The Engineering Projects

Simplest LM386 Audio Amplifier in Proteus

Hey Learners, welcome to another exciting tutorial about electronics. We are talking about an audio amplifier using LM386. This is a very simple IC that we are going to used for the amplification of the audio signals. We shall go through the core postulation about the topic and then work on the practical implementation of the experiment. Just have a look at the topics of discussion:

1. Introduction to LM386 Audio Amplifier.
2. Components of LM386 Audio amplifier.
3. LM3386 Audio Amplifier Working.
4. Simulation of the LM386 Audio Amplifier Circuit in Proteus.

In addition, you will find interesting information in the DID YOU KNOW sections.

Introduction to LM386 Audio Amplifier

Audio signals play important role in many devices. These signals are used to regulate the life of the community in many ways. These signals, when required, are amplified by some means to use them more effectively and efficiently. Many devices can do this task. Yet, at the present time, we are going to discuss LM386 Audio Amplifier. Let's have its definition:

• "The LM386 audio frequency Amplifiers are the types of low power audio amplifiers used commonly in small amplifier systems and can be run on even a 9V battery."

The input signals once pass through the LM386, are amplified and the user senses a loud sound as compare to the input signal. This type of amplification is really important in the circuits where a signal is required to show the completion of the task, requirement of the involvement of the user or an error in the circuits.

Components of the circuit of LM386 Audio Amplifier

In this article, we're using the very simple circuit of LM386 Audio Amplifier to show the easy but understanding hypothesis of the topic. This circuit consists of capacitors, audio signals, LM386 IC, power source and speaker, out of which, we have to discuss the LM386 IC, Audio signals and speaker.

LM386 IC

The LM386 is a versatile chip that can easily be used in many kinds of circuits. The IC  runs no low voltage, therefore it is a very common yet power operational amplifier that is used even in DIY guitar pre-amplifiers. If we look at the basic definition of LM386 then we find:

"The LM386 is an 8-pin Dual inline integrated circuit that can work on very low voltage and when connected with some simple components can be used as an operational amplifier in a large number of amplifying circuits."

The power intake and efficiency depends totally upon the models of the LM386. Basically, there are three models of aLM386 IC as mentioned below:

Number of Pin	Name of pin
1	Gain
2	Negative input
3	Positive Input
4	Ground
5	Gain
6	Bypass
7	Input power
8	Output of IC

Being an op-amp, the LM386 has a very basic task. The IC gets the power from its input terminals and using its circuitry, it amplifies the power output signal on the rate of tens, hundreds, thousands and so on. The total output purely depends upon the input and the model of LM386.

Speaker

The speakers are the devices that takes the audio signals and convert them into voice. This conversion is done by the special mechanism of speaker. In this experiment, the output will me hear with the help of this speaker.

Variable Resistor

As the name describes, the variable resistor is the special device that is capable of changing the value of resistance according to the requirement of the user. The + and - terminal of variable resistor are used to increase and decrease the resistance respectively. In this way, the input audio signals can be controlled.

Working of LM386 Audio Amplifier

1. The working of the LM386 Audio Amplifier starts with the audio signal generation of audio generator.
2. These signals passes through the capacitor that regulates these signals and then pass them to the LM386.
3. The IC inputs these signals, the pin 6 of the LM386 is connected with the DC Source hence it powers it up. The IC now amplify the audio signals.
4. From pin 5 of the IC, the amplified audio signals are generated. Meanwhile, the resistor and capacitor regulates the signal so that the user may sense these signals in the right sequence of waves.
5. Finally, the speaker takes these signals as input and convert it in the form of sound so that the user can hear it easily.

Procedure to simulate the LM386 in Proteus ISIS

By availing all the information given above, let's simulate the circuit in Proteus ISIS. Just apply the instructions given below:

Material Required

1. LM386 IC
2. Resistor
3. Capacitor
4. POT HG
5. Speaker
6. Ground Terminal
7. Audio device

• Start your Proteus ISIS.
• create a new Project.
• Click on P button.
• Choose 1st five components mentioned in the list given above.
• Arrange all the components on the working area by following the image given next:

• Go to Terminal Mode from the left side of your screen and choose ground. Now, set it just below the circuit.
• Go to Generator mode>choose audio and set it just on left side of arrangement.

• Double click the audio probe>brows>upload this file.
• [audio wav="https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/file_example_WAV_1MG.wav"][/audio]
• Change the values of the components as described in the following table :

Component	Value
C1	1nF
C2	100F
C3	1uF
C4	47nF
C5	47 nF
C6	220uF
R1	10 ohm
R2	10 ohm
DC Power Supply	9V

 

• Once all the values are changes, just go to virtual Instrument mode and select the oscilloscope above the components.
• At this time, join the components with the help of connecting wires.

•  Hit the Play button with your mouse and simulate the circuit.
• Change the values of the voltages of terminals and current through the nobs to get the visible wavelengths.

one can see clearly that the output signal(blue waves) are more amplifier and strong than the input signals (Yellow waves).

Conclusion of experiment

The LM386 is the IC that can be used to amplify the audio signals. The input frequency and thus the volume of the sound amplifies and we can hear the loud sound. One can change the intensity of sound by using the active variable resistor.

Pure Sine Wave Inverter using 555 Timer in Proteus.

Hi Mentees! Welcome to another electronic tutorial about the 555 Timers. We are working on Proteus and in the present experiment, we'll design the circuit of Pure Sine Wave Inverter. Inverters are the opposite devices to rectifiers. We'll show you the meaning of this sentence in action Yet, before experimentation, we have to learn some predominant concepts about the experiment. So, We'll go through the following topics:

1. Introduction to Pure Sine Wave Inverter.
2. Components used in the circuit of Pure Sine Wave Inverter.
3. Working of the circuit of sine wave inverter.
4. Circuit simulation of pure sine wave inverter in Proteus.

Introduction to Pure Sine Wave Inverter

In electronics, we examine the output of devices in the form of waves. Basically, there are four types of waves including sine wave, sawtooth wave, square wave and triangular wave. The title of the circuit we are discussing today consist of two main concepts:

1. Sine Wave
2. Inverter

Let's recall them one after the other.

• Sine Wave: The sine wave is a mathematical curve that is a smooth, s-shaped, periodic, continuous wave and is described as the graph of sin function indicated by Y=sin x.

The sine waves are used in Mathematics, physics, engineering, signal processing and other related waves. In Electronics, the sine wave indicates the AC.

• Inverter: Inverters are the electronic devices that are used to convert the DC into AC. We can say, Inverters are the opposite circuits of rectifiers. The purpose of this inverter is the same.

Hence, when we combine these concepts, we get the following definition of Pure Sine Wave Inverter:

• "The Pure Sine Wave Inverter is a circuit that takes the input in the form of DC and gives output as AC. It is used to run any type of instruments designed to run on smooth sine wave output."

We can make the circuit with the many methods, out of which two are:

1. Pure Sine Wave inverter through MOSFET.
2. Pure Sine Wave Inverter through 555 Timers IC.

The focus of this article is the 2nd type. So let's look at its circuit.

Circuit of Pure Sine Wave Inverter using 555 Timer

If you understand the working of its components, the circuit of the sine wave inverter is quite simple. It consists of some simple electronic components that every engineer uses many times. But out of them, 555 Timer and Transformer should be discussed here.

555 Timer

The 555 Timer is a great integrated circuit. It is used in thousands of circuits that have the requirement of pulses with uniform length. It is an 8 pin integrated circuit that may be used in three modes. In this tutorial, we'll use the 555 Timer in Astable Mode.

Transformer

A transformer is a passive electronic device that is used to transfer electrical energy from one source to another by the mean of electromagnetic induction. The main purpose of the transformer is to change the level of the input current (high or low) to the output current. The circuit of Pure Sine Wave Inverter is designed so, we provide the 12V DC as input and get the 240V AC as output. In addition to these, we will use Inductor, diode, capacitor, resistor and power source in our circuit.

Working of Pure Sine Wave Inverter using 555 Timers

• The working of the Pure Sine Wave Inverter starts when the 12 volts DC is applied to the components.
• These 12 volts enter the 555 Timer through pin 3 of the 555 timer that is in the Astable Mode. Due to this Mode, the 555 timer produces a single uniform pulse that is fed into the inductor.
• Every time, when a new pulse enters the inductor, it stores the energy in the form of an electromagnet. In the time t, when this energy is fully discharged through the inductor, its signs of induction change. After that, a new pulse enters the inductor and this process goes on. This energy passes through the resistor and finally fed into the transformer.
• In our case, the transformer is stepped high and it gives us the output of 240V AC. One can check this using AC Voltmeter.
• The diode connected to pin 7 of 555 Timer passes the current in only one direction (because it is a diode) and sends this pulse to the transformer by the mean of a capacitor for a steady pulse.

Simulation of Pure Sine Wave Inverter in Proteus

Using all the concepts discussed above, let's get started with the simulation of the circuit by following the simple steps.

Required Devices

1. 555 Timer
2. Vsource (DC power source)
3. Diode
4. Capacitor
5. Inductor
6. Transformer
7. Resistor
8. Connecting Wires
9. Ground Terminal

Circuit Simulation of Pure Sine Wave Inverter

• Excite your Proteus simulator.
• Start a new Project
• Tap to the "P" button of the screen and choose 1st seven devices one after the other from the list of required devices.
• Arrange all the devices on the screen by following the image given below:

• Left click on the screen>Go to Place> Terminal>Ground and set it just below the circuit.
• Change the Values of the devices according to the table given next:

  Components	Values
  R1	1KR
  R2	1KR
  R3	0.02KR
  C1	1nF
  C2	100nF
  C3	100uF
  Inductor	1mH
  Transformer	Primary= 1H, Secondary= 2000H

• Go to Instruments>Oscilloscope and set it at the output side.
• Connect terminal A with
• Now connect all the components carefully with the connecting wires.
• Click on the Play button just at the lower-left corner of the screen and start the simulation.

• You will find the Sine Wave Inversion on the output screen of the Oscilloscope.

Truss, in the present article, we saw the introduction of Pure Sine Wave Inverter, Look at its devices and components, saw the working of the whole circuit and learned to design the circuit in the Proteus practically. We hope you learned well.

Buck Converter using MOSFET Gate Driver in Proteus

Hey Geeks! Welcome to The Engineering Projects. We hope you are doing great. MOSFET is a predominant component widely used in electronics due to its performance. We are working on the Projects of MOSFET and today's experiment is really interesting. We are working on the MOSFET Gate Driver and we will work on the following concepts:

1. Introduction to MOSFET Gate Driver.
2. Circuit of MOSFET Gate Driver.
3. Working of MOSFET Gate Driver.
4. Simulation of MOSFET Gate Driver in Proteus.
5. Applications of MOSFET Gate Driver.

You will find important information about the topic in DID YOU KNOW sections.

Introduction to MOSFET Gate Driver

We all know MOSFET is a type of transistor and is used in a wide range of circuits. It has many interesting features and the characteristics of MOSFET are at the fingertips of electrical and electronic engineers. The circuit of the MOSFET Gate Driver may be new for many students so let's have a look at its definition:

"The MOSFET Gate Driver is a type of DC to DC power amplifier that in the form of on-chip as well as discrete module in which we use MOSFET as the gate driver IC, the low power is taken as input from MOSFET and high power is obtained its gate terminal and vice versa according to need." 

DID YOU KNOW?

The name of the MOSFET Gate Driver is due to its characteristic to have the high current drive gate input of a Transistor. We use the MOSFET because it is a gate driver IC.

MOSFET is used in this circuit because it is commonly used in switching devices where the frequency ranges from hundred of KHz to thousands of KHz. It is mostly used in appliances where we need DC to DC amplification. It is used in computers to low their temperature during their performance. The MOSFET Gate driver is used to change the value of DC according to the circuit of the appliances. There are three types of drivers:

1. High side drivers.
2. Low side Driver.
3. Isolated Drivers.

 

Circuit of MOSFET Gate driver

When we look at the circuit of the MOSFET Gate drive, we found there are some basic as well as some special components in the circuit. In addition to MOSFET, the circuit consists of resistor, capacitor, inductor and IR2101. Let's look at their functions:

MOSFET

• Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors have a thin layer of silicon oxide between Gate and channel. It four terminals:  Gate, Drain, Source.

IR2101

It is IC that works very great with MOSFET. We use it in the MOSFET Gate driver to insert the voltage in the Gate terminal of the MOSFET in the form of pulses. We define the IR2101 as:

"It is  seven pins, high power, high voltage, MOSFET and IGBT driver that has independent high and low channel references."

The detail of the pins is given as:

1. Vcc: This Pin is for Low side and logic fixed supply voltage.
2. Vs: It is for High side floating supply offset voltage.
3. Hin: High side gate driver output is taken by this pin.
4. HO: We get High side gate drive output through this pin.
5. Lin: Low side gate driver output is taken by this pin.
6. LO: Low side gate drive output is obtained through it.
7. COM: we get Low side return from this pin.

Other components are very common to discuss.

Working of MOSFET Gate Driver

The working of the MOSFET Gate Driver start when the power is generated from power terminals.

1.  The IR2101 starts with the power terminal, the input pulse generators convert this power into the special length as set by the user.
2. These pulses Enter at the gate terminals of MOSFETs.
3. Both of these MOSFETs do not turn on at the same time. They work in a loop so that if the high side MOSFET is turned on then the other is off and vice versa.
4. The MOSFET M1 on the upper side of the circuit is considered at the High side of the driver and the MOSFET M2, on the lower side of the circuit is at the Low side driver.
5. After some time, when the voltage becomes greater than the threshold voltage of MOSFETs, they start working.
6. The terminals of  MOSFETs are connected with the capacitor.
7. The aim of this circuit is to charge the capacitors. Hence when the MOSFET starts working, the charging of the capacitor takes place.
8. The pulses reach both the MOSFET at a very specific time due to IR2101.
9. Once the capacitor C2 is fully charged, it starts the discharging power and this discharging power from the inductor as well and at last, it goes to the ground terminal.
10. In this case, the polarity of the inductor changes and in this way, the energy stored in the capacitor is discharged.
11. Hence at the end, when we check on the oscilloscope, we get the changed output pulse from the input.

Simulation of MOSFET Gate Driver in Proteus ISIS

Material Required for MOSFET Gate Driver

1. MOSFET
2. IR2101
3. Resistor
4. Capacitor
5. Inductor
6. Ground Terminal
7. Power Terminal
8. Pulse Generator

Using all the concepts given above, we'll simulate the circuit in Proteus for a crystal clear concept. Just follow the steps given next:

• Start your Proteus Software.
• Make a new Project.
• Click at "P" button to choose the first five components for the experiment one after the other.
• Arrange all the components in the working area according to the arrangement given next:

• Go to Terminal Mode> Ground and add ground terminal with the required components of the circuit.
• Repeat the above step with the power Terminal.

DID YOU KNOW?

The efficiency of MOSFET Gate driver is more than 90% in many cases.

• Go to Instrument Mode and take the Oscilloscope from there. Now, arrange it just below the circuit.
• Connect all the components with the help of connecting wires by carefully following the image given next:

• Double-tap the components one by one and change the default values according to the table given next:

  Components	Values
  R1	10R
  R2	10R
  R3	60R
  L1	500u
  C1	4.7u
  C2	60u
  Pulse 1	Pulse (High) voltage =5v, frequency 1k, Pulse Width 50%
  Pulse 2	Pulse (High) voltage =5v, frequency 1k, Pulse Width 50%

• Tap the play button at the lower-left corner of the screen to simulate the graph.
• Set the values of voltage and current through the nob to see a clear output.

Applications of MOSFET Gate Driver

1. MOSFET Gate driver is used in DC to DC converter.
2. It is used in the conversion of high voltage to low voltage.
3. It is mainly used to reduce heat in many circuits.
4. Due to its functions, it is useful in extending battery life.

So, in the present article, we saw what is MOSFET Gate driver. What important components are used in it, how does its circuit works and how can we simulate its circuit in Proteus. Moreover, we also read some of its applications. We hope you learned well from this article.

Solar Panel Library for Proteus V2.0

Hello friends, I hope you all are well. Today, we are going to share the second version of the Solar Panel Library for Proteus. You should also have a look at the first version of the Solar Panel Library, which we have posted around 2 years back and we were receiving suggestions to reduce its size as there's less space left for other components. That's why we have designed this new Solar Panel Library and have reduced the size of the solar panel. We have also added a new black solar panel component to it. So, this library contains 2 solar Panel modules in it. First, let's have a look at a brief introduction to Solar Panel and then will download the Proteus Library zip file.

What is Solar Panel?

• Solar Panels are designed using solar cells composed of semiconductor materials(i.e. silicon, phosphorous etc.) and convert solar energy into electrical energy.
• Solar Panels are used to generate renewable energy and are considered as one of the major sources.
• Real Solar Panel modules are shown in the below figure:

Solar Panel Library for Proteus V2.0

• First, we need to download the zip file of Proteus Library by clicking the below button:

Download Proteus Library zip file

• In this zip file, you need to open the folder named Proteus Library Files.
• In this folder, you will find 2 Proteus Library files named:
  • SolarPanel2TEP.IDX
  • SolarPanel2TEP.LIB
• Copy-paste these files in the Library folder of Proteus software.

Note:

• If you are unable to add Library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then you should have a look at How to add new Library in Proteus 8.

• After adding the files in Proteus software, open it and if you are already working on it, then you need to restart it.
• In the components section, make a search for solar panel and you will get results as shown in the below figure:

• In the above figure, the first result is from version 1.0, and the remaining two are added by this new solar library.
• Let's place these sensors in the Proteus workspace, as shown in the below figure:

• This Solar Library has thee two solar panels in it, one is blue and the second one is black.
• Both are of 12V but their voltage level can be changed from the Properties panel.
• In order to open the Properties panel, double click on the solar panel and you can change the value of Voltage here, as shown in the below figure:

• Click Ok to close the properties panel.

Now let's design a simple Proteus simulation of Solar Panel in Proteus:

Proteus Simulation of Solar Panel

• I have changed the voltage level of black solar from the properties panel & simply placed a voltmeter in front of these solar panels, as shown in the below figure:

• Now let's run the Proteus simulation of solar panel:

• As you can see in the above figure, the output of black solar is around 16V, while blue solar is giving 12V.
• That's how you can test it for variable voltage i.e. day time, night time etc.

So, that was all for today. I hope this library will help you guys in your engineering projects. If you have any issues/queries, use the below comment form. Thanks for reading. Have a good day. :)

CR2032 Lithium Coin Library for Proteus

Hello friends, I hope you all are well. In today's tutorial, I am going to share a new CR2032 Lithium Coin Library for Proteus. This small cell is extensively used in electronics whereabouts because of its small size. CR2032 is not present in the Proteus components' database and we are quite pleased that we are sharing it for the first time. This library contains 3 types of these small cells, one is the cell itself, while the other two models are cells with leads. Before downloading the Proteus Library zip file, let's first have a brief overview of CR2032:

What is CR2032???

• CR2032(also called Lithium Coin) is a small round Lithium Manganese Dioxide battery, normally provides 3V.
• As CR2032 is very small in size, thus used in small electronics devices & whereabouts i.e. watches, bracelets, calculators, hand-held video games etc.
• CR2032 is a small cell, so a black or yellow casing is used to operate it.
• Here are few images of real CR2032 with casing:

CR2032 Library for Proteus

• First of all, download the zip file of Proteus library for CR2032, by clicking the below button:

Download Proteus Library Files

• Open the zip file of Proteus Library and extract the files.
• Open the folder named Proteus Library Files and you will find 2 files in it, named:
  • CR2032LibraryTEP.IDX
  • CR2032LibraryTEP.LIB
• Copy these files and paste them into the Library folder of Proteus software.

Note:

• If you are unable to add Library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then you should have a look at How to add new Library in Proteus 8.

• Now, open Proteus ISIS and in the components section, search for CR2032 and you will get results, as shown in the below figure:

• Let's place these three components in the Proteus workspace, as shown in the below figure:

• As you can see in the above figure, the first one is the cell CR2032 itself, and in the second and third, we have tried to create a Cell with leads & casing.

Now, let's simulate them in proteus to have a look at their output:

CR2032 Proteus Simulation

• Here's the Proteus simulation of CR2032, where I have simply placed a voltmeter in front of these coins, as shown in the below figure:

• Now simply run the Proteus simulation, and you will get results as shown below:

• They all are providing 3V as shown on the voltmeters but you can change the voltage level from their properties panel.

So, that was all for today. I hope this Lithium coin will help you in your proteus simulations. Thanks for reading. Take care. Bye !!!

Proteus Library of Single Cell Battery

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing well. In today's tutorial, I am going to share a new Proteus Library of Single Cell Battery. These single-cell batteries are not present in Proteus, so we have designed them, I hope you guys will find them helpful. This Proteus library has 5 Single Cell Batteries in it, we have designed the most common ones. Four of these batteries provide 3.7V, while one provides 12V. First, let's have a look at

What is a Single Cell Battery???

• Single Cell Batteries are available in different voltage ranges and normally provide 3.7 volts.
• Single Cell Battery is used in small electronic projects i.e. toys, clocks, alarms, calculators etc.
• Few Single Cell Batteries are shown in the below figure, which we have simulated in Proteus:

Proteus Library of Single Cell Battery

• First of all, click on the below button to download the Proteus Library zip file of Single Cell Battery:

Download Proteus Library Files

• Extract the files of this zip file and open the folder named Proteus Library Files.
• In this folder, you will find three library files, named:
  • SingleCellBatteryTEP.IDX
  • SingleCellBatteryTEP.LIB
  • SingleCellBatteryTEP.HEX
• We need to place these files in the Library folder of our Proteus software.

Note:

• If you are having problems with adding a library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then you should read How to add new Library in Proteus 8 Professional.

• After adding the Library files, restart your Proteus ISIS software.
• In the components section, make a search for "Single Cell" and you will find these results:

• Let's place these Single Cells in our Proteus workspace, and they will look something like this:

• These Single Cells will provide 3.7V, but you can change the voltage level from its Properties panel.
• So, double click on any of these batteries & the properties panel will open up, as shown in the below figure:

Single Cell Battery Proteus Simulation

• Now, let's design a simple Proteus simulation.
• I have just placed a voltmeter in front of three of these sensors, as shown in the below figure:

• Now, run the simulation and you will get results as shown in the below figure:

• The center one is of 12V, while all others are of 3.7V.
• You can use these batteries to power up your electronic circuits.

So, that was all for today. If you have any questions/suggestions, please use the below comment form. Thanks for reading. Have a good day. Bye !!! :)

Lipo Battery Library for Proteus

Hello everyone, I hope you all are fine. In today's tutorial, we are going to share a new Lipo Battery Library for Proteus. Proteus has a 12V battery module in it but they are quite simple in looks, so we have simply designed a stylish looking lipo battery, I hope you will find it useful for a better project presentation. This Proteus Library has two Lipo Batteries in it, one is of 3.7V and the second one is of 11.1V, these are normally available Lipo models in the market. Although, you can change the voltage level of these batteries from their properties panel. Let's first have a look at the brief introduction of Lipo Baterry:

What is Lipo Battery???

• Lipo is an abbreviation of lithium polymer battery, designed using lithium-ion technology and uses polymer electrodes.
• Lipo Battery provides high power in a small package and thus used in autonomous project i.e. quadcopter, robotic vehicles etc.

Lipo Battery Library for Proteus

• First of all, we need to download the Proteus Library zip file of the Lipo battery, by clicking the below button:

Lipo Battery Library for Proteus

• In this zip file, you will find a folder named Proteus Library Files.
• In this folder, we have two files:
  • LipoBatteryTEP.LIB
  • LipoBatteryTEP.IDX
• Place these two files in the library folder of your Proteus software

Note:

• If you are facing problems with adding a library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then have a look at How to add a new Library in Proteus 8 Professional.

• After adding these Library files, open your Proteus software or restart it, if it's already open.
• In the components section, make a search for Lipo Battery and you will get results, as shown in the below figure:

• As you can see, now we have two Lipo batteries in the components database, so let's place them in the Proteus workspace.

• If everything's fine, then you will get results as shown in the below figure:

• As you can see in the above figure, we have two Lipo Batteries:
  • One is operating at 11.1V.
  • Second one is operating at 3.7V
• We can change the voltage level from the properties panel, so double click on the Lipo battery to open its properties, as shown in the below figure:

• As you can see in the above figure, we have 11.1V written in the Voltage text box, so here you can change the voltage level of these batteries.

• Now, let's design a simple simulation to understand how it works:

• So, I have simply attached a voltmeter with both of these lipo batteries, as shown in the above figure.
• Now, let's run our simulation and if everything's fine, you will get results as shown in the below figure:

• If you are working on a 12V project, then simply change the voltage level from the properties panel and use it in your project.

So, that was all for today. I hope you have enjoyed today's tutorial. If you have any questions, please ask in comments and we will help you out. Thanks for reading.. Take care. Bye !!! :)

Traffic Light Simulation with D Flip Flop in Proteus

Hi Mentees! we hope you are doing great. Welcome to a super easy yet useful project based upon the simulation in Proteus. We are working on the Traffic Lights project that will work with the help of D Flip Flop. In this simple tutorial, you will be aware of the following concepts:

1. What are the Traffic Lights using D Flip Flop?
2. What is the role of D Flip Flop?
3. How does the circuit of D Flip Flop work in the Traffic Lights?
4. How can you simulate the circuit of Traffic Lights with D Flip Flop in Proteus?

In addition, you will find some important information about the Traffic Lights circuit in the DID YOU KNOW Sections. Let's start learning.

Traffic Lights with D Flip Flop

Who is not aware of the traffic lights? we all observe and use the Traffic lights on the road every day. But for the sake of the concepts, let's see the traffic lights technically.

"The Traffic Lights are the signaling devices that has an electronic circuit designed to control the flow of traffic at the roads by a specialized pattern of lights."

These traffic lights are positioned at road intersections ad pedestrian crossing and other positions where the traffic flow has to maintain. The Traffic Lights depends on an array of three lights with different colors that are connected electrically The whole system is packed into a metallic structure. The LEDs turn on and off with a special pattern that depends upon the circuit. Before moving forward, refresh the concepts of Traffic Light with the logical point of view. There are three lights in the Traffic Light Signals. These are:

1. Red
2. Amber
3. Green

The red light stays last for some moments. The circuit is designed so, we get the output from the Amber color light that coordinates with the red and green light and lasts for some time. In the end, we get only Green light. All these lights are formed as a result of the sequential logic of D Flip Flop and at the end, the output of two D Flip Flops are inserted into AND Gate. The output of the Green light depends upon the AND Gate and we found the light of green LED only when the output of both the D Flip Flops are HIGH.

Role of D Flip Flop in Traffic Lights

Have you ever thought about how does the traffic light blink at a specific time? We all follow the Traffic lights but today we'll learn that what does traffic light follows. The D Flip Flops are the logical circuits and we define the D Flip Flop as:

"The D Flip Flops a dual input is Flip Flop circuit that is designed to have the input at its D Terminal, regulates the signal with the clock edge pulses and shows the output at its two output terminals."

In the Traffic Lights, we use two D Flip Flops that are responsible for the switching of the lights in on or off conditions. The D Flip Flop is the combination of the S and R Flip Flops with an inverter with one terminal. but for  simplicity, we'll use the Integrated Circuit of D Flip Flop. Hence our circuit has only four components and we get a clean, easy and useful circuit that works automatically. The input Terminals are called CLK and D terminals whereas output terminals are denoted by Q and Q'.  The Truth Table for the D Flip Flop is given next:

Inputs		Output
CLK	D	Q	Q’
0	X	No Change
1	0	0	1
1	1	1	0

The X is called the don't care condition which means in this situation, the value of D does not matters. You can learn more about D Flip Flop in https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2021/01/d-type-flip-flop-circuit-diagrams-in-proteus.html section. The output of the D Flip Flop is connected with each LED in the Traffic lights and hence we observe the on/off situations of Traffic Lights.

Working of Traffic Lights circuit with D Flip Flop

The working of the Traffic Light starts with the change in the pulse of the clock.

1. The Q' output of the D Flip Flop 2 gives the power to the Red Light of the Traffic Light.
2. When the clock is low, there is no change in the Q' terminal of the 1st Flip Flop then the Amber light is off.
3. With the clock pulses, the Amber light of the Traffic Light turns on.
4. When the clock is high, we get the output inverse of the D Flip Flop.
5. The output Q of the D Flip Flop1 and the Q' of the D Flip Flop 2 is fed into AND Gate.
6. We know the AND Gate is HIGH only when both of its terminals are HIGH.
7.  This output of the AND Gate is connected with the Green Light of the Traffic Light.

Circuit Simulation of Traffic Lights in Proteus ISIS

For the simulation of Traffic Light in Proteus, simply follow the easy steps coming next.

Devices required for the Traffic Lights

1. D Flip Flop - DTFF
2. Traffic Lights
3. AND Gate
4. Clock pulses - DClock
5. Connecting wires

• Power up your Proteus software.
• Click the "P" button.

• Write the names of 1st three devices given above one by one and choose them.
• Get D Flip Flop twice, And Gate and Traffic Lights from the pick library and arrange them on the working area.
• Go to Generation mode(from the sidebar) >DClock and set it just on left side of the 1st D Flip Flop.

• Connect all the components with the help of connecting wires.
• Connect the Traffic Light's red light with the output of 1st D Flip Flop, the amber light with the D Flip Flop 2 and the green light with the output of AND Gate.

• Pop the play button.

Does your Traffic Lights are working well? great! if not, then check the connection again. if you face any problem then share with us. Consequently, today we learned about the logic behind the Traffic Lights. We learned that with the help of D Flip Flop, one can easily design a circuit just using four simple devices. We saw the working of the sequential on/off condition of the Traffic Lights. Stay with us for more interesting circuits.

H-Bridge Circuit with 2N2222 Transistor in Proteus

Hey Learners! Welcome to The Engineering Projects. We hope you are doing great. Our team is working on transistors and today, we'll design a circuit for using the 2N2222 Transistor. In this chapter you will learn:

1. What is H Bridge with 2N2222 Transistor?
2. How do the 2N2222 Transistor works?
3. What is the working of H Bridge?
4. How can we run the circuit of  H Bridge in Proteus using 2N2222 Transistor?

By the same token, you will also learn important information about the topic in DID YOU KNOW Sections.

Introduction to H-Bridge

In electronic circuits, the direction of quantities like the flow of current, EMF, Electric field lines matter a lot. The H Bridge is used to control such motors through its specialized circuitry. The H Bridge is defined as:

"The H Bridge is an elementary circuit that ends the Motors to rotate in forward or backward direction according to the will of the user."

In this way, there is no need for the two motors in many cases. Only one motor can be used to accomplish the task instead of two.

DID YOU KNOW???

The most common, easy and interesting application of the H Bridge is in the robotics. The H Bridge is used to run the motors of the robots that are required to move the robot in the forward and backward direction.

The circuit of the 2N2222 H Bridge allows the current from the Direct Current source to flow from the required direction only and hinders the flow from the other direction.

Why we need the H Bridge

The direction of the moving of a motor paly a vital role in the output of that motor. The reason behind this is, most electric motors operate due to torque produced as the combined effect of magnetic field and electric current through a wire winding. Hence, We always need some means through which we can control the direction of the Motor to get the output that is suitable for our present requirement.

Performance of 2N2222 Transistor in H Bridge

The 2N2222 Transistor works as a backbone in the circuit of the H Bridge. We use four 2N2222 Transistors in the circuit and they work as a couple. The diagonal Transistors work together as a couple and allow the flow of current through them. By the same token, the non-diagonal 2N2222 Transistors work as a couple. Let's have a look at what is 2N2222 Transistor:

"The 2N2222 Transistor is a type of Bipolar Junction Transistors or BJTs that is designed to be used in the low power amplifying or switching applications."

DID YO KNOW???

Motorola made many semiconductor companies and the 2N2222 is  part of a huge family of Devices and Transistors that were discussed in IRE Conventions in Motorola company.

Being a BJT Transistor, the 2N2222 allows the flow of current in only one direction. Thus, it is responsible for the rotation of the Motor as per requirement of the user. The 2N2222 transistor (just as other JTs) has three pins. These pins are called Emitter, Base and Collector. The arrow symbol just at the transistor symbolizes the Emitter. Being an NPN Transistor, the collector and emitter terminals of 2N2222 Transistor in H Bridge act reverse biased or are said to be left open when the base pin is held to the ground or when there is no current flow from the base. On the other hand, when the base gets the flow of current from the battery or other components of the circuit in the H Bridge, the circuit is said to be forward-biased. The gain of the 2N2222 Transistor in the H Bridge ranges from 110 to 800. The value of gain is responsible for the determination of the 2N2222 Transistor's amplification capacity in the H Bridge.

Working of H Bridge Circuit

When we look at the circuit of H Bridge we get the following points:

1. The Direct Current from the battery originates from the positive terminal of the battery (considering the conventional current) and passes through the switch.

1. The switch allows the current to pass through the pair of the 2N2222 Transistor that is to be used.
2. The resistors just before the Transistors perform the regulation of the current through the transistors.
3. In our case, the H Bridge works according to the table given below:

Switch	Flow of Current	Direction of Motor
Connected to A	From T4 to Motor then Motor to T1	Anti-Clockwise
Connected to B	From T2 to Motor then Motor to T3	ClockWise

Let's have a look at the working of the H Bridge in action in Proteus ISIS.

Circuit of H Bridge in Proteus ISIS

We are going to design the circuit of the H Bridge in the Proteus ISIS. But before this, let's have a look at the required devices for the circuit.

Required Devices for H Bridge

1. 2N2222 Transistor
2. Resistor
3. Motor
4. Cell
5. Switch
6. Connecting Wires

Now,  just follow these simple steps:

• Start your Proteus Software.
• Click at the "P" button and choose the required devices except for connecting wires one by one.
• Arrange for 2N2222 Transistors, four Resistors, motor, switch and cell on the working area.
• Change the orientation of two of these Transistors before setting on the screen by clicking the arrow sign given just above the "P" button.
• Left Click the motor>Rotate clock-wise to change the direction of the motor according to the image given next:

• Change the value of Cell and Motor to 6v by double taping them one after the other.

• Connect all the components according to the circuit given next:

• Double click at all the resistors and transistors one after the other and label them to identify them as different devices.
• Pop the simulation button.
• Change the orientation of switch and check the output.

Task

Change the value of the transistors around the motor and observe the rotation speed of the motor.  

Truss today we saw, what is H Bridge, what is the role of 2N2222 Transistor in the circuit of H Bridge, How does the circuit of H Bridge works and we implemented the H Bridge circuit using 2N2222 Transistor in Proteus ISIS. Stay with us with more tutorials.

12V to 220V Step Up Inverter using transformer in Proteus

Hey learners! Welcome to another exciting electrical experiment in Proteus. At the present day, we'll perform the inversion of voltage. For this purpose, we will use the implementation of Transformer as Step-up Transformer. Prior to start, let's have the basic information about the 12V to 220V Step up inverter using Transformer in Proteus. In this tutorial, we'll learn:

1. What is a 12V to 220V inverter?
2. What is the function of the transformer in the 12V to 220V inverter?
3. How can we implement the Step up inverter using a Transformer in Proteus?
4. What are some applications of the 12V to 220V inverter?

Moreover, there will be some useful pieces of information in DID YOU KNOW sections.;

12V to 220V inverter

In electronic appliances, the circuitry is designed so, that the appliance can work in a specific range of Voltage, Frequency and power etc. If these quantities are not supplied using these parameters, then the Appliance does not work ideally. For example, if the given voltage to a bulb is less than its voltage range it may be lightened dim. or if the voltage is given more than the range of the bulb, the circuitry of the bulb may be damaged or even it may burst. In such a case, the invertors are used that inverts the voltage (or other electrical quantities according to type) into the suitable range is used. Therefore, the 12V to 220V inverter can be defined as:

"An invertor is the electrical circuit that converts the 12V Direct current into 220V Alternating current and alters supplied voltage range into required range."

By using the 12V to 220V inverter the electrical or electronic circuits, we can use the electrical circuits that work on the 220V even when the supply from the source is 12V.

DID YOU KNOW??????????????

"The Inverters play a life saving role in the appliances that have a sensitive circuit to voltage and current. Even the High voltage more than the range of the device can burn the circuit so badly that it may require to change the whole circuitry or the motherboard of the device."

 

Working of 12V to 220V invertor

in the process of 12V to 220V inversion, three major process takes place:

1. Supply
2. Conversion
3. Transformation

We use simple circuitry to perform each task. Based upon the functionality, we use three devices in the circuit of 12V to 220V inverter. These are:

1. Battery
2. Transistor
3. Transformer

Role of Battery in 12V to 220V Transformer

It is obvious that every circuit requires some sort of energy to perform the required function. In 12V to 220V Inverter, we use a 12V battery that will be supplied to whole components. The 12V battery performs the "Supply" process in the 12V to 220V Inverter.

Role of Transistor in 12V to 220V Inverter

The process of conversion of direct current into alternating current requires a mechanism that allows just the positive side of the sinusoidal wave of the Alternating current to pass through it and hence one can get only one side of the output wave of current. In the case of low and medium applications, power Transistors are used. The reason behind this logic is, the Transistors:

• are Less in cost.
• have low output Impedance.
• Allow most of the power to pass through it.

We know that the Transistor work as a switch. the two type regions of the characteristic graph of the Transistor are used in this experiment. Saturation region: In this region the transistor is biased. The collector-Emitter and the Collector-base junctions are forward biased. The collector has the minimum voltage and the collector current is maximum. Cut-off Region: In this region, the Transistor does not allow the current to pass through it.

Role of Transformer in 12V to 220V Inverter

The Transformer is the mechanical device used o transform the voltages from its input to its output. It has two sides that have coils around them. In our experiment, we use the Step-up Transformer that is introduced as:

"The type of Transformer that is used to convert the low voltage and high current supplied to its input to the high voltage and low current at its output is called the step up Transformer."

Hence the voltage from the Transistor that is rectified and has the direction only on one side is fed at its input. The Transformer transforms the low voltage into the high voltage. In this way, we get a high voltage. The ability of the transform to amplify the voltage depends upon the number of turns of the coil on its terminals.

DID YOU KNOW???

"If you get a transformer that have the same mechanical structure but it has the numbers of turns in primary coil grater than the secondary coil then it is called the step down Transformer. "

Implementation of 12V to 220V inverter using Transformer

At the present moment, we'll use all our concepts given above to design the circuit for the 12V to 220V Inverter. Just follow the simple steps given next.

• Power up your Proteus circuit.
• Choose the material given below.

Material Required

1. 3WATT68R (This resistor works at the 68R resistance automatically.)
2. Battery
3. Lamp
4. MJ-2925
5. Trans-2P3S (Step-up Transformer)

• Click at the components one after the other and arrange the components one after the other at the working area.
• Left-click at the Battery and choose "Rotate 180 degree".
• The screen should look like this:

• Change the values of some of the components by following the table given next:

Devices	Values
Battery	12V
Bulb	240V
Bulb Resistance	100k
Transformer Primary Inductance	100H
Transformer Total Secondary Inductance	1.1H

 

• Connect the elements with the help of the diagram given below:

• Simulate the circuit by clicking at "Play" button given on the lower-left corner of the screen.

You will observe that the bulb is light although it is set as a 220V device and the supplied voltage is just 12V.

Applications of 12V to 220V Inverter using Transformer

1. To charge the small batteries of vehicles such as cars.
2. Low power Alternating Current Motors.
3. Solar Power system.
4. Uninterrupted Power Supplies (UPS).
5. Reaction power controllers.
6. Adapted power Filters.

Adjustable speed Alternating Current Motor Drivers. Consequently, we saw about an electrical circuit today that converts the 12V from its input to 220V at its output using the Transformer. This experiment has many interesting applications. Stay with us for more experiments.