In the previous topic, we have discussed data types in C++ in detail. Today we will discuss variables and constants in C++.
A named memory location or memory cell is called a variable. The program's input data and its results are stored in variables during execution. During the execution of the program, the value of a variable can be changed but its name can not be changed.
Variables are created in random access memory. As we know that RAM is a temporary memory so data stored in it is also temporary. It can only be used during execution. When the program ends, the data stored in the variable is automatically removed.
int num1=25, num2=1000;We can also write it like this:
int num1,num2; num1=25; num2=1000;
Types of Variables can be categorized in two ways
Based on the data type of variable, there are the following categories of variables in C++
Different types of variables can be declared as follow:
Variables having the same data type can be declared in a single line. Each variable in line should be separated by a comma as follows:
int a, b, c;
When we discussed the Hello Program, we have seen the curly braces in the program like this:
int main { //Some code }
When variables are declared in curly braces then their scope is limited within these braces. The variable declared in main() function can not be used outside the main() function.
There are two types of variables based on their scope.
Global variables are always declared outside of any function.
Let us have a global variable myvar and it is declared outside of main. We can access the variable twice in the main() function easily.
#include <iostream> using namespace std; // This is a global variable char myvar = 'G'; int main() { cout <<"Value of myvar: "<< myvar<<endl; myVar='m'; cout <<"Value of myvar: "<< myvar; return 0; }Output:
#include <iostream> using namespace std; char myFuncn() { // This is a local variable char myVar = 'X’; } int main() { cout <<"Value of myVar: "<< myVar<<endl; myVar='H’; cout <<"Value of myVar: "<< myVar; return 0; }Output:
#include <iostream> using namespace std; // This is a global variable char myVar = 'X'; char myFuncn() { // This is a local variable char myVar = 'Y’; return myVar; } int main() { cout <<"Funcn call: "<< myFuncn()<<endl; cout <<"Value of myVar: "<< myVar<<endl; myVar='A'; cout <<"Funcn call: "<< myFuncn()<<endl; cout <<"Value of myVar: "<< myVar<<endl; return 0; }Output:
Funcn call: X
Value of myVar: Y
Funcn call: X
Value of myVar: A
As the scope of the local variable is limited so the changed value of the variable is only responded for the global variable and the value of the local variable remained the same ‘ X’.
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { // declaration and definition of variable 'b123' char b123 = 'a'; float b; // multiple definitions and declararions int _c, _d45, e; cout << b123 << endl; return 0; }
type_ name variable=value;
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int a = 10; int b; cout << " value of variable a : "<< a; // static initialization cout << "\nEnter the value of variable b : "; // dynamic initialization cin >> b; cout << "\n value of variable b : "<< b; return 0; }
value of variable a : 10 Enter the value of variable b : 18 value of variable b : 18
| Escape sequence | Meaning |
| \\ | \ character |
| \' | ' character |
| \" | " character |
| \? | ? character |
| \a | Alert or bell |
| \b | Backspace |
| \f | Form feed |
| \n | Newline |
| \r | Carriage return |
| \t | Horizontal tab |
| \v | Vertical tab |
| \ooo | Octal number of one to three digits |
| \xhh . . . | Hexadecimal number of one or more digits |
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Hello\tWorld\n\n"; return 0; }
"hello, dear" "hello, \ dear" "hello, " "d" "ear"
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#define VAL1 20
#define VAL2 6
#define Newline '\n'
int main()
{
int tot;
tot = VAL1 * VAL2;
cout << tot;
cout << Newline;
}
#include <iostream> using namespace std; #define LENGTH 5 #define WIDTH 20 #define NEWLINE '\n' int main() { int area; area = LENGTH * WIDTH; cout << area; cout << NEWLINE; return 0; } Program # 2 #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { const int SIDE = 40; int area; area = SIDE*SIDE; cout<<"The area of the square with side: " << SIDE <<" is: " << area << endl; return 0; }
| 1 2 3 | bool foo = true; bool bar = false; int* p = nullptr; |
const <Data_Type> <Variable_Name>The syntax for define directive
<Return_Type> <Function_Name>() constExample
#include <iostream> using namespace std; const int a = 100; // Const Variable class TestConst { public: void display() const // Const Function/ define directive { cout << "Value of a in the const function is " << a; } }; int main () { Test int1; int1.display(); cout << a; return 0; }
We have discussed above the clear understanding of variables, their types and some programs to make grip on the topic. We have also discussed constants and their types and some programs to make ideas clear. At the end, we make a clear comparison between constants and variables.
In the next section, we will discuss operators, expressions and comments in C++. Till then take care and have fun. Thanks for reading.
In the previous tutorial, we have seen the basics of C++ and have also discussed a small code. We have discussed various programming terms in the previous tutorial and from now on, we are going to discuss those terms in detail. So, today's lecture is on Data Types in C++, let's get started:
A data type defines the type and the set of operations that can be performed on the data. Various types of data are manipulated by the computer. The data is given as an input to the program. According to the program's set of instructions, data is processed and then output is returned on the screen. Before designing the actual program data, its type and operations performed on it are defined and used to process the data. At the start of the program, the type of each data value is identified. Various data types are provided by C++ and the computer’s memory allocates each data type differently.
long b = 4523232; long int c = 2345342; long double d = 233434.56343; short d = 3434233; // Error! out of range unsigned int a = -5; // Error! Used for storing only +ive numbers and 0
float area = 64.74; double volume = 134.64534;
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { void* ptr; float f = 2.3f; // assign float address to void ptr = &f; cout << &f << endl; cout << ptr << endl; return 0; }Output
0xffd117ac 0xffd117ac
bool cond = false;
wchar_t test = $# // storing dollar and hash character;
enum Colour{red, green, blue, white}; // declaring an enum type
enum country {US, UN=2, India, china} ;
country country1, country2;
For example, consider these statements.//intExp indicates number of elements dataType arrayName[intExp]; //declares array num containing 4 elements of type int: //num[0], num[1], num[2],and num[3] int num[4];
// intExp is used to specify position array Name[intExp] //fourth element in array num num[3];One dimensional array example
// name of the constant is initialized const int arraySize=5; double list[arraySize]; //initialize 7 variables int i=0; double smallest=0.0; double largest=0.0; double sum=0.0; double average=0.0; int maxi=0; int mini=0; //1. Array us initialized for (i=0; i < arraySize; i++) list[i]=0.0; //2. Give value for each element in array list, beginning w/first element for (i=0; i < arraySize; i++) cin >> list[i]; //3. Resulted value for each element in array list, beginning w/first element for (i=0; i < arraySize; i++) cout << list[i] << " "; //4. Sum and Average elements in array list, and display for (i=0; i < arraySize; i++) sum = sum + list[i]; average = sum / arraySize; cout << "Sum = " << sum; cout << "\nAverage = " << average; //5. find largest element value in array list, and display for (i=0; i < arraySize; i++) if (list[maxi] < list[i]) maxi = i; largest = list[maxi]; cout << "\nLargest = " << largest; //6. find smallest element value in array list, and display for (i=0; i < arraySize; i++) if (list[mini] > list[i]) mini = i; smallest = list[mini]; cout << "\nSmallest = " << smallest;
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int fact(int n); // function prototype int main(){ int nv,ans; cout<<" Input n:"; cin>> nv; ans = fact(nv);// calling a function cout<<"Answer is:"<<ans<<endl; }
int fact(int n){ // int to another int int ans =1; for(int i= 3; i<= n; i++) ans *=i; return ans are; // function providebanswer to the caller }function prototype, calling main program and the complete function definition shown in the above program
int result = 0; int &ref_result = result; … ref_result = 100;
int *ptr; int count, init; … ptr = &init; count = *ptr
count = init;
int list[10]; int *ptr; ptr = list;
Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. Today, we will create a wifi temperature monitoring system. For reading, we will use the DS18B20 sensor. For data processing and webpage creation, we will use our already known ESP8266.
The project will be built as follows:
But first, let's know a little about the sensor and the communication model it uses.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | ESP8266 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
For this project, we will need the following items: For this project, we will need the following items:
VDD operates with values from 3V to 5.5V and can even be omitted. The sensor has a Parasite Mode, using only the DQ and GND pins, and its power comes from the communication pin. This mode works well but is more susceptible to noise.
Data communication takes place over the 1-Wire (OneWire) protocol, using the DQ pin. We'll discuss the protocol later, but now it's important to know that, despite having only one wire, it allows two-way communication.
The reading is performed actively, the microcontroller sends a command and receives back a packet with the information.
In addition to the reading request, the sensor can also receive alarm configuration and data format commands. The DallasTemperature library already handles most of this for us. Including offering us some additional features, such as receiving reading in Faraday.
The most common models on the market are found in the TO-92 package (looks like a transistor) and the waterproof package. This second is more common due to its practical application, 1m long cable with stainless steel tip. It can be used to control water temperature, for example. The reading is performed actively, the microcontroller sends a command and receives back a packet with the information.
In addition to the reading request, the sensor can also receive alarm configuration and data format commands. The DallasTemperature library already handles most of this for us. Including offering us some additional features, such as receiving reading in Faraday.
The most common models on the market are the TO-92 package (looks like a transistor) and the waterproof package. This second is more common due to its practical application, 1m long cable with stainless steel tip. It can be used to control water temperature, for example.
OneWire (or 1-Wire) is a communication method designed by Dallas Semiconductor that transmits data using just one line, with a system of signaling who sends and when.
The method is very similar to i2C, but it has a much more limited data transfer speed. Another difference is that in the 1-wire case, it is possible to omit the power pin, using the data pin in parasite mode (by now, you may have noticed that despite the name, the method needs at least two wires: Data and GND).
Communication is done in master-slave mode, in which the microcontroller sends all requests, and the other devices only send data when nominally requested.
Each device has a unique address/name. This allows us to connect multiple devices on the same data line. The requests are sent in broadcast, the device that recognizes itself in it responds.
The circuit for our application is simple. We will connect the VDD pin of the sensor to the 3V3 of the NodeMCU, GND with GND, and we will use the D4 pin for the sensor data. It could be any other digital pin.
Additionally, a 4k7 ohm resistor must be placed between the data pin and the 3V3 to increase stability.
Next, we start a OneWire object on pin D4 and create a sensor using that object. From that moment on, the “sensors” object has all the properties and functions offered by the DallasTemperature library.
And we will make use of two functions Search(), which performs a search for devices in OneWire, and reset_search() which restarts this search.
What our code does is start a search, save the result in the addr variable and, if the variable is not empty, write it in the serial.
We found the result on the Serial Monitor. If there are other devices, they will appear here too. Keep the address, we'll need it.
Now that we know the sensor's address. Let's start our main code for reading the temperature. The objective here is to start the sensor and take a reading every 10s.
We started in the same way, but this time we created the sensor1 variable with the collected address.
In the readDs18b20() function we will use two functions:
Inside the Setup() function we started the sensor with the begin() function, it performs a reading automatically, if you didn't make new requests, the sensor would still respond to the getTemp() function, but with an outdated value.
In the loop, we have a timer with the millis() function so that the reading takes place every 10s.
Note that on line 15, we added one more parameter to the Serial.println() function. With that, we define the number of decimal places.
With our reading ready, let's create a web page to view this information in the browser. Remember that later we will put these files in FLASH ESP8266 with SPIFFS.
We will build the following screen:
The page structure is not the focus of this article, but basically, we have the index.html file creating the page itself and triggering a javascript function to update the reading.
The style.css file improves the appearance of the page but does not interfere with its functioning.
Both files must be in the data folder within the project folder and be transferred using the ESP8266 Sketch Data Upload.
With the page saved to FLASH, we need to create the structure to serve the page.
This step is nothing new for us, but it is worth noting a few points.
Now the readDs18b20() function also updates a variable of type String. We do this because server call-back functions do not accept integer or float variables.
For the server, we have three routes:
The DS18B20 is an extremely efficient and easy-to-use sensor. The application we developed today could be used to monitor the ambient temperature, or perhaps the temperature of a water reservoir. And the ESP8266 extends the range of that monitoring as far as we want.
High-quality games are provided by the best game providers that exceed our expectations. Some of the providers of online casino games are listed below:
First casino software was created in 1994 and the first mobile casino software in 2004 by Microgaming.
Before start playing online games at virtual casinos, you have to check the requirements that your PC should have. These requirements will enable you to download software and install it on your PC without any difficulty. So, you have to keep an eye on the following aspects:
These requirements may vary for different online casino games.
The online casino industry is almost totally based on technology. With the recent advancement in the Internet and technology, you can look upon more and more casino games and apps customized for smartphones. Online casinos have to maximize their clients and players by the development of online gambling. Declaring their excellent services, online casinos say that, It’s not cheap and It’s complicated. You have chances of winning huge prizes, and you will be entertained and immersed. But always remember, gambling is highly addictive so gamble responsibly.
This is all for today’s article. I hope you have enjoyed the article and make grip on the understanding points. However, if you still face any skepticism regarding the technology behind online casinos then please feel free to leave your questions in the comment section. I will provide you best answers to your questions to the best of my knowledge and researching skills. Also, provide us with your innovative feedbacks and suggestions it will improve the quality of our work and provide you content according to your demands and expectations. Stay tuned! Thank you for reading this article.
Undoubtedly, the future of technology looks much brighter, with virtual reality and 3D printing furthering the application of 3D design and inventive engineering at a higher pace. It won’t be an exaggeration to deem that the increased accessibility of 3D printing did have a great impact on 3D design. In addition to shortening the time needed to create prototypes, additive manufacturing enabled the use of only resources for developing these prototypes.
Hence, it is certain that 3D printing along with 3D design and inventive engineering will pave the way for a better future and exciting developments. So, let’s explore the way we would be able to create objects through 3D design in the near future.
Although 3D modeling is around for more than a few decades, it still has one biggest limitation that happens to restrict its application within various tasks. Well, it’s the low-resolution files. Thankfully, according to technological advancements and current trends, it is likely that the barrier of low resolution will no longer be a problem any time soon.
The 3D resolution is on the verge to improve significantly. And, the day isn’t far when users will be able to interact with the designed 3D models without fearing any such limitations. Developers are working along to enable the visualization of 3D elements to reach perfection. In other words, people would be able to interact with the designs as if with naked eyes. Hence, planning to offer a much more enhanced realistic experience.
Because 3D modeling and related technologies help save money and offer innovative ways for accomplishing goals, businesses are inclining towards involving the technology for improving productivity while saving cost.
For instance, the real estate industry has already started making use of virtual staging along with 3D design. Soon, other niches will reap the benefit that 3D design and inventive engineering have to offer. Wish to know more about 3D design? Look for answers on Pick3DPrinter.
As you must expect, for true photorealism, one must be able to make smart use of textures. And, it is equally crucial to apply those textures to something. Hence, artists do rely on detailed 3D models to avoid the need for faking details. However, currently, 3D designing tools end up increasing the file size of the model with complex features and high resolution. This is another challenge that is likely to improve considerably in the future.
Today, for creating a photorealistic image using pre-rendering of the imagery, you have the highest resolution settings for best results. However, from a medium for rendering to a long rendering time, you must consider many variables. Alternatively, you can think of purchasing fast rendering equipment, however, it would be a costly investment.
Similarly, when using 3D design to create models for animation, it is often to come across highly complicated geometries. These projects can even crash the application in between the modeling task. On the other hand, rendering still images won’t get you the results you wish to achieve. However, in the coming future, you can expect massive success already planned within photorealistic 3D modeling.
AR isn’t just a long-awaited dream anymore. Although in its nascent stage, the technology has already amazed everyone with its possible future. AR is not restricted to Snapchat filters, funny avatars, or Google Glass. It’s just the preview of what entails ahead.
For instance, HoloLens that came back in 2016 for developers is an expensive kit capable of defining what augmented reality would be in the future. It allows us to interact with 3D models in a completely amazing way.
With 3D modeling, one can create a virtual three-dimensional model for any imaginary or existing real-world object, this provides a great opportunity to creators in terms of design flexibility and ease of use, individuals without any prior designing skill tend to lean towards sites that provide free 3D STL files to create their models. Here’s a list of some of the best sites to look for Free 3D Printer STL Files.
3D modeling has found widespread application in today's business world, with applications ranging from visualizing products and processes to securing funding for new research projects. Here are a few niches that will be able to reap most of the benefits 3D design and inventive engineering has to offer in the future.
In the discipline of mechanical engineering, CAD modeling is utilized to assist improved visualization of designs, compliance with worldwide standards and the improvement of design quality.
3D models are created using precise measurements and may be quickly adjusted if changes are required. This improves the accuracy of 3D engineering models, allowing for the production of faultless gear that can be used by enterprises in a variety of industries as well as scientific institutes.
3D Bioprinting is a type of additive manufacturing that prints live structures layer by layer. Mimicking the behavior of natural living systems. This technology has provided immense possibilities to the niche which wouldn’t have been possible otherwise. 3D scanning in the medical field has given direction to a lot of research and many have been successfully accomplished as well.
By solving problems related to organ transplants, dental implants, and many others, 3D scanning has gained a lot of trust in the medical industry.
Models created using 3D design will be able to offer customers and clients a glimpse of what the real product would be. Marketers can start using a combination of 3d modeling and animation to generate stunning product images that businesses can use to create prototypes, offering their customers the ability to understand the upcoming design before launch.
In movies, 3D modeling is employed to create special effects, especially when it comes to creating costumes, helmets, or supernatural decor for sets.
3D modeling creates realistic and immersive effects that can take the audience's experience to new heights. As the entertainment sector becomes more updated, 3D modeling will take on a more advanced makeover and will be used to create amazing effects.
3D models allow architects and the whole construction team to better understand the project’s scope and dimensions, which helps them take the right steps and eliminate errors in the early stages of the project, resulting in fewer surprises as the project progresses.
Without any doubt, 3D design has a brighter future ahead. With so many developments around the corner, nothing seems too far from reality. Sooner, everyone would realize the amazing things the technology is set to impart.
With technology constantly improving machines, the amount of time the manufacturing processes take has greatly lowered. There are plenty of brilliant machines designed for increased productivity on the market, including ones like a speedy engraving machine, which ensures both quality and efficiency.
Automation is another way technology has contributed to a speedier manufacturing service. When systems are automated, production capacity is increased, allowing manufacturers to produce more in less time. Combine that with the ease of communications brought on by software tools, and you have a manufacturing company that wastes no time at all.
Technology has allowed near-perfect precision in machinery alongside less reliance on manual labor, and as a result, errors are now fewer and far between. On top of that, AI can predict upcoming malfunctions through its data, meaning sensors can alert staff before it even happens. With all the errors that are caught early through tech, both time and material are saved.
The manufacturing industry contributes to much of the earth’s pollution. Luckily, technological developments have helped manufacturing companies switch to greener practices. For starters, automation and digital communications mean factories don’t have to use as much paper, contributing to less waste overall. As well as that, with AI detecting possible errors, manufacturers don’t have to waste as many materials and energy on faulty results.
Technology has improved communication for all industries, including manufacturing. Through communication software, staff can now communicate from across the shop floor without interruption. It’s not just communications between staff that have improved, either. With the Internet of Things, machines are better at communicating with each other, meaning if there is a machine malfunction, staff will know straight away.
Maintenance is essential in the manufacturing industry. Without it, more errors are made, and more money gets spent on replacements. In the past, maintenance took a lot of the manufacturing team’s time, but now, with automation alerting staff when there is a malfunction, maintenance is much more streamlined.
Through analyzing AI data, manufacturing companies now have a better idea of who their customer is and exactly what they are looking for. With such data, they can then make their marketing strategies more targeted for better results overall.
All in all, the developments in technology, including automation, AI, and machinery, have ensured that the manufacturing industry is much more profitable. It has led to mass production that can remain high in quality but still produce far more than before.
Who knows where technology will take the manufacturing industry next? With constant new developments, manufacturing is only going to become more streamlined and profitable over the years.
The Internet of Things (IoT) philosophy may be viewed as a highly dynamic and radically dispersed networked system comprised of a huge number of identifiable smart devices. These objects may communicate and interact with one another, as well as with end-users and other network entities. As the Internet of Things era begins, the usage of small, inexpensive, and flexible computer hardware that allows end-user programming becomes more prevalent. The Raspberry Pi, a fully configurable and programmable tiny computer board, is one of them discussed in this article. Although there are certain limitations, the Raspberry Pi remains a low-cost computer that has been used effectively in a wide range of IoT vision research applications despite its few shortcomings.
Introductory Notes The Internet of Things - IoT – may be viewed as a highly dynamic and widely dispersed networked system. For example, it is a network of linked smart objects that may communicate and interact with one another, as well as with end-users or other network entities, such as users or other entities in the network. Safety, security, comfort, convenience, and energy savings are maximised when smart devices can perceive physical phenomena and transform them into data streams, as well as when smart devices can trigger actions. These systems should:
While internet access can be achieved through an Ethernet/LAN cable or a USB dongle (WiFi connectivity), a USB connector is required [5, 6]. Figure 1 shows an example of a formalised formalised formalised formal Model A (left) and Model B (right) Raspberry Pi boards Figure 2: The Raspberry Pi's essential components The Raspberry Pi, like any other computer, is powered by an operating system. Raspbian is a fantastic Linux alternative for Raspberry Pi since it is free and open-source, keeping the platform's price cheap and making it more hackable. There are a few non-Linux OS alternatives available as well [5]. The Raspberry Pi offers a wide range of applications, which is one of its best features. The remainder of the article will discuss what allows it, as well as the performance and limits of the Raspberry Pi. The performance of the Raspberry Pi will be compared against the following IoT prototype platforms (Fig. 3): Arduino is an open-source physical computing platform that is built on a basic microcontroller board and includes a programming environment for creating software for the board (Fig. 3 a). It can accept information from a number of sensors and operate lights, motors, and other actuators to influence its environment. The Arduino programming language and the Arduino Integrated Development Environment may be used to programme the microcontroller on the hardware board (IDE). Arduino has two operating modes: stand-alone and linked to a computer via USB cable [3]. BeagleBone Black Is a single-board computer based on low-power Texas Instruments processors and the ARM architecture.
B. Strength and Memory The suggested platforms' major objective is low power consumption in order to fulfil the multi-year application requirements. Only by combining low-power hardware components and low-duty-cycle operating approaches can ultra-low-power operation be accomplished.
As previously indicated, the Raspberry Pi requires up to 700mA to operate. The Raspberry Pi device may be powered by a variety of power sources (provided they can deliver adequate current 700mA), such as a computer USB port or powered USB hub (depending on power output), special wall warts with USB ports, mobile phone backup battery (depending on power output), cell phone solar charger, alkaline batteries (six rechargeable AA batteries and a voltage regulator). The Raspberry Pi's main power supply constraint is that no external device should use more than 100mA from any of its USB ports.
In terms of storage, the gadget should have enough memory to store the gathered data. In addition to storage capacity, programme memory should be sufficient to execute simple computations and send just the necessary data and routing information if the device is connected to a network. It is crucial to understand that the Raspberry Pi does not have a hard drive and that everything is saved on a Secure Digital (SD) Card. The minimum needed SD card capacity is 2 GB, however larger SD cards with capacities of 32 GB, 64 GB, or more are available but frequently prohibitively costly. This storage may be increased by employing devices that supply an extra hard drive through USB ports. These are referred to as USB Mass Storage (UMS) devices and can be traditional hard drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), or even tiny pocket-sized flash drives. Table II provides a comparative study of platform CPU, memory, and power.
C. Adaptability To be useful in a wide range of applications, the architecture must be adaptable and versatile. Furthermore, for economic considerations, it must make it simple to build precisely the correct mix of software and hardware components. As a result, these devices need an extraordinary level of hardware and software flexibility while being efficient [10]. The adaptability and universality of any gadget, on the other hand, are its strengths. One of the best things about the Raspberry Pi is its versatility; there is no one way to utilise it. It can, for example, be used for: broad purpose computing, capable of interfacing with other electronic boards and communicating with other computing devices using a range of various protocols such as Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) and Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C): o I2C – low-speed interface – Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) is a serial bus interface that can communicate with numerous devices using only two wires. It operates at relatively modest speeds. o Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) – Serial Peripheral Interaction Bus (SPI) is a synchronous full-duplex (two-way) serial connection. The Raspberry Pi Model B Rev 2 features an enhanced variety of connections in addition to the usual GPIO port [13]. P5 header has 8 pins (+3.3 V, +5 V, two ground pins, and four GPIO pins that can offer the second I2C protocol) and P6 header has two pins — their short-circuiting enables soft reset of BCM2835. Table III examines the expansion connections used by the Raspberry Pi and other platforms to connect to a broad range of external devices.
The Ethernet connector on the Raspberry Pi serves as the primary interface for communicating with other devices. It is auto-sensing, so it may be linked to a router or directly to another computer (without the use of a crossover connection) [5, 6]. Model B features a conventional RJ45 Ethernet connector, but model A lacks one but may be linked to a wired network using a USB Ethernet adapter. The USB Ethernet adapter offers two speeds: 10 Mb/s and 100 Mb/s (Table IV). When you attach a cable to the Raspberry Pi, it will immediately get the information it needs to connect to the Internet when it loads its operating system through the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). This gives the Raspberry Pi an Internet Protocol (IP) address and informs it which gateway to use to connect to the Internet (typically the IP address of router or modem). The Raspberry Pi's drawback is the absence of an inbuilt WiFi module, however, this functionality may be added via USB dongles. As a result, the Raspberry Pi may be used to create ad-hoc networks or to connect to a variety of wireless networks, including those that utilise the newest 802.11n high-speed standard [11]. Raspberry Pi can serve static webpages, but it can also produce dynamic content by utilising databases and web apps. It can also offer access to its GPIO ports via web technologies. In addition, Raspberry Pi may be used as a Sensor Web node by connecting it to a network and making it accessible to other computers.
Emerging user programming trends enable non-professional end-users to customise products to meet their unique demands. There are hundreds of products available now that allow end-user programming. Using affordable hardware and open-source software, it is feasible to programmatically manage numerous devices in such a manner that the own solution satisfies user demands. Furthermore, giving end-users with skills and the ability to mould goods to their requirements benefits both users and product creators. One of the prototype systems that allows end-user programming will be explored in this work. The Raspberry Pi computer board will be highlighted, including a comparison of its performance and limitations with current popular prototyping platforms [2]. The primary objective of this research is to identify and explain the benefits and drawbacks of the Raspberry Pi, as well as the capabilities of its use in the construction of the future generation of IoT. The remainder of this paper is arranged as follows. Section 2 contains an overview of the Raspberry Pi, its main components, and a detailed comparison with other existing IoT systems. The final section includes closing thoughts that summarise Raspberry Pi's merits and drawbacks as IoT hardware.
Smart items are key to the Internet of Things vision. These things, which are equipped with information and communication technology, can preserve their context, are networked together, can access Internet services, and communicate with one another and with humans [3]. Raspberry Pi is a tiny, powerful, inexpensive, hackable, and educational computer board that was released in 2012. (Fig. 1). It functions similarly to a normal PC, needing a keyboard for command entry, a display unit, and a power source. This credit card-sized computer with numerous capabilities and a price range of $25-35$ is an ideal platform for interacting with a variety of devices. The overwhelming bulk of the system's components, including its central and graphics processing units, audio and communications gear, and a 256 MB (Model A) – 512 MB (Model B) memory chip, are integrated into a single component. The Raspberry Pi board seen in Figures 1 and 2 comprises both necessary (CPU, the graphics chip, programme memory - RAM) and optional components (various interfaces and connectors for peripherals). The SD Flash memory acts as a hard drive for the Raspberry Pi CPU. The tiny Cortex-A8 core powers the device (Fig. 3 b). It is a tiny computer the size of a credit card that can run an operating system such as Linux/Android 4.0. The primary distinction between it and Arduino is that it can run a tiny operating system, thereby transforming it into a minicomputer capable of running applications on various operating systems. BeagleBone is intended to operate at a much higher level and has far greater computing capability than Arduino.
Phidgets are a collection of “plug and play” building pieces for bridging the physical and virtual worlds using low-cost USB sensing and control from a PC. Phidgets contain USB-based hardware boards for input (temperature, movement, light intensity, RFID tags, switches, and so on) and output actuators (servo motors, LED indicators, LCD text displays, and so on) (Fig. 3 d). Because of its design and API, programmers can discover, observe, and control all Phidgets linked to a single computer. All of the needed software components are packaged as an ActiveX COM Component. Each Phidget component necessitates the usage of a corresponding visual component, which provides a visual on-screen interface for interactive end-user control. The system includes a broad API library and may be used with a wide range of applications, including other toolkits in some situations. Using Phidgets, programmers may quickly create physical interfaces without requiring an extensive understanding of electrical design difficulties.
Udoo is a small PC with an integrated Arduino-compatible board that can run both Android and Linux. It is an extremely capable prototype board for software development and design. Udoo incorporates a microcomputer with the most popular communication interfaces (Ethernet, WiFi, USB, HDMI, SATA, digital and analogue input/output) as well as a microcontroller with a standard pinout for rapid prototyping applications. As a result, Udoo is open hardware, low-cost platform outfitted with an ARM i.MX6 Freescale CPU and an Arduino Due compatible portion based on the ATMEL SAM3X ARM processor. The creators of Udoo say that the board will have the processing power of four Raspberry Pis. Udoo's retail lineup consists of three versions, all of which share the majority of features and differ mainly in connection and the i.MX6 CPU utilised [9]: Udoo Quad, Udoo Dual, and Udoo Dual Basic.
Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, I am going to give you a detailed introduction to the C++ Programming language. In cross-platform programming languages, C++ is the most popular that can be used to work on low and high-level applications. Bjarne Stroustrup was the founder of C++. He modified C language to develop C++ language. Control over system resources and memory can be attained by using C++. In 2011, 2014, and 2017 it was modified to C++11, C++14, and C++17. C++ is a middle-level language. It is advantageous to both programming languages low-level (drivers, kernels) and higher-level applications (games, GUI, desktop apps etc.).
C++ is one of the world's most famous programming languages. It is used in today's OS, embedded systems and GUIs. It provides a clear structure to programs, permits codes to be reused and lowering development costs as its an object-oriented language. Since it is portable and can be used to create applications that can be used on multiple platforms. It is very easy to learn. As it is close to C# and Java, so switching to C++ or vice versa is very simple.
It is used in
Some interesting facts about C++ are listed below
Basic concepts like syntax, variables, loop type etc will be discussed here.
Here is the C++ basic program
#include <iostream.h> using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Hi this is C++"; }
There are built-in as well as user-defined data types in C++.
//Program to receive three integer numbers and display their sum #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int num1, num2, num3, Sum; //variables num1, num2, num3 and sum are declared as integers cout << "\n Enter Number 1: "; cin >> num1; cout << "\n Enter Number 2: "; cin >> num2; cout)<< “\n Enter Number 3: “; cin>>num3; Sum = num1 + num2 + num3; cout << "\n The sum of " << num1 << num2 “ and " << num3 << " is " << Sum; }
In C++, special words(called modifiers) are used to modify built-in data types. There are four main data type modifiers in C++, they are:
These modifiers are with built-in data types to make them more precise and for expanding their range.
Variables are divided into two main types,
Global variables are those which declared only a single time and used again and again. They are declared outside the main() function. If only declared then assigned different values at different times in program lifetime. But when they are declared and initialized at the same time then they can be assigned any value at any point in the program.
For example: Only declared, not initialized
include <iostream> using namespace std; int x; // Global variable declared int main() { y=10; // Initialized once cout <<"first value of y = "<< y; y=20; // Initialized again cout <<"Initialized again with value = "<< y; }
include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int j=10; if(j<20) // if condition scope starts { int m=100; // Local variable declared and initialized } // if condition scope ends cout << m; // Compile time error, m not available here }
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { float pi = 3.14, Radius, Height, CSA; cout << "\n Curved Surface Area of a cylinder"; cout << "\n Enter radius (in cm): "; cin >> Radius; cout << "\n Enter height (in cm): "; cin >> Height; CSA = (2*pi*Radius)*Height; system("cls"); cout << "\n radius: " << Radius <<"cm"; cout << "\n height: " << Height << "cm"; cout << "\n Curved Surface Area of a Cylinder is " << CSA <<" sq. cm."; }
There are three types of errors that occur in C++ programming
cout << “Hi welcome to C++”
It may be happened by the wrong use of variable or operator or order of execution etc. This means that the program is grammatically correct, but it contains some logical errors. So, “Logic Error” is also called Semantic error.
if (expression) true-block; statement-x;
if ( expression) { True-block; } else { False-block; }
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int Num, rem; cout<< "\n enter a number: "; cin>>Num; rem = Num % 2; if (rem==0) cout<< "\n The given number" <<Num<< " is Even"; else cout<< "\n The given number "<<Num<< " is Odd"; return 0; }
for (initialization(s); test expression; update expression(s)) { statement 1; statement 2; …………. }
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main () { int i,Sum=0; for(i=1; i<=5;i++) { sum=sum+i; } cout<<"The sum of 1 to 5 is "<<Sum; return 0; }
while ( test expression ) { body of the loop; }
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main () { int i=1,SUM=0; while(i<=6) { SUM=SUM+i; i++; } cout<<"The sum of 1 to 6 is "<<SUM; return 0; }
do { body of the loop; } while(condition);
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { Int n1, n2 , n3, Sum; cout << "\n Enter Mark 1: "; cin >> n1; cout << "\n Enter Mark 2: "; cin >> n2; cout << "\n Enter Mark 3: "; cin >> n3; Sum = n1 + n2 + n3; cout << "\n The sum = " << Sum; }
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int Radius; float Area; cout << "\n Enter Radius: "; cin >> Radius; Area = 3.14 * Radius * Radius; cout << "\n The area of circle = " << Area; }So, that was all for today. In the next tutorial, we are going to discuss the Data Types in C++ in detail. If you have any questions regarding this tutorial, ask in the comments. Thanks for reading !!!
In this article, we take a look at ten proven and practical ways to get more subscribers on YouTube. Want to buy cheap subscribers and become famous? Read on to find out how to make it happen.
One thing that most successful videos do? They ask their viewers to subscribe. You may notice that a lot of your content receives more likes, comments, and views than it does new subscribers. Mysterious? Not necessarily.
Keep in mind that about 5 billion YouTube views take place every day—enough to cover more than half the planet.
The people behind these views are often in channel surfer mode, moving from one video to the next without giving the process much thought. You can get their attention simply by asking them to subscribe at the end of your videos. If they liked your content, this might work!
End credit scenes have become a staple of the Marvel Universe, training the audience to sit through endless credits to get a few precious seconds of “secret” content. Your videos won’t have the benefit of a billion-dollar budget and a cast of Hollywood heartthrobs, but they can build anticipation in much the same way.
As you end your video, take a moment to tease what is coming next. This could mean sharing compelling views seconds or even declaring your intention to make new content. Just remember that presentation matters. Your tease needs to be clear enough to hook your audience.
Another great, though gradual, way to foster a list of subscribers is to interact with your audience. Respond to comments. Be funny, be civil, be present. Not only will a channel with communal aspects draw new subscribers in, but it will also keep your original roster of subscribers thriving.
About 500 hours of content is uploaded to YouTube every minute. You can make sure yours stands out by offering more than just “another video.” People may come for the cat video, but they will stay for the fellowship.
For many people, getting on to YouTube isn’t about watching just one video, but many. If your channel is a one-hit-wonder, featuring the occasional good upload but nothing that ties all of the videos together, you may struggle.
Think not just about individual uploads but about playlists, and you might do much better. For example, if you run a cooking channel, you might include a video about beating egg whites into stiff peaks. You might then follow that video on a playlist with another video that contains stiff egg whites in the recipe. Next might be a good dish or dessert.
Good playlists follow a logical pattern that keeps the audience watching.
Oddly, the majority of web viewers spend most of their time looking at the left-hand side of the screen. While there is no obvious explanation for why this is, it does serve as a helpful way for you to maximize the effectiveness of your channel layout.
As you arrange your videos on your YouTube homepage, think about ordering your content in such a way that the most compelling uploads are the easiest for potential viewers to spot. Unable to distinguish in such a way? No problem. Your existing audience already has. Make your most popular videos as viewer-facing as possible, and you’ll draw more people in.
Did you know that most people are on the internet in the mornings and afternoons? The pattern likely mimics (at least to an extent) the typical school and work hours, showing that people gravitate towards YouTube during their time off.
Whatever the reason, timing your uploads to make them sync up with when people are most likely to be at their screens will help your content reach a broader audience. To this end, YouTube analytics maybe your best friend. Averages are great, but analytic software can offer a much more precise idea of when people tend to view your content.
The Simpsons wouldn’t be going on its thirtieth season if no one ever knew what time it would be on. Can you imagine a television show airing on Tuesday night one week, Friday morning the next, followed by Saturday around noon? No one would ever know when to park themselves on the couch, and the show would fail.
The same can be said of YouTube. While streaming is obviously a little different than watching network television, the fact remains that if people don’t know when your content will be uploaded, they will probably stop paying attention eventually. Being consistent with your uploads makes it much easier for subscribers and potential subscribers alike to find your stuff.
If you’re like most content creators, you probably have not just a YouTube account but also memberships with all of the major social media platforms. It’s essential to use those other accounts to draw traffic to your videos.
Fire off a tweet every time a new video goes live. Interact with your fans, post regularly, and make yourself accessible. The more visible you are online, the more views, and eventually, subscribers, you will get.
YouTube, like all social media, thrives on tags and descriptions. The words you choose to accompany your uploads will have a considerable influence both on who finds your content and on what they think of it when it comes to their attention. Be mindful, be clever, be accurate in how you represent your uploads—tags matter.
Last but not least, buy some subscribers. While paying for your audience is somewhat taboo in the internet world, it’s actually a highly effective marketing technique that many content creators take advantage of.
Buying from responsible vendors is a safe and dependable way to maximize the value of your channel in the eyes of the YouTube algorithm.
Remember that YouTube prioritizes showcasing content that already has the appearance of being famous. By purchasing subscribers, you make sure your content gets seen by real potential subscribers.
You also just make your content more appealing to your potential audience.
If there are two similar channels out there, most people are going to choose the one that has the most subscribers. By purchasing some, you ensure that this will be you.
When you turn your passion, or your hobby, into a career, it can feel fantastic, but it can also feel like a time that is filled with self-doubt and worry. Worrying that you have the right skills and knowledge base to carry out projects and ensuring that you see projects through are probably two of your main concerns right now. When engineering is a hobby, you have no real-time limits or pressures to perform. You have your free time to fiddle and change bits of a new machine or piece of equipment you are working on. You also don’t have to worry about having the right skills or knowledge as nobody is judging you or even watching over you, so if you make a mistake, then you don’t need to worry, as who is there?
However, when you turn your passion into a career, you have a new set of worries and concerns. Of course, over time, these will disappear, but, to begin with, they can feel all-consuming. So, just how can you make the transition from hobby to career as easy as possible? Well, to begin with, you need to remember your passion at the heart of everything you do. Yes, your engineer feats will be judged, and, yes, you will have time pressures and deadlines to adhere to. However, if you maintain your passion through every project you undertake, you will make the transition from hobby to career success and relatively easy. Removing unnecessary pressure and stress will be beneficial to you, and it will ensure that you still remain passionate about every project you undertake.
Just like when you start a new project or test, there is a right way to go about things and an incorrect way to go. When you start out on the road to a career in engineering, it is crucial that you go the right way. The right way involves gaining more experience, and it also involves studying and getting qualified. Yes, you might have been working on projects and plans since you were little, but as good as being self-taught is, it is not always what future or potential employers want from you. When you commit to studying an engineering degree, you learn new ways to begin and undertake projects, and you also learn about industry standards.
If you do not commit to getting a formal education, then you may struggle to land and even secure a job in engineering, simply because there are industry standards that need following, and if testing, production or manufacturing, veers off from these industry standards, results could be different, and your employees or the ones who have commissioned your project could be left in a difficult position, especially if you have not followed the correct procedures and rules. Going about things the right way or in the correct manner may feel different for you, but if you commit to studying and you commit to learning in a structured environment, then you should have no trouble adapting your styles and ways of working.
When it comes to studying and getting suitably qualified, it is important to weigh up all of your options. You need to begin by looking at reputable and respected universities, and then you need to establish just what you would like to get qualified in and why? Choosing the right educational institute or university is crucial. You want to ensure that you are getting an education that is valued and also respected. A university with an outstanding reputation and one that provides flexible learning opportunities would be the best route for you to take. As where you study is just as important as what you study, it is of paramount importance that you take your time to choose the correct establishment for you and your requirements. Weighing up the pros and cons for a select number of universities will allow you to narrow down your list significantly.
Just as you have taken a methodical approach to choose a university, it is also crucial that you take a methodical approach in establishing what you want to study. So, what area of engineering are you looking to be part of when you finish studying? Do you want to be within the developing stage, or would you prefer to be in the operations department? For example, if you want to be in the operations department or area, then you will need to study a suitable degree, such as an operations management degree because this will provide you with all of the information, and knowledge you need to carry out the role successful. If you do not study for a degree that is related or even relatable to what you want to do, then you will struggle to land the job you want, and you will struggle to get the satisfaction out of any role you undertake.
Once you have decided which university you want to study at and you have decided which degree to pursue, you must now formulate a plan of action that will help you get the career you want. Without a plan of action, you may find it difficult to find a job with a company you want, and, as a result, you may have to settle for something less than you deserve. So, to begin with, your plan of action needs to have a timescale. If you are working on an infinite timescale, then you will find that you will never apply yourself as well as you can! So, aim for a 3-4 year timescale, and this way, you have ample time to complete your studies, and you have enough time to start seeking out opportunities.
As well as planning out your studies, you also need to have an action plan for gaining some experience. To gain suitable and relevant experience, you need to get some suitable and valuable work experience. When it comes to finding suitable work experience, it is worth looking both local, and further afield at engineering, and manufacturing businesses. Gaining work experience, even if it is irregular and just a few hours here and there will benefit you and will help you in the long term. Learning how engineering businesses operate and function is crucial so that you can understand how your future role fits into everything that happens, perhaps on a daily or weekly basis.
Engineering has shortages, and it has demand, and these are unfortunately widespread. As older engineers are retiring, there are not enough suitably qualified or experienced engineers to take over, and this then leads to huge gaps within the workforce. Skills shortages, and shortages within minority groups, such as female engineers, mean that engineers are always in high demand. Building up your experience and your knowledge is crucial because experienced engineers will command more interest, and in return, you will be well remunerated and compensated. As businesses and industries change how they work and how they operate, the demand for engineers will continue to grow.
It can be difficult to change your mindset and to change your way of thinking, especially if you have been used to doing things in a certain manner for a period of time. However, when you are approaching new opportunities and you are putting your skillset to use every day, you must ensure that your mindset matches that of the company or business you are working for. If your mindset is different, or if it is not in line with how your employers want to proceed in the future, then you can struggle to hold down a suitable position. A positive mindset, and a mindset that is highly adaptable, is one that you should look at adopting, and although this might be a bit of an alien concept to you right now, you will see just how important a collaborative and cohesive mindset is amongst employees, and employers, especially when undertaking new projects and assignments.
Of course, all engineers are different, and they are all individuals. However, they all share a lot of attributes and skills which make them good engineers. So, do you share any of these attributes?
Don’t panic if you do not have the time to change and tweak how you handle or approach situations, and you have time to adopt the correct mindset.
Now you have evaluated your skills and your attributes, and you have a strong and solid education behind you, it is time now to start seeking out opportunities. Finding new work placements and opportunities can be easy if you adopt the right mindset. When you are starting out and you are looking for new opportunities, you need to be open to working in different locations, and you even need to be open to working on short-term projects to build up experience. Finding opportunities online, approaching companies and businesses offline, and even signing up for job agencies will help you to get work that suits you. You may need to make compromises when you start out, and as you are building up your experience and connections, but if you persist, and if you remain open and flexible, then you should have no trouble in landing a position that suits you and that allows you to turn your passion and hobby into a career.
