MCP472512-bit I²C DAC with EEPROM

MCP4725 is a single-channel 12-bit digital-to-analog converter with a buffered voltage output and nonvolatile EEPROM. A controller sends a code over I²C, and the IC produces the corresponding analog level. It uses its supply voltage as the DAC reference, so a clean and accurate supply is part of the measurement chain. The output code ranges from zero to 4095. Ideally, VOUT equals VDD multiplied by the code and divided by 4096; the highest code is one step below the supply. With 3.3 V at VDD, code 2048 produces 1.650 V before real offset, gain and loading errors. Ordinary DAC writes change the output without wearing the EEPROM. A separate command stores the chosen startup value and power-down state for the next power cycle. The example uses the MCP4725A0T-E/CH six-pin package at address 0x60 and updates only the volatile DAC register.