Link is given below:
https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2021/11/introduction-to-esp32-programming-series.html
To enable the email service in ESP32 it is required to download the ESP-Mail-Client Library. This library makes the ESP32 able to send email over SMTP server.
Follow the steps to install the ESP-Mail-Client library:
https://github.com/mobizt/ESP-Mail-Client
Fig. 7 Adding ESP-Mail-Client Library
//To use send Email for Gmail to port 465 (SSL), less secure app option should be enabled. https://myaccount.google.com/lesssecureapps?pli=1
//----Add the header files
#include <WiFi.h>
#include <ESP_Mail_Client.h>
//-----define network credentials
#define WIFI_SSID "public"
#define WIFI_PASSWORD "ESP32@123"
//--add the Server address and port number with respect to a particular email service provider
#define SMTP_HOST "smtp.gmail.com"
#define SMTP_PORT esp_mail_smtp_port_587 //port 465 is not available for Outlook.com
//----The log in credentials
#define AUTHOR_EMAIL "techeesp697@gmail.com"
#define AUTHOR_PASSWORD "Tech@ESP123"
//----The SMTP Session object used for Email sending
SMTPSession smtp;
//---Declare the message class
SMTP_Message message;
//---Callback function to get the Email sending status
void smtpCallback(SMTP_Status status);
const char rootCACert[] PROGMEM = "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----\n"
"-----END CERTIFICATE-----\n";
int inputPin = 4; // connect with pir sensor pin
int pir_output = 0; // variable to store the output of PIR output
void setup()
{
pinMode(inputPin, INPUT);
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
Serial.begin(115200);
pir_output = digitalRead(inputPin);
Serial.println();
Serial.print("Connecting to AP");
WiFi.begin(WIFI_SSID, WIFI_PASSWORD);
while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED)
{
Serial.print(".");
delay(200);
}
Serial.println("");
Serial.println("WiFi connected.");
Serial.println("IP address: ");
Serial.println(WiFi.localIP());
Serial.println();
/** Enable the debug via Serial port
* none debug or 0
* basic debug or 1
*
* Debug port can be changed via ESP_MAIL_DEFAULT_DEBUG_PORT in ESP_Mail_FS.h
*/
smtp.debug(1);
/* Set the callback function to get the sending results */
smtp.callback(smtpCallback);
/* Declare the session config data */
ESP_Mail_Session session;
/* Set the session config */
session.server.host_name = SMTP_HOST;
session.server.port = SMTP_PORT;
session.login.email = AUTHOR_EMAIL;
session.login.password = AUTHOR_PASSWORD;
session.login.user_domain = "mydomain.net";
/* Set the NTP config time */
session.time.ntp_server = "pool.ntp.org,time.nist.gov";
session.time.gmt_offset = 3;
session.time.day_light_offset = 0;
/* Set the message headers */
message.sender.name = "ESP Mail";
message.sender.email = AUTHOR_EMAIL;
message.subject = "Email Alert on Motion detection";
message.addRecipient("Anonymous",
"replace this with receiver email adderss");
String textMsg = "Motion Detected!!!!!";
message.text.content = textMsg;
message.text.charSet = "us-ascii";
message.text.transfer_encoding = Content_Transfer_Encoding::enc_7bit;
message.priority = esp_mail_smtp_priority::esp_mail_smtp_priority_low;
/* Set the custom message header */
message.addHeader("Message-ID: <abcde.fghij@gmail.com>");
/* Connect to server with the session config */
if (!smtp.connect(&session))
return;
}
void loop()
{
if (pir_output == HIGH)
{
//----Start sending Email and close the session
if (!MailClient.sendMail(&smtp, &message))
Serial.println("Error sending Email, " + smtp.errorReason());
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH);
Serial.println("Motion detected!");
Serial.println("Email sent");
}
else {
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW);
Serial.println("No Motion detected!");
}
delay(1000);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Free Heap: %d\n", MailClient.getFreeHeap());
//to clear sending result log
smtp.sendingResult.clear();
}
/* Callback function to get the Email sending status */
void smtpCallback(SMTP_Status status)
{
/* Print the current status */
Serial.println(status.info());
/* Print the sending result */
if (status.success())
{
Serial.println("----------------");
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Message sent success: %d\n", status.completedCount());
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Message sent failled: %d\n", status.failedCount());
Serial.println("----------------\n");
struct tm dt;
for (size_t i = 0; i < smtp.sendingResult.size(); i++)
{
/* Get the result item */
SMTP_Result result = smtp.sendingResult.getItem(i);
time_t ts = (time_t)result.timestamp;
localtime_r(&ts, &dt);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Message No: %d\n", i + 1);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Status: %s\n", result.completed ? "success" : "failed");
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Date/Time: %d/%d/%d %d:%d:%d\n", dt.tm_year + 1900, dt.tm_mon + 1, dt.tm_mday, dt.tm_hour, dt.tm_min, dt.tm_sec);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Recipient: %s\n", result.recipients);
ESP_MAIL_PRINTF("Subject: %s\n", result.subject);
}
Serial.println("----------------\n");
//You need to clear sending result as the memory usage will grow up as it keeps the status, timstamp and
//pointer to const char of recipients and subject that user assigned to the SMTP_Message object.
//Because of pointer to const char that stores instead of dynamic string, the subject and recipients value can be
//a garbage string (pointer points to undefind location) as SMTP_Message was declared as local variable or the value changed.
smtp.sendingResult.clear();
}
}
Note: The exact code cannot be used. As a result, before uploading the code, you must make some changes such as replacing the SSID and password with your network credentials, email address of sender and receiver, SMTP setting parameters for respective email service providers, and so on. We'll go over these details as well during the code description.
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17 Variable for PIR sensor
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25 ‘If motion detected’
Fig. 25 No motion detected
Fig. 26 Clear the email log
Fig. 27 select development board and COM port
Fig. 28 ESP32’s Inbuilt LED is turned ON when a motion is detected
Fig. 29 Serial monitor
Fig.30 received email on motion detection
This concludes the tutorial. We hope you found this of some help and also hope to see you soon with a new tutorial on ESP32.
Hi Friends! Hope you’re well today. In this post, I’ll walk you through What is Edge Computing?
Edge computing is the extension of cloud computing. Cloud computing is used for data storage, data management, and data processing. While Edge Computing does serve the same purpose with one difference: edge processing is carried out near the edge of the network which means data is processed near the location where it’s produced instead of relying on the remote location of the cloud server.
Confused?
Don’t be.
We’ll touch on this further in this article.
Curious to know more about what is edge computing, the difference between edge computing and cloud computing, benefits, and applications?
Keep reading.
Edge computing is the process where data is processed near or at the point where it’s produced. The word computing here is used for the data being processed. Simply put, Edge computing allows the data to be processed closer to the source of data (like computers, cell phones) rather than relying on the cloud with data centers. This process is used to reduce bandwidth and latency issues.
For instance, Surveillance cameras. When these cameras are required simultaneously to record a video, if you use cloud computing and run the feed through the cloud, it will increase its latency (latency is the time delay between actual data and processed data) and reduce the quality of the video.
This is where edge computing comes in handy. In this particular case, we can install a motion detector sensor that will sense the movement of the physical beings around the camera. This motion-sensing device will act as an edge device that is installed near the data source (camera). When live feed data is processed near the edge devices instead of the cloud or data centers, it would increase the video quality and practically reduce the latency to zero.
Cloud storage takes more time to process and store data, while edge computing can locally process data in less time. The market of edge computing is expected to grow from $3.5 billion to $43.4 billion by 2027, according to experts in Grand View Research. Many mobile network carriers are willing to apply edge computing into their 5G deployment to improve their data processing speed instead of picking the cloud server.
Normally in cloud computing, two components are used: the device and the cloud server. In edge computing an intermediate node is introduced between the device and the cloud server, this node is called an edge device.
How data was stored in data centers before edge computing stepped in? Yes, this is the main question to discuss before we explain how edge computing works.
Before edge computing, data was gathered from distributed locations. This data was then sent to the data center which could be an in-house facility or the public cloud. These data centers were used to process the stored data.
In edge computing that data processing is carried out near or at the point from where data originates. This is very useful for making real-time decisions that are time-sensitive. Like in the case of automatic cars interacting with each other.
Plus, less computing power is required in edge computing since we don’t need to push back all data to the data center. Like in the case of a motion-detecting sensor installed near the camera. In case we require a video of a particular instance, we need to pull out the entire information recorded inside the camera to reach that particular instant clip. However, when the motion sensor is installed near the camera that acts as an edge device, we only require that information where that sensor has detected the movement of any physical beings, and we can easily discard the rest of the information and we don’t need to store that information into the cloud server.
Know that edge data centers are not the only way to store and process data. Rather, edge computing involves the network of different technologies. Some IoT devices can become a part of this edge computing and can process data onboard and send that data to the smartphone or edge server to do the difficult calculations and efficiently handle the data processing.
An edge computing environment is developed using a network of data centers spread across the globe. The data centers in edge computing are different than the data centers at cloud computing. In former data centers store and process information locally and comes with the ability to replicate and transfer that information to other locations. While in the latter, data centers are located hundreds of thousands of miles away. The network latency issues and unpredictable pricing model of the cloud storage allow the organizations to prefer private data centers and edge locations over public cloud.
Google Cloud, Amazon Web Services, and Microsoft Azure are the best examples of cloud computing. They use cloud computing infrastructure which is developed to transfer the data from data source to one centralized location called data centers.
While facial recognition lock feature of the iPhone uses an edge computing model. If the data in this feature runs through cloud computing, it would take too much time to process data, while the edge computing device, which is the iPhone itself, in this case, does this processing within a few seconds and unlocks the mobile screen.
For massive data storage or for software or apps that don’t require real-time processing needs, cloud computing is the better solution and is commonly called the centralized approach. And if you require less storage with more real-time processing power that is carried out locally, edge computing is the answer and is called a decentralized approach where not a single person is making a decision, rather decision power is distributed across multiple individuals or teams.
Know that companies typically harness the power of both cloud computing and edge computing to develop advanced IoT frameworks. These two infrastructures are not opposite but are complementary for designing a modern framework.
Edge computing is a form of distributed computing infrastructure that is location-sensitive while IoT is a technology that can use edge computing to its advantage. Edge computing is a process that brings the processing data as near to an IoT device as possible.
Don’t confuse an edge device with an IoT device. The device is the physical device where data is stored and processed while the IoT device, on the other hand, is the device connected to the internet. It is nothing but the source of the data.
Edge computing is changing the way how data is stored and processed. This gives a more consistent and reliable experience at a significantly lower cost.
With new technology comes new security issues and edge computing is no different. From a security point of view, data at the edge computing can become vulnerable because of the involvement of local devices instead of the centralized cloud-based server. A few ricks of edge computing include:
Hackers always seek to steal, modify, corrupt, or delete data when it comes to edge computing. They strive to manipulate edge networks by injecting illegal hardware or software components inside the edge computing infrastructure. The common practice followed by these hackers is node replication where they inject malicious node into the edge network that comes with an identical ID number as assigned to the existing node. This way they can not only make other nodes illegitimate but also can rob sensitive data across the network.
Tampering of connected physical devices in edge networks is another malpractice carried out by potential hackers. Once they approach the physical devices they can extract sensitive cryptographic information, change node software and manipulate node circuits.
Routing attach is another security risk in edge computing. This approach can affect the way how data is transferred within the edge network. The routing information attacks can be categorized into four different types:
In wormholes attach, hackers can record packets at one location and tunnel them to another. In grey holes attach, they slowly and selectively delete the data packets within the network. In a hello food attack, they can introduce a malicious node that sends hello packets to other nodes, creating routing confusion within the network. While in black holes attach the outgoing and incoming packets are deleted which increases the latency.
Know that these practices can be avoided by establishing reliable routing protocols and incorporating effective cyber security practices within the network. It’s wise to put your trust in manufacturers who have proper policies in practice to guarantee the effectiveness of their edge computing solutions.
Edge computing comes in handy where quick data processing is required. With computing power near the data source, you can make better and quick real-time decisions.
A few edge computing examples include:
Predictive maintenance is another example where edge computing can play a key role. It helps to identify if the instrument needs maintenance before its major failure or total collapse. This saves both time and money which would otherwise require for entire instrument replacement.
Edge computing becomes common practice among many organizations since it provides more control over processed data.
This trend will continue to grow with time and it is expected by 2028 edge services will become widely available across the globe.
Wireless technologies such as WiFi 6 or 5G will work in favor of edge computing, giving chance to virtualization and other automation capabilities, at the same time making the wireless network more economical and flexible. Many carriers are now working to incorporate edge computing infrastructure into their 5G developments to provide fast real-time processing capabilities, particularly for connected cars, mobile devices, and automatic vehicles.
It is not about which one is better cloud computing or edge computing. It’s about the requirement. If you want data to be processed quickly near the source, you’ll adopt edge computing and if you want more data storage and data management, you will pick cloud computing.
The prime goal of edge computing is to reduce bandwidth and practically reduce the latency to zero. With the extension of real-time applications that require local computing and storage power, edge computing will continue to grow over time.
That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can reach out in the comment section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading this article.
Hi guys! Hope you’re well today. In this post today, I’ll cover What is Industrial IoT (Internet of Things?)
IIoT is now a talk of mainstream conversation. This term has blown up in the past couple of years. Before we move further to describe IIoT, it is evident that industries are no longer dependent on the traditional production processes that happened to be costly and guaranteed no optimal results. Now companies are willing to incorporate automation in manufacturing and production processes. Smart systems, no doubt, are dangerous for the traditional labor workforce, but on the other hand, they create more opportunities for the people equipped with the latest business trends.
Curious to know more about Industrial IoT, how does it work, the difference between IoT and IIoT, examples of IIoT, the impact of IIoT on jobs and workers, and the advantages of IIoT?
Keep reading.
The Industrial Internet of Things, also known as Industry 4.0 or Industrial Internet, is the use of smart connected machines, embedded sensors, and actuators mainly used to enhance the overall efficiency and productivity of manufacturing and production processes.
At its core, it is used to automate processes for the production of optimal products that build a strong connection with the customers and create new revenue streams. Automation leads to accuracy and better efficiency and removes the likelihood of error that is difficult to attain by a simple human workforce. The Industrial IoT is used across a range of industries including manufacturing, oil and gas, logistics, mining and metals, transportation, aviation, energy/utilities, and more.
The smart devices deployed in Industrial IoT are used to capture, store and analyze data in real-time and that data is delivered to the company leaders to make faster, smarter business decisions.
A typical Industrial IoT system contains:
For example, I own a PCB manufacturing industrial unit. And I want to know which types of PCBs are most popular among customers. With IoT technology I can:
The information gathered by the smart devices helped me to make better decisions on which items to stock up on which ultimately helped me save both time and money.
You’ll find a range of Industrial IoT examples. A few of them include:
When a certain industrial process or a piece of instrument is at the brink of total failure, preventive and proactive maintenance is applied to allow a quick fix to the problem beforehand. This saves both time and money which otherwise results in costly instrument replacement. Traditional methods are obsolete to identify the problem in advance since they often required access of labor to remote places to perform manual testing. With IIoT, you get an alert when the problem starts developing, which provides a valuable insight into whether the instrument requires overhauling or complete replacement.
Automating the process is the main takeaway of employing IoT in industrial settings. When industrial processes are automated and involve no human intervention, it removes the likelihood of errors and improves operational productivity, and reduces overall production costs.
Remote monitoring is challenging for the industries. With traditional methods, not only is it difficult but also inefficient and risky. The businesses require consistent monitoring of the instruments working out in the field. Manual testing is risky since the field environment is often occupied with lots of heat, vibration, or humidity. And the access of humans is not recommended to those places.
With the inception of digital technology, workforce transformation is on the rise. This new wave of technology, no doubt, removes the need for certain jobs but it also creates the possibility of generating new ones. According to the survey of business leaders in Accenture, this new digital era will create more jobs than it will eliminate.
The Industrial IoT provides scores of opportunities in optimization, automation, smart industry, intelligent decision making, industrial control, asset performance management, and in the sectors directly dealing with the customer’s behavior. They strive to create an environment tailored to the exact customer’s needs and demands so they keep coming back for what industries have to offer.
The IIoT makes the processes more efficient and improves productivity. It advocates for smart work, not hard work. Plus, the smart devices in IIoT removes the possibility of errors that may otherwise affect the production process if the traditional workforce is employed. Automation can gather data from hard-to-reach places, even reducing the risks to human lives. When a worker knows, they will get a notification on the smartphone about the tank leakage or the certain equipment that needs replacement, which means danger can be predicted in advance before it goes catastrophic.
This leads us to the conclusion: to survive in the ocean of digital transformation, it’s obligatory to equip yourself with the latest trends in engineering and information technology and liberate yourself from traditional research and development processes.
There are many advantages of industrial IoT and low operating cost tops the list. With IIoT, you no longer need the physical presence of a human that requires monthly wages, paid leaves, healthcare costs, and holidays. Moreover, it doesn’t require commissions, monthly bonuses, and pensions that are compulsory if you induct human employees into your industry. More advantages of IoT include:
Industries have been incorporating automation into their production and manufacturing processes.
And this trend will increase over time and you’ll witness more industries are stepping into the realm of automation.
Industries are committed to upgrading their system and instruments to keep up with the modern trends and to make a footing in disruptive technologies.
This process is, no doubt, more efficient, delivers better results, maintains product quality, and is more economical. Even though it requires a high initial cost, it doesn’t need a regular labor force, reducing the overall operating cost of the processes.
If you want to make your worth in the industry, it is wise to keep you updated with the latest industry trends to make sure you’re not left out in the traditional industry jobs.
That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions regarding IIoT, you are most welcome to ask in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading this article.
Welcome to the fourth lesson of this python course. Our previous session taught us how to utilize the print function in python, so we have a firm grasp of the terminology and the functions themselves. In this lesson, we'll cover a few more Python terms, such as:
Also, we'll build a simple program to print out an imagined dog so that we may better grasp how these concepts are employed. So, let's get started now.
Programming is a lot like building a structure out of blocks. Even with just a few types of children's toy blocks and some time and imagination, you can build anything. Because we'll be utilizing these phrases all the time in programming, it's critical that you know what they mean and how to use them.
An alphabet, word, or other character collection is referred to as a "string." As one of the most fundamental data structures, it serves as a framework for manipulating data. An in-built string class called "str" is available in Python. After they've been produced, strings are "immutable," which means that they can't be rewritten. Because of the immutability of strings, we must generate new ones each time we want to represent newly computed values.
Quotes are used to denote a string. There are a variety of ways to accomplish this:
"Double quotes allow you to embed 'single' quotes in your string."
Triple quoted strings to make it possible to work with a set of multiple-line strings and include all of the whitespaces that accompany them.
The fact that a string cannot be changed results in an error if you try to do so. The adjustments require the creation of a new string.
Instead, use this method.
The built-in len() function can be used to determine the length of a string:
Strings can be sliced and indexed since they are a sequence of characters. A string's indexing starts at 0 and is based on each character in the string.
The initial character in the string is C, which is located at position 0 of the index. The final syllable is a period, which is the string's sixteenth character. When you want to access characters in the opposite direction, you can use -1 as an index. when it's strung together, Chocolate and cookie are separated by a whitespace, which has its own index, 9 in this example. Slicing is a good way to verify this.
For the same reason as for other sequential data types, you can read and manipulate Python strings using their associated index numbers. It is possible to slice an object using its index values in Python to select a specific element or a subset of elements. You don't have to write a loop expression to identify or access specific substrings in a string. Slicing does this for you automatically.
Suppose you were trying to find the cookie substring in the following string. What's the best way to go about it?
Range slicing is used in these situations. The range slicing syntax is as follows:
Alternatively, you might use a negative stop index:
In this case, when you slice a sentence without giving an end index, you get characters from the first index to its last. In the same way, slicing a string without a starting index indicates that you begin at the beginning and end at the end.
Additionally, the stride parameter can be accepted by string-slicing as a third argument, which specifies the number of characters to advance once the initial one is picked from the string. In the default configuration, stride has a value of 1.
stringnu = "1020304050"
print (stringnu [0:-2:2])
Striding allows you to reverse a string, which is a really cool feature. With a stride of -1, you can begin at the end of the string and move forward one character at a time. With a value of -2, you can start at the end and move two characters at the same time.
String operations such as slicing and range slicing are frequent. As simple as adding, string concatenation is also available.
Concatenating a string with another data type, on the other hand, will fail.
You attempted to concatenate an integer value with a string, which is not permitted. Integer addition or string concatenation is not understood implicitly by the interpreter. However, give this a try:
The reason for this is that you used concatenation after you turned the integer into a string.
A string can be repeated using the * method.
wordsig = 'hip '
line1 = wordsig * 2 + 'hurray! '
print (line1 * 3)
To manipulate strings, Python comes with several built-in methods and utility functions. It is possible to use these built-in techniques to replace substrings, to put some words in a paragraph in capital letters, and to locate the position of a string within another text.
Multiple string formatting options are available in Python. To better understand these formatting strings, let`s dive right in.
Python has a built-in modulo percent operation. The interpolation operator is the name given to it. There is a percent followed by the data type that must be prepared or transformed. This operation then replaces the word "percent datatype" with one or more components of that type:
Percent d is used for integers, whereas percent s is used for strings; you've seen both. Octal values can be converted to octal equivalents with this type of conversion, as can Hexadecimal values with this type, and Floating-Point Decimal Format with this type.
One of the built-in string classes is the formatter class. The format () method can be used to perform sophisticated variable substitutions and value formatting. Rewriting public methods such as format () and vformat () allows you to build your own string formatting techniques (). There are a number of methods that are designed to be replaced by subclasses, such as parse (), get field, get value, check unused arguments, format field, and convert field ().
Templates allow substitutions based on dollars rather than percentages. A major reason for template syntax creation in Python Version 2.4 was that, despite the strength of percent string formatting, errors are easy to make, because the forms that follow '%'are extremely restrictive. This is a common blunder when it comes to percent formatting: forgetting to include the e in percent (variable).
substitution () and safe_substitute() are two methods specified within templates (). You can use them in the following ways:
Safe substitution () is an advantage to employing a template, in addition to other advantages.
In Python 3, this is yet another way to format strings. A prefixed 'f' or 'F' string literal is known as a formatted string literal or f-string. Within curly brackets, you may include identifiers that will be utilized in your string.
What's the point of adding another string formatting option? well, this is because practicality and simplicity are appealing.
To demonstrate why f-strings are the best way to format strings in Python, check out the examples below.
Please note that the preceding code is only compatible with Python 3.6 and above. With f-strings, Python expressions can be used inside curly braces, which is a significant benefit of using them.
Syntax is the most important consideration here. For the most part, it boils down to the trade-off between simplicity and the amount of verbosity you're willing to sacrifice. People with a C programming background will find it easy to use the percent sign to format strings, for example. Using the format () function can be more verbose, but it provides a wider range of options.
While your application is running, you can utilize input routines to get data from the user. A key benefit of this approach is that it does not rely on preexisting values or file content to function. The syntax for the input function is as follows.
input([prompt])
Input functions will cause our application to pause. After the user inserts the text into the Python shell or command line, the application resumes.
input(message)
In order to prompt the user for text, you'll need to provide a message. It's important that a user understands what they need to do by reading this message. As a result, a user may wonder why the software isn't progressing. For example,
input ("Enter email address: ")
print ("Confirm it is your email address:")
In order to request an email address from a user, we've implemented the input () method. Messages in brackets are displayed on the same line where a user is expected to enter text in the command line.
Note that as soon as a user inputs data into the input () function, it is automatically converted to a string.
Using the fundamentals of strings that we've learned in this lesson; we'll construct a simple program that prints out an image of a dog.
Let's open up our favorite coding editor, Atom, and get started. Before looking at the solution, I advise you to give it a shot on your own.
Congratulations! You've made it this far. You have learned about string slicing, what strings are, and explored a variety of string-related processes. Many approaches to formatting strings have also been discussed. But don't forget that practice is the key to mastering any skill! I'll see you in the next tutorial.