The Engineering Projects

What are the main features of embedded operating systems?

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, I am going to show you What are the main features of embedded operating systems? In order to operate, most of our digital home appliances, industrial machines, vehicles, and all other sorts of machines require embedded Operating Systems that run all software that controls functionality. The reason why unitary control of the processes is necessary, among others includes efficiency. Instead of managing every embedded system separately, an embedded OS controls all programmable and fixed hardware functions. Even though they are widely in use, the full spectrum of features that these types of software have to offer is not familiar to a broader array of the public. That is why, in this article, we are going to discuss the main features of embedded Operating Systems.

Real-time operation

As there are many embedded systems that have functions which should start in a certain time frame, Embedded OS makes sure that there are no delays or premature executions. One of such examples is traffic light where the controller needs to send signals in a programmed order. When it comes to real-time operation feature, it’s important to say that there are tasks that are triggered by an event while others could be time-dependable which means their activation is set for a specific point in time. Furthermore, it’s easy to differentiate two types of real-time operation features: Soft, which allows a certain delay, and the Hard for processes that require immediate execution. The core of the real-time operation feature is in the kernel which controls task scheduling and Standard Function Libraries.

Reactive operation

This feature enables the system to react upon a preset input that user triggers when needed. The input could be released by a sensor or a switch. We can see the use of this feature with alarm systems that activate security procedures when a proximity sensor is activated. The Operating System handles this feature by receiving the signal and acting upon the input, which could include starting a new event or scheduling a task that will be executed in a certain time-frame. This is similar to situations when a writer at a paper writing service receives a new order that should be addressed immediately or scheduled for later depending on the status of the order.

Configurability

The design and application of the hardware determine the Operating System configuration. This means that for each embedded system there is a custom embedded Operating system configuration. The configurability feature allows the developer the possibility to reconfigure the OS when a certain change is needed. Furthermore, thanks to the conditional compilation, the developer can change the parameters for different hardware options, which allows seamless control over different modules.

Direct use of interrupts

Unlike Operating Systems that have a general purpose, embedded OS provides direct use of interrupts to the user, which is important when an event requires immediate attention. This means that there is a more comprehensive control over the peripherals. Since embedded systems require control over individual hardware components, there is a demand for the use of interrupts. Preemptive OS solutions are in the center of attention when it comes to direct use of interrupts, they allow pause of a certain ongoing event when the scheduler receives interrupt. The result is the transfer of CPU resources from paused event to another one which is indicated with the interrupt signal. It’s a lot like. It's a good approach to try simulators before testing on actual hardware.

Low resource consumption

Due to the small amount of memory and low CPU power of most embedded systems, the embedded Operating systems are built in such a way that allows them to operate in such low-resource conditions. The customization of the OS is, therefore, of paramount importance so that every bit of memory space and CPU power is used optimally. This means that any unnecessary software components can be removed before the OS is compiled, to save as much memory as possible. This also provides faster execution and overall improved system performance despite the low resources which are available.

Multitasking

Embedded operating systems which require multitasking can keep track of all active events however only one event may remain active. When another task needs to become active, the operating system stops the current event and saves its state. In return, the newly activated process continues right from the last active state, without any loss of information during its wait period. Task scheduling is imperative for the performance of multitasking, as well as the elements that include switching and execution of tasks. The effectiveness of these components determines the overall quality of the embedded OS's multitasking capabilities.

Conclusion

Google’s Android is probably the most commonly used embedded Operating System in the world these days. Its advantage over various other embedded OS solutions is that it’s free and owns a massive library of different device drivers and open source code. Other embedded OS include Linux, Windows CE, MS-DOS, VxWorks, and others that serve the purpose of controlling various types of embedded systems. Now that we know the main features of these software solutions it’s easy to understand their value and use. Whether you're building an industrial machine, alarm system, or you plan on developing a home appliance, an embedded operating system is one of the key components of your project.

Introduction to MCP23008

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to MCP23008. MCP23008 provides an 8-bit parallel input/output expansion for I2C bus and SPI applications. It has 8-bit configuration registers for input, output and polarity changing. The master device can enable input and output pins of MCP23008 by writing the Input/output configuration bits. A polarity of the input port register can be inverted with the polarity of the inversion register and all registers can be read by the system master. MCP23008 is used in different industrial and class projects where I2C and SPI interfacing is required simultaneously. In today's post, we will have a look at its pinout, features, specifications, applications, working, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced with other microcontrollers. If you have any question please ask in comments I will try my best to resolve your problems. So let's get started with Introduction to MCP23008.

Introduction to MCP23008

• MCP23008 provides an 8-bit parallel input/output expansion for I2C bus and SPI applications. This microcontroller has 8-bit configuration registers for input, output and polarity changing.

• In this microcontroller, four pins are configured for inputs and four for outputs. These pins are designed in such a way when the input level is changed, the associated output pin is driven to the same level. This phenomenon is happened by the MCU reading the inputs pins and writing the appropriate value to the output pins.
• This module is available in small space saving 20-lead SSOP packages. Adding small 6-lead PIC10F202 in a SOT-23 package makes it available for small overall PCB areas.
• Either it can connect with a power supply of 5V using the Vdd and GND test pins, or can connect with a 9V power supply or power adapter into the plug.
• Now, discuss its pinouts, with detailed parameters.

MCP23008 Pinout & Description

There is the main 18 pinout of MCP23008, which are described below with a detailed description.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	SCL/SCK	It is a Serial clock input.
Pin#2	SDA/SI	It is a Serial data I/O (MCP23008)/Serial data input (MCP23S08) pin.
Pin#3	A2/SO	It is a hardware address input (MCP23008)/Serial data output (MCP23S08). It (A2) must be biased externally.
Pin#4	A1	It is a Hardware address input. It Must be biased externally.
Pin#5	A0	It is a Hardware address input. It Must be biased externally.
Pin#6	RESET	This is an external reset input.
Pin#7	NC/CS	No connect (MCP23008)/External chip select input (MCP23S08).
Pin#8	INT	It is an Interrupt output. It Can be configured for active-high, active-low or open-drain.
Pin#9	VSS	It is used for Ground.
Pin#10	GP0	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#11	GP1	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#12	GP2	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#13	GP3	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#14	GP4	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#15	GP5	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#16	GP6	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#17	GP7	It is a Bidirectional I/O pin. It can be enabled for interrupt-on-change and/or internal weak pull-up resistor.
Pin#18	VDD	Power pin.
Pin#19	N/C	N/C

• For further information, let's see a pinout diagram.
• Now, we discuss the features of MCP23008.

Features of MCP23008 Features

• These are the main features of MCP23008.
  • This module consists of Two 8-bit GPIO expanders.
  • It is available in both I2C and SPI interfacing.
  • This board has four switches and four LEDs to demonstrate the input/output functionality.
  • It has headers for the serial interface and GPIO port to allow evaluation in a user-defined application.
  • It has polarity inversion register to configure the input port data.
  • It also has an external reset input.
  • Its operating voltage is 1.8 to 5.5V at -40 Celsius to +85 Celsius.

MCP23008 Arduino Interfacing

• The project which we are going to discuss will tell us how we can interface an MCP23008 I/O port expander to an Arduino microcontroller.

• First, we discuss the component of projects.

• Component of Project
  • These are the main components of the project.
  • MCP23008 I/O Port Expander.
  • A few 220O resistors.
  • A few LEDs.
  • Arduino microcontroller.
• Let's now we explain our projects with detail.
• In this circuit with each input and output pin, we connect a 220O resistor and an LED.

• For input supply, we have connected +5V to Vdd and Vss to GND.

• Now, connect pin no 1 of the MCP23008, which is SCL to analog pin no 5 of Arduino. This provides clock synchrony between Arduino and the I/O port expander chip.

• After this, we have connected pin no 2 of MCP23008, which is SDA to analog pin no 4 of Arduino. This connection allows data transfer between the Arduino and the I/O port expander chip.

• In this project there is no use of interrupts pin, so leave INT pin unconnected.

• We are not using the RESET pin, we connect it to +5V. If you want to use it, you just connect it with digital pin no the Arduino. If you want to reset all outputs than you draw this pin low in cade.

• After that, we will connect address pin A0, A1, and A2, to ground. It makes the address of these 3 pins 000.

• For better understanding Lets see the picture.

  Applications of MCP23008

  • As, we know this microcontroller works on both I2C and SPI protocol, due to this feature it is used in some projects and devices which use both protocols.

So, friends, that was all about MCP23008, if you have any question about it please ask in comments, I will solve your problems. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction to MAX30100

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at a detailed Introduction to MAX30100. MAX30100 is a heart pulse rate monitor sensor. This sensor consists of two Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), (one emits infrared light and the other emits red light) modifiable optics, low noise signal processor that detects heart pulse rate signal. Its operating voltage is from 1.8v to 3.3v.

The MAX30100 is used in different industrial and medical equipment such as fitness measurement devices, medical devices, and different wearable instruments. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, pinout, protocol, features, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. If you have any questions about it please ask in the comments, and I will resolve your problems. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to MAX30100.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	MAX30100	Amazon	Buy Now

Introduction to MAX30100

• MAX30100 is a heart pulse rate monitor sensor. This sensor consists of two Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs), (one emits infrared light and the other emits red light) modifiable optics, low noise signal processor that detects heart pulse rate signal.
• This module can be configured by software registers, and its output data is stored in sixteen FIFOs on this module.
• This sensor communicates with the other microcontroller by the I2C interface. The pulse measurement system in this module has Ambient light cancellation, 16-bit ADC, and a time filter.
• It has an I2C digital interface to communicate with a host microcontroller. MAX30100 has ambient light cancellation, 16-bit ADC and a time filter.
• This module uses low power which makes it useable for battery-operated systems. It operates on the voltage range of 1.8 to 3.3V.
• As earlier we discussed that it has two Light Emitting Diodes, one emits red light with a wavelength of (650nm) and the other emits infrared with a wavelength of (950nm).
• As this device is used for measurement of heart pulse rate and oxygen concentration in blood, for these measurements wear this sensor on your finger or earlobe it can also put any part of the body which is not thick.
• When you wear it on your finger for measurement both infrared and red light pass through the tissues of a finger, absorption these lights can be measured by a photodiode.
•  Depending on the quantity of oxygen which you have in your blood the ratio of absorbed red light and infrared light will be different.
• By this ratio, we can easily calculate the oxygen level in your blood hemoglobin.

• Now we discuss the Pinout of MAX30100.

MAX30100 Pinout

• These are the main pinouts of MAX30100.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1, 7, 8, 14	N.C	These pinouts are not used for any purpose. All these are open pinouts.
Pin#2	SCL	This pin is used for I2C clock for input.
Pin#3	SDA	This is I2C bidirectional data sending pinout.
Pin#4	PGND	This is pin is used for power ground of drivers of light emitting diodes.
Pin#5	IR_DRV	This pin is used for cathode of infrared led to connect with the LED drivers point. You can
Pin#6	R_DRV	This pin is for the cathode of red LE to connect with its driver point. This can also be suspended in a circuit.
Pin#9	R_LED+	This pin is for red led to connect with the supply voltage. By this pin, it is connected with the infrared led.
Pin#10	IR_LED+	This pin helps to connect the anode of infrared led to the input voltage. It is connected with the red led by internally.
Pin#11	Vdd	This is input supply pinout for this module, you can connect this with the ground for better performance.
Pin#12	GND	It is an analog Ground pin.
Pin#13	INT	It is Active-Low break off pinout.

For better understanding lets see the pinout diagram.

Features of MAX30100

• These are some features of MAX30100.
  •  This sensor is available in the simplest circuitry for heartbeat measurements.
  • This module consists of two led infrared and red, a photodiode for light sensing, and, has an analog front end.
  • The dimensions of this module are 5.6mm x 2.8mm x 1.2mm with the fourteen pinouts which are available in optically improved closed packages.
  • It provides low power battery solutions for handheld electronic devices. We can program It in an easy way and suitable for low power components.
  • Its high signal to noise ratio (SNR) gives high motion production flexibility.
  • This sensor provides the confined light annulment, higher rate capacity, and fast-moving output data.

    MAX30100 Arduino Interfacing

• Now we discuss its Arduino interfacing by giving an example of a project, which described below. Let's discuss this project with detail.

Project Component

• These are components which we will use for this project.
  • Arduino Nano.
  • Small Breadboard.
  • Wires.
  • The Bluetooth Module HC-06.
  • Sensor MAX30100.
  • Light Emitting Diode (LED).
  • Two resistors of 4.7k Ohm.
• First of all, we connect all these components with each other for working of MAX30100, given diagram shows us a better understanding of connections this circuit.
• First connect all pinouts of MAX30100 with the wires, connect female part of a jumper with sensor and left male part open for Arduino interfacing. For the wiring connection, you can see a given picture.
• After connecting MAX30100 with wires and jumpers we will also connect HC-06 with wires. Let's discuss this process.
• All data received by this Bluetooth device we send to Arduino by serial communication.
• This Bluetooth mode is like the Bluetooth which sends data to ten meters range. The HC-06 works like a slave device, which means it allows other devices to connect to make the connection with it.
• This Bluetooth module has four pinouts which are supply pin (Vcc), ground (GND),  receiver (RX) and transmitter (TX).
• After all these connections we will set all these components on a breadboard and connect them with each other.
• Let's discuss these connections step by step with detail.
• First step:  Connect the Arduino with the breadboard.
• Second step: After interfacing of Arduino on a breadboard, connect the Bluetooth device with Arduino in a given sequence of wires.
  •  TX1 pin of Arduino connects with the Bluetooth pin RX.
  •  Connect RX0 pinout of Arduino with the TX pin of the Bluetooth module.
  • Connect the ground of HC-o6 with the ground Arduino.
  • Connect Vcc pin of Bluetooth with the Arduino 5V pinout.
• Third step: This step we connect MAX30100 with Arduino. Connection discusses incoming lines.
  • Connect Vin pinout of MAX30100 sensor with the Arduino pinout of five volts. (As we did in with the Bluetooth).
  • Connect A5 pinout of Arduino with the SDA pin of the MAX30100.
  • A2 pinout of Arduino connects with the INT pin of MAX30100.
  • Ground pinout of MAX30100 connects with the ground pin of Arduino.
  • After this assemble one resistor in the breadboard and connect one end of the resistor with  5V pinout and another point of the resistor with A5 pinout.
  •  Take another resistor and connect it with the 5v pin and A5 pinout.
• Fourth step: Afterall this interfacing we will connect an led to show reading s of the sensor.
  • First, connect the small point of light emitting diode with the ground pin and connect the other part of the light emitting diode with the D2 pinout.

Applications of MAX30100

• These are some applications of MAX30100.
  • It is used in handheld devices.
  • It is used in devices related to fitness measurement.
  • It use as main componnet in medical measurment devices.

So, that was all about MAX30100, if you want to know something more about it as in comments I will explain to you more about it. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction to ESP-01

I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to ESP-01. ESP-01 is an inexpensive, small-sized WiFi module, which consists of TCP/IP stack along with a built-in microcontroller. So, we can directly program this small chip and can bring WiFi capability in our Embedded projects. When first time this ship came into the market in August 2014, it got a lot of attention by users. The main reason for it to seek attention is that this module allows the microcontroller to connect with a WiFi available (and programmed to connect) and it follows Hayes Style Commands and develops a TCP/IP network. ESP-01 chip integrates an antenna, RF balun, power amplifier, filters, and power arrangement module. ESP-01 is used in industry and many projects as a WiFi module. In today's post, we will have a look at its circuit diagram, working, pinout, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. If you have any question about it please ask in comments I will resolve your problems. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to ESP-01.

Introduction to ESP-01

• ESP-01 is a WiFi module which allows Microcontroller easily access to WiFi network. It is one of the primarily incorporated WiFi chip in the industry, it assimilates the antenna switches, Radiofrequency balun, power amplifier, low noise receiver amplifier, and power executive elements.

Download ESP01 Datasheet

• This module requires minimum internal circuitry, its entire solution, including the front end module is designed to occupy minimum PCB area.
•  ESP-01 module is termed as a system on chip (SOC) because it acts as a standalone Microcontroller itself, so we don't need to interface it with any other microcontroller (i.e. Arduino, Atmel, PIC Microcontroller, etc.) in order to use its I/O Pins.
• ESP-01 also integrates an advanced version of Tensilica's L-106 diamond series 32 SRAM with the WiFi functionalities. It also integrated with specific devices through its GPIOs and code for such applications are provided in SDK.

Now, Let's discuss ESP-01 pinout with a detailed description.

ESP-01 Pinout & Description

• The pinout of ESP-01 is described below with a detailed description.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	VCC	This pin is used for input power supply 3.0 to 3.6V.
Pin#2	GND	This pin is used for Ground.
Pin#3	RESET	This pin is used for the external reset signal (Low voltage level: Active).
Pin#4	ADC(TOUT)	This pin is analog to digital converter.
Pin#5	CH_PD	It is Chip Enable. High: On, the chip works properly; Low: Off, small current.
Pin#6	GPIO0(FLASH)	It is a general purpose I/O, If low while reset/power on takes chip into serial programming mode.
Pin#7	GPIO1(TX)	It is a general purpose I/O and Serial TXd.
Pin#8	GPIO3(RX)	It is a general purpose I/O and Serial RXd.
Pin#9	GPIO4	It is a general purpose I/O.

Let's see the pinout diagram. Now, we discuss the features of ESP-01.

Features of ESP-01

• These are the main features of ESP-01. Which are described below.
  • It is a low power 32-bit microcontroller unit.
  • It uses TCP/IP protocol for transmission.
  • ESP-01 consists of integrated switch, balun, power amplifier, LNA and matching network.
  • It works on 802.11 b/g/n WiFi with a frequency of 2.4 GHz and WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) or WPA2.
  • It also consists of 10 bit ADC 2.0, (H) SPI, UART, I2C, I2S, IR remort control, PWM and GPIO.
  • Its deep sleep power is less than 10uA and Power down leakage current is less than 5uA.
  • Its wake up and transmit packets is less than 2ms.
  • Its stand by power consumption is < 1.0mW (DTIM3).
  • Its output power is +20 dBmin 802.11b mode.
  • Its operating temperature range is -40C to 125C.
  • This module is FCC, TELEC, CE, WiFi Alliance, and SRRC certified.

Now, we discuss Its Arduino interfacing.

ESP-01 Arduino Interfacing

The project of Arduino with ESP-01 which we are going to explain in the next few lines will explain how we can read time, date, temperature and humidity from the internet using an API with ESP-01. Then send these values to an Arduino and show these values on the LCD screen.

•  Components of Project
  • Arduino Board i.e. Arduino UNO.
  • ESP-01 Module.
  • 16×2 or 20x4 simple LCD.
• Explanation of This Project
  • In this project, we are using Arduino IDE in order to upload code in ESP-01 and will write code by using the APIs and will send an HTTP request to the server and will read a JSON file.
  • It's a big JSON file and we just need small info from it, so we are gonna read the whole file and will only get our desired values from this JSON file.
  • After getting these values, we are simply printing it on Arduino Serial Monitor.
  • Than these serial lines will be connected with Arduino so that Arduino can read the information received from ESP-01.

  • After this process information processed and show on LCD. We can get our desired output on the LCD screen.

• For further information, let's see a circuit diagram.

Memory of ESP-01

• There are two types of memories which is integrated into the ESP -01 modules. First is internal SRAM and ROM, second is  External SPI flash. Let's discuss them with detail.
• Internal SRAM and ROM
  • ESP-01 is integrated with memory controller including SRAM and ROM. A microcontroller can access to memory unit by iBus, dBus, and AHB interfaces.
• External SPI Flash
  • ESP-01 module can be integrated with a one MB external SPI flash to store programme. If larger sized storage is required SPI flash with a larger size will be preferred. 16 MB memory capacity can be supported by this external flash.

Applications of ESP-01

• ESP-01 is wifi module which can be used in different industrial and commercial projects for sending and receiving data.

So, that was about  ESp-01, if you have any question please ask in comments. I will resolve your problems. Thanks for reading. Take care...

Introduction to RN4020

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to RN4020. RN4020 is a completely licensed Bluetooth category 4.1 low energy consuming unit. This module is surfaced with the Bluetooth which is organized by Unpretentious ASCII instructions by UART interfacing. It also comprises all Bluetooth SIG sketches and (MLDP) Microchip low Energy data for customized data. The scripted features can be secondhand to allow unconnected process without any Microcontroller or mainframe computer. It can be controlled from a distant position by other modules with the protected assembly and it can be reorganized by means of UART interfacing or by air. In today’s post, we will have a look at its casing, pins, structure, applications, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. You can also get further information about it in comments, I will guide you further about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to RN4020.

Introduction to RN4020

• RN4020 is a completely licensed Bluetooth category 4.1 low energy consuming unit. This module is surfaced with the Bluetooth which is organized by Unpretentious ASCII instructions by UART interfacing.

• This unit incorporates RF, a base-band regulator, and an API (application program interface) processor, which makes it a low energy user Bluetooth module.
• It has an inherent high-performance PCB antenna which is modified for elongated assortment, normally over 100 meters distance.
• Its compressed dimensions allow the comfort of incorporation in size- controlled applications. It is used in any less expensive microcontroller for intellectual Bluetooth low energy consuming applications.
• For unpretentious sensor use, its interior scripting abilities allow straightforward functions to be applied without the need for exterior host Microcontrollers or software development tools.
• It provisions 13 communal sketches and 18 communal amenities, which are implemented by Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). For all sustained contours and facilities, RN4020 could be organized to act as waitperson and customer roles at the equivalent period.
• Besides, RN4020 provisions Microchip sequestered contour Microchip Low Power Data Profile (MLDP) that put on Serial Port Profile (SPP), which is well-defined in Bluetooth Definitive and allows data tributary between two expedients.

Pinout of RN4020

• These are the main pinout of RN4020 which are described below.

  Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	GND	It is ground pinout.
  Pin#2	AIO2	It is analog programmable bi directional input output pinout.
  Pin#3	AIO1	It is analog programmable bi directional input output pinout.
  Pin#4	AIO0	It is analog programmable bi directional input output pinout.
  Pin#5	UART TX	It is a UART Transmitter (TX) pinout.
  Pin#6	UART RX	It is a UART Receiver (RX) pin.
  Pin#7	WAKE_SW	It is bottomless Snooze Awaken when it becomes active it rouse module from Unfathomable Snooze.
  Pin#8	CMD/MLDP	It works in command and MLDP mode, in command mode, UART data send to the command translator. During the MLDP method, UART data is sent to MLDP Bluetooth UART LED contacts.
  Pin#9	GND	It is a ground pin.
  Pin#10	CONNECTION LED PIO[1] SCK PWM1	It is an evasion condition output. When it is in the energetic condition it shows that the device is linked with the distant expedient. When it is not energetic it displays there is no association with another expedient.
  Pin#11	MLDP_EV PIO[2] CS PWM2	It is for MLDP data indication. If it is in the high state which means that data has acknowledged, in a low state, there is no data.
  Pin#12	WS PIO[3] MOSI PWM3	It is output for movement indication. If it in energetic state component is working properly if not the device is not working.
  Pin#13	PIO[4] MISO	It is MISO for Diagnostics and Workshop Regulation if a pin 17 avowed.
  Pin#14	CTS PIO[5]	It is earmarked for CTS if hardware movement controller is permitted on the UART.
  Pin#15	WAKE_HW	It is hardware wakeup from the latent condition. Set the Pin (15) high state to module eliminates from the inactive condition.
  Pin#16	GND	It is a ground pin.
  Pin#17	SPI/PIO	SPI/PIO for pinouts 10-13, active.
  Pin#18	RTS PIO[6]	It Earmarked for RTS if hardware movement controller on UART is empowered. If the data communication to RN4020 requisite is stopped, declare RTS to high. RTS pin functions self-sufficiently from the CTS (pin 14).
  Pin#19	PWM4 PIO[7]	It is a standby PIO.
  Pin#20	RSVD	It is DMOS comprehensive Bridge 2 Yield A pin
  Pin#21	SDA	It is SDA Statistics contour of the I2C interfacing. The RN4020 constantly performances as the I2C Dominant.
  Pin#22	SCL	It is I2C Clock.
  Pin#23	VDD	It is a power supply.
  Pin#24	GND	It is ground pinout.

Features of RN4020

• These are some features of RN4020.
  • It is entirely specialized Bluetooth form 4.1 component.
  • It is on-panel Bluetooth Squat Energy 4.1 heap.
  • On this module, ASCII expertise interfaced API over UART.
  • This module has DFU above UART or Above the air.
  • For sequential transmission of data, it has MLDP.
  • This module sends and receive data to distant areas and can control them.
  • It hs 64 KB interior flash memory.
  • The dimensions of this module are 11.5 x 19.5 x 2.5 mm.
  • This module has SMT wads for tranquil and unswerving PCB escalating.
  • It is naturally sociable, RoHS amenable.
  • It is certified by FCC, IC, CE, QDID.

RN4020 Power Modes

• The RN4020 can function in a diversity of power conditions, dependent upon the solicitation required.

• These are the main four power modes of RN4020.

Idle:  This situation passes in on power-up when WAKE_SW in one state and signifies the condition where Command style is energetic.

Active RF:

This power state comes in upon any compulsory RF action (TX/RX) through publicity, detection, coupling, assembly, etc.

Deep Sleep:

This is the less-power modes reinforced by the RN4020. The main topographies of this state-run is that publicizing packages are still airing. To place the RN4020 in Deep Sleep method after Idle state you should follow some rules.

• Put the WAKW-HW pin in low condition.
• Wrench the WAKE-SW pin in zero condition.

Dormant:

It is the last power mode which reinforced by the RN4020. To place the RN4020 in this mode you should follow some rules.

• WAKE-HW pin should be in a low state.
• After this put o command.
• Then instantaneously wrench the WAKE_SW pin to low state.

Applications of RN4020

• These are some applications of RN4020.
  • It is used in medical equipment such as Glucose measurement meter, heart pulse measurement.
  • It used to check aptness of different sports such as cycling computing.
  • It used to tag and stalking of assets.
  • It used for Immediacy publicity.
  • It used to control distant devices.
  • It is used for entrenched Expedient governor.
  • It is used for AV comforts and game supervisors.
  • It used in handheld Smart devices and Equipment
  • It used in home automation.

So, friends, it was all about RN4020, if you have any query about it ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to MPR121

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to MPR121. MPR121 is a touch sensor controller, its working is like the capacitor's working principle. This module has twelve electrodes points, it communicates via I2C protocol. When any objects come closer to an electrode point, we can observe the presence of an object by variation in capacitance of an electrode. It's working voltage should be between 2.5 to 3.6 VDC. MPR121 is used in different industrial projects and electronic devices such as mobile phone and remote control systems. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, pinout, protocol, applications, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. If you have any question about it please ask it in comments I will resolve your problems. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to MRP121.

Introduction to MPR121

• MPR121 is a touch sensor controller, its working is like the capacitor's working principle. This module has twelve electrodes points, it communicates via I2C protocol.
• This module has the capability to drive LEDs and GPIO on 4 to 11 electrodes pins,  this feature provides freedom to set-up different projects.

• This sensor consumes very low current, it draws only around 29uA current after 16 milliseconds.
• Instead of traditional buttons, this board has four holes which used as an input system.
• The level changer of 3.3v to 5v is surfaced on this chip which provides the facility of 3.3v and 5v I2C interfacing with other microcontrollers.
• On the back side of this module, there are four jumpers which are closed to each other by default.
• The jumper of address pin connects the Add pin to a ground of chip, which indicates that default I2C address of this chip is 0x5A.
• If you want to change the address of the MPR121 chip, first of all, you should open the jumper. Jumpers are also connected with SCL, SDA and interrupt pin.
• The VERG pinout of this module is connected with a ground by a 0.1uF capacitor, which indicates that you can not operate the MPR12 at low supply voltage mode (1.71-2.75VDC) until you modify the board.
•  The dimensions of this module are 3cm x 2cm.

Now, we discuss the pinouts of MPR121.

MPR121 Pinout & Description

There are main twenty pinouts of MPR121 which are described below.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	IRQ	It is Open Collector Interrupt Output Pin, active low.
Pin#2	SCL	It is I2C Clock pinout.
Pin#3	SDA	It is I2C Data pin.
Pin#4	ADDR	It is I2C Address Select Input Pin. Connect the ADDR pin to the VSS, VDD, SDA or SCL line, the resulting I2C addresses are 0x5A, 0x5B, 0x5C and 0x5D respectively.
Pin#5	VREG	It is Internal Regulator Node. Connect a 0.1 µF bypass cap to VSS.
Pin#6	VSS	Ground.
Pin#7	REXT	It is an External Resistor. Connect a 75 kO 1% resistor to VSS to set internal reference current.
Pin#8	ELE0	It is Electrode 0 pinout.
Pin#9	ELE1	It is Electrode 1 pinout
Pin#10	ELE2	It is Electrode 2 pinout.
Pin#11	ELE3	It is Electrode 3 pinout.
Pin#12	ELE4	It is Electrode 4 pinout.
Pin#13	ELE5	It is Electrode 5 pinout.
Pin#14	ELE6	It is Electrode 6 pinout.
Pin#15	ELE7	It is Electrode 7 pinout.
Pin#16	ELE8	It is Electrode 8 pinout.
Pin#17	ELE9	It is Electrode 9 pinout.
Pin#18	ELE10	It is Electrode 10 pinout.
Pin#19	ELE11	It is Electrode 11 pinout.
Pin#20	Vdd	Connect a 0.1 µF bypass cap to VSS.

For further understanding let's see the pinout diagram.

Features of MPR121

• These are some features of MPR121 which are described below.
• Its operating voltage is 1.71V to 3.6V
• Its operating current is 29uA at 16ms sampling interval.
• Its scan stop mode current is 3uA.
• There are twelve electrodes sensing inputs on this module in which 8 are multifunctional for LED driving and GPIO.
• For electrode inputs, it has integrated auto calibration.
• It can configure charge current and charge time for each electrode.
• It's every electrode has separate touch and release trip thresholds, which provides hysteresis and release trip thresholds for each electrode.
• It has an I2C interface, which has IRQ interrupt output to informs electrodes for condition changes.
• The dimensions of 3 mm x 3 mm x 0.65 mm 20  with the lead QFN package.
• It's operating temperature is range is -40°C to +85° C.

  MPR121 Capacitance Measurement & Touching Sensing

• The capacitance measurement part of MPR121 is consists of a sensing electrode pad which is connected with the sensing inputs of MPR121. MPR121 used the I2C bus and interrupt output for communication with the processor of a host device.
•  There are 13 sensing channels, in which 12 channels have physical inputs electrodes and one multiplexer, and the 13th channel is used for proximity detection.
• From a given diagram, we can see that multiplexer is fixed at the front end, due to this all thirteen channel can be measured in sequence within time. After capacitance measurement, this sensor gets filtered noise by which we can observe touch or release button status.
• Except for the measurement of touch sensing, MPR121 is also used in industries for capacitive measurement applications.
• You can send up to ten-bit data ( which indicates a high level of the noise elimination) for capacitance measurement outputs like measurement of water level, displacement measurement, and change of medium content measurement.
• The measurement of capacitance on each channel is the capacitance to the ground which is the sum of background parasitic capacitance to ground (Cb) and a finger touched induced capacitance (Cx).
• The ground is in common ground when the module is not in an active state when the device is connected with batteries this ground is referred to MPR121 ground.
• MPR121 used DC current for measurement of capacitance. For measurement of capacitance every channel first charged and then discharged to ground, this process you can see in a given diagram.
• We can read values of all channels one by one when one channel is charged or discharged, other channels are connected to ground.
• A quantity of charge can be varied by changing the value of current and charge. After charging of electrode, the value of peak voltage can be measured by 10-bit ADC.  These output voltages are inversely proportional to the value of capacitance on all the channels.

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Applications MPR121

• These are some applications of MPR121.
  • It is used in PC Peripherals.
  • It is used in MP3 Players.
  • It is used in Remote Controls.
  • It used in Mobile Phones.
  • It is used for Lighting Controls.

So friends that were all about MPR121, if you have any questions about please ask in comments. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction to A4988

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to A4988. The A4988 is a micro-striding driver for governing the stepper motors, it is incorporated with the interpreter (translator) for the tranquil process. By this controller stepper motor can control by 2 pinouts, one pin is to regulate the direction of motor revolutions and other is for steps regulation of motor. It works on 3 to 5.5V and it consumes per phase two amperes current in presence of the proper cooling environment. It consists of an immovable off-time current controller which has the capacity to works in sluggish or assorted falling-off styles. In today's post, we will have a look at its cascading, pinout, sorts, uses, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. You can also ask about it in comments, I will direct you additional about it. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to A4988.

Introduction to A4988

• The A4988 is a micro-striding driver for governing the stepper motors, it is incorporated with the interpreter for the tranquil process.
• This motor driver offers five, unlike step tenacities which are, 1. Complete Step 2. Half (1/2) Step 3. A quarter (1/4) Step 4. Eight (8th) Step and 5. 16-Step. It also has a potentiometer which regulates the output current, over temperature updraft stoppage and crossover current safety.

• The interpreter of this driver is fundamental to the stress-free employment of the A4988. Only entering one pulse on the stride input drives the motor one micro-step.
• There is no need for phase classification tables, higher frequency outlines, or multifaceted borders to plug-in.
• The interfacing of this module is suitable for such applications where a composite microprocessor is inaccessible or is overloaded.
• During the stepping process, the cutting governer in this module robotically chooses the current falling-off way, sluggish or diversified.
• In diversified decay style, the expedient is set firstly to a fast deterioration for a magnitude of the steady off-time, then to a slow deterioration for the remains of the off-time.
• In this module, interior synchronous modify integrated circuit is connected to mend power indulgence during the PWM process.
• This special integrated circuit consists of thermal cessation with hysteresis, under voltage lockout (UVLO), and crossover-current fortification
• It is available in superficial mounted QFN cascading (ET), with the dimensions of 5mm x 5mm, having a cascading height of .90mm and an uncovered wad for boosted thermal indulgence.

Pinout of A4988

• These are the main pinout A4988 which are described below.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#4	CP1	It is a charge drive capacitor point.
Pin#5	CP2	It is a charge drive capacitor point.
Pin#6	VCP	It is a reservoir capacitor point.
Pin#8	VREG	It is controller decoupling point.
Pin#9	MS1	It is a Logic input pinout.
Pin#10	MS2	It is reasoning input pin.
Pin#11	MS3	It is reasoning input pin.
Pin#12	RESET	It is reasoning input pin.
Pin#13	ROSC	It is timing setting pin
Pin#14	SLEEP	It is reasoning input pin.
Pin#15	VDD	It is the Logic source.
Pin#16	STEP	It is reasoning input pin.
Pin#17	REF	It is Gm reference voltage input pinout.
Pin#3,18	GND	It is ground pinout.
Pin#19	DIR	It is a reasoning input pin
Pin#21	OUT1B	DMOS Complete Bridge 1 Output B pin.
Pin#22	VBB1	It is a supply voltage for load.
Pin#23	SENSE1	It is sagacity resistor terminal for Bridge.
Pin#24	OUT1A	DMOS Complete Bridge 1 Output A pin.
Pin#26	OUT2A	DMOS complete Bridge 2 Output A pin.
Pin#7,20,25	NC	It is open pinout.
Pin#1	OUT2B	It is DMOS Complete Bridge 2 Output B
Pin#27	SENSE2	Sagacity resistor terminal for Bridge 2.
Pin#28	VBB2	It is a supply voltage for load.Pin#2ENABLEIt is Logic input pinout.
-	PAD	It is unshielded wad for improved thermal indulgence.

Let's see a pinout diagram.

Features of A4988

• These are some features of A4988. Let's discuss them.
  • It has a squat RDS (ON)  every output pinout.
  • It has Instinctive current falling-off type assortment.
  • It has Varied and Sluggish current falling-off modes.
  • It provides coetaneous rectification for low-slung power indulgence.
  • This module has an interior UVLO.
  • It provides crossover current fortification.
  • It is well accorded with the 3.3 and 5 v logic source.
  • It has thermal cessation circuit.
  • It also provides fortification from short to ground.

Difference between A4988 and DRV8825

• Now we discuss differences between A4988 and DRv8825.
  • The DRV8825 proposals to 1/32 striding, while A4988 only steps to 1/16.
  • Both have potentiometer at the dissimilar place.
  • There is no coherence between a reference voltage and current limiter.
  • DRV8825 needs the smallest step pulse period of 1.9us, while A4988 needs 1us.
  • DRV8825 used for high current consuming motors, while A4988 is used for low current consuming motors.
  • In the case of A4988, we need special colling to draw high current but in the case of DRV8825, there is no need for any special colling.

Applications of A4988

• These are some applications of A4988.
  • As we discussed it is used to control the speed and rotation of stepper motor.
  • It is used in robotics to control their motion.
  • It is used in different toys.

So, friends, it was all about A4988, if you want to know something more about it please ask in comment. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction of MLX90614

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to MLX90614. MLX90614 is a temperature measurement device works on infrared radiations. It is the best choice for such applications where we can not easily reach to measure temperature because it provides non-contact measurement of temperature. It has Infra Red radiation receptive thermopile and ASSP (Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing) on same TO-39 cascading. This temperature measuring device is surfaced with the digital Pulse width Modulation and System Managing Bus. It is used in different industries to measure and control the temperature of moving components of machines and it also used to remove the fog on the window of vehicles. In today's post, we will have a look at its structure, pinout, features, applications, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. You can also ask about it in comments, I will guide you more about it. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to MLX90614.

Introduction to MLX90614

• MLX90614 is a temperature measurement device works on infrared radiations. It is the best option for such applications where we can not easily reach to measure temperature because it provides non-contact measurement of temperature.

• It has an amplifier of squat noise, Analog to Digital (ADC) converter of 17- bits and potent DSP component, all these components provides the elevated exactness and high decree of this thermometer.
• During its fabrication, it is mounted with the 10 bit Pulse width modulation (PWM) which constantly sends out the calculated temperature in the assortment of -20 to 120 °C  by providing yield resolution of 0.14 °C.
• It consists of two boards (chips) one is infrared radiation detector and other is ASSP which is a signal conditioner, it is for the processing of infrared sensor output. It is available in TO-39 enclosing.
• The pinout of Pulse width Modulation can also be used as a thermal type of relay, which provides us less expensive completion in temperature observant applications such as boiling and freezing.
• This device has two input supply choices one is 5V and other is the 3V battery. We can supply 5 volts by exterior supply.

MLX90614 Pinout & Description

• These are the main pinout of MLX90614.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	VSS	It is a ground pin.
Pin#2	SCL	It is Serial Clock input for a protocol of two wire. At this pin, there is a Zener diode of 5.7V to connect it with other Bipolar transistors.
Pin#3	PWM / SDA	It is digital input and output pin, the measured value of temperature can get by this pinout.
Pin#4	VDD	It is an external power supply.

For further information, let's see the pinout diagram.

Features of MLX90614

• These are some features of MLX90614.
  • It is accessible in lesser size and less costly.
  • It can be effortlessly incorporated.
  • It is obtainable in large no of temperature range such as -40 to 125 °C is used for temperature instruments and -70 to 380 °C for measurement of the different object's temperature.
  • It delivers high exactness on different temperature choices such as 0 to 50 °C.
  • It has a resolution value of 0.02°C.
  • It works on 3v and 5V temperature range.
  • It exists in single and twice over varieties.
  • For the evaluation of temperature on consistent basis System Management Bus control Pulse Width Modulation.
  • It can transform for such devices which works on 8 to 16V temperature.
  • This module also has a mode for energy saving.
  • It is offered in different suites according to the working atmosphere and applications.
  • It can easily adaptable from one state to another.

Working of MLX90614

• Now we discuss its internal working operation with detailed.
• It has a state machine in it's cascading which examine and govern the measured value of temperature after this procedure sends these values to output pin through pulse width modulation.
• ASSP of this sensor adds in with the two infrared sensors. The yield of this sensor can intensify with the chopper amplifier. This output signal then strained by FIR and Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters to reduce the noise of the signal.
• The IIR filter value is the anticipated output we can get it from exterior RAM.
• On this unit there are three different cells one is for a temperature sensor and other for two infrared sensors.
• For better understanding, it's working let's see its circuit diagram.

Applications of MLX90614

• These are some applications of MLX90614.
  • It is used to measure the temperature of such equipment’s where a man cannot reach.
  • It is used for mobile air conditioners governor systems.
  • It is used in different buildings and industries to measure temperature.
  • It is used automobiles to confiscate the fog of windbreak.
  • It controls the temperature of no static part of machinery in industries.
  • It controls the temperature of photocopy machines and printers.
  • It also exists in home appliances to measure and control their temperature.
  • It used in medical tools.
  • It also measures body temperature.

So, friends, it was all about  MLX90614, if you have any question about it ask in comments. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial.

The Most Trending Social Media Writing Tools for 2019

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, I am going to share a new post on The Most Trending Social Media Writing Tools for 2019. Writing has always been an art, more than a skill. However, with unrealistic demands, tight deadlines and other obstacles, every writer needs to rely on automation. Many writers and students think of automation as something hi-tech and as reserved for the most complex tasks. Instead, automation can include anything that alleviates the existing workload. For instance, social media has been used by schools to increase student participation through timely content provision and updates. With automation gaining popularity each day, it’s easy to find a tool that can help you. This abundance of content writing tools also makes a choice itself much harder, as it is hard to know which tools are good. To help you traverse dilemmas in your choice process and improve writing, we’ve selected the 10 most trending social media writing tools for 2019. Use them wisely and you will improve your social media marketing.

1. Writefull

Writefull is an innovative app that gives your text feedback according to both an AI program and a large database of existing language. The features include the analysis option, where you can see how your selected text is used in real-life and how can you best utilize it. You can also hear how it’s pronounced and even translate some more complex sentences into English. What makes Writefull even more interesting is that it learns as you write. The more you use, the more useful it becomes. A smart writing tool is something every social media marketer needs for better audience engagement.

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You want scheduled posts that are synchronized on all of your pages for maximum audience engagement. With Buffer Publish, you get a chance to manage all your social media accounts effectively. The synchronization process is rather simple and gives you room for custom posting, targeted posts and much more. Buffer Publish is special because it allows you to create custom patterns and later track the performance of your content over a select period of time. It’s one of the best social media management tools and one that every marketer needs if they want to succeed.

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To create truly engaging content, you have to integrate multiple types of engaging points into one single social media post. With Canva, you get the opportunity to create professional designs an layouts from anywhere and post them later on, either automatically or with scheduling options. You can design your own layout or pick from a myriad of custom-made templates. This tool is excellent when you need to find the right visuals for your content right before posting.

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In AtomicWriter, you’re getting one of the most intelligent tools for social media writing. A total of more than 25 different features and measures lets you analyze your content never before. It gives you an indication about whether you’re using too many superlatives, adverbs and pronouns. While analyzing the title of your content, you will get valuable and proven SEO tips. Moreover, you get input on the emotional level, sentence complexity and readership identification of your content, which is something no other tool offers.

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Just type in the topic that you want to write about and you will instantly get ideas for keywords and how they should be placed. If you want your posts to be shared, you need to put the right keywords in the right place. This is both a tool for inspiration and analytics. Our two favorite features include drawing inspiration from existing posts, but you can also use it “reversely.” By typing in a keyword or topic you’re ranking for, you can see whether your posts are amongst the most shared and most popular. In our opinion, this is one of the most versatile keyword finding tools. Once you have all the basics covered, look at this excellent writing service - https://customwriting.com to outsource content and have a stable post schedule. Use outsourcing if you’ve started a page recently to have a strong foundation to expand during later periods.

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To improve your social media marketing, you need to do more than just write. With Healthinomics, you can outsource all the social media images you need for all your campaigns. Healthinomics boasts an easy user interface with the origin of every photo listed. Moreover, you can choose from many categories in the health and wellness niche, all in order to get the best possible image to correspond with your text. The pricing options are flexible, in addition to the free downloads you get as a welcome present. If you want your content to be engaging, choose Healthinomics.

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If you’re looking for more than just the basic content form, you need a good in-browser editor. StackEdit comes filled with features that can help any blogger that needs to customize his or her text. Perhaps the most astonishing feature is the Markdown syntax highlighting, which immediately shows you the final version of your text. With WYSIWYG controls and Scroll Sync, you can complete your assignments faster. And maybe the most important addition is the automatic sharing to synchronized Dropbox or Google Drive accounts. It’s great that you don’t have to worry about losing your work.

8. 750 Words

750 Words gives you the opportunity to experience one of the best writing tools currently available. Not only does this software allow you to edit and add to your writing, but it brings a bulk of features related to statistics and how efficient you are as a writer. The features include the time needed to reach 750 words (or any other number you select), with the total time and typing time also shown. Additionally, the app is extremely sensitive and can track the number of breaks you’re taking and your best hours. Stay organized and efficient without too many problems.

9. Ilys

With Ilys, you can organize your writing better than before. Track your sessions, how many words you’ve written and how much you need for different topics. The key to staying a competitive and effective writer is maximizing things that don’t work. Ilys is very effective for writers that don’t know how to manage their time. There is also an editing tool included, which lets you take care of any last-minute changes before posting. Be sure that your content is without mistakes and that you’ve maximized any writing time that you have on your hands.

10. Calmly Writer

Calmly Writer is one of the best social media writing tools. Its features include a clean interface with a lot of customization options. It’s very easy to use and doesn’t include an abundance of unnecessary features like most writing tools. The opendyslexic mode is incredible and gives any writer the opportunity to work without restrictions. With smart punctuation options and a free grammar checker, you will find it incredibly easy to create the content needed to succeed.

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Automation doesn’t only save you time, but it also allows you maximally analyze each of your posts and prepare it for peak performance. Use these tools to effectively analyze your audience and past posts to know which methods work and which don’t. If you manage to discover the ideal formula, you can both stick to it and make any changes as you see new emerging trends. Believe in your skills and don’t be afraid to outsource content if you don’t have time. Not only will you have better campaigns planned, but you can also use these tools as blueprints to study from. It’s a luxury that you can earn yourself. Be confident in your goals and remember to plan effectively. The social media world is yours!

Introduction to 74HC14

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to 74HC14. 74HC14 is a member of 74XXXX integrated circuit series, it consists of logic gates. This module is also called HEX Inverting Schmitt Trigger. It is available in six independent Schmitt trigger input inverters with standard push-pull outputs. The boolean function performed by this logic gates is Y=A. It is a 14 pin module which is available in various packages. The 74HC14 works on the voltage range of 2.0V to 6.0V. This is a higher speed CMOS Schmitt Inverter mounted with a silicon gate C2MOS technology. In today's post, we will have a look at its pinout, construction, specifications, applications, working, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced with other microcontrollers. If you have any question about it ask in comments I will resolve your problems. So let's get started with Introduction to 74HC14.

Introduction to 74HC14

• 74HC14 is a member of 74XXXX integrated circuit series, it consists of logic gates. This module is also called HEX inverting Schmitt trigger.
• It is a high-speed CMOS Schmitt Inverter which consists of C2MOS technology. It provided high-speed operation like LSTTL, by using low power.

• Its pin configurations are the same as the 74HC04D, but the inputs have 25% Vcc hysteresis.
• Due to its Schmitt trigger function, it is used as a line receiver which will receive slow input signals.
• Its all inputs are equipped with protection circuits for static discharge or fleeting voltage.

Now, we discuss its pinout with a detailed description.

74HC14 Pinout & Description

• These are the main pinout of 74HC14, which are described below. For further information, let's discuss them one by one.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	1A	It is an input of gate 1.
Pin#3	2A	It is an input of gate 2.
Pin#5	3A	It is an input of gate 3.
Pin#9	4A	It is an input of gate 4.
Pin#11	5A	-It is an input of gate 5.
Pin#13	6A	It is an input of gate 6.
Pin#7	GND	It is connected to ground.
Pin#14	Vcc	It is connected to a positive voltage to provide power to all six gates.
Pin#2	1Y	It is an output of gate 1
Pin#4	2Y	It is an output of gate 2
Pin#6	3Y	It is an output of gate 3
Pin#8	4Y	It is an output of gate 4
Pin#10	5Y	It is an output of gate 5
Pin#12	6Y	It is an output of gate 6

For better understanding lets see pinout diagram. Now, we have a look at the specifications of 74HC14.

Features of 74HC14

• These are the main features of 74HC14, which are described below.
  • Its operating voltage is -0.5V to +7.0V.
  • The maximum current allowed to daw through each gate is 25mA.
  • Maximum total current can pass through Vcc or GND pins are 50mA.
  • This device is lead-free.
  • This module has a TTL type outputs.
  • It has noise immunity.
  • It maximum ESD is 2kv.
  • Its typical rise time is 85-625ns (depending on supply voltage)
  • Its typically fall time is 85-625ns (depending on supply voltage).
  • It's working temperature is  -55°C  to 125 °C.
  • It's working voltage range is 2.0 to 6.0 V.
  • Its output drive capability is 10 LSTTL Loads.
  • It has the ability to directly interface to CMOS, NMOS, and TTL.
  • This module is compatible with the JEDEC standard No.7A requirements.
  • Its chips consist of 60 FETs or equivalent gates.

Now we discuss its works, with a detailed description.

Working of 74HC14

• As mentioned earlier, there are 6 Schmitt Trigger Gates (inverted) in 74HC14, and we can used each of these gates separately.
• The internal circuit of 74HC14 is shown in the given diagram.
• For our knowledge how single gate works let's take one gate and connect it with power supply and analog signal at the input.
• We can see in the given diagram,  the sinusoidal signal is given at the input and we receiving  (Vout) as an output. The input, output graph is shown in the above diagram.
• The working principle of Schmitt trigger is very simple, the inverting Schmitt trigger's output is low only when input voltage values cross the threshold voltage (+Vt).
• We can see in the given diagram that the value of input voltage (Vin) is below the threshold voltage (Vt+), an output voltage is high. The value of the input voltage closer the value of the threshold voltage, the value of the output voltage shows low-value state.
• The value of output voltage remains low until the input voltage value is low to the threshold voltage. After this cycle continues.
• We can observe form diagram that the sinusoidal signal is our input and square wave is output. We can use every gate to get the output according to our requirements.

Switching Time of 74HC14

• Now, discuss switching time of 74HC14, in which we see how much time it take for switching.
• Every gate in 74HC14 takes some time to show output according to applied input. This delay of time is called switching time. For better understanding lets see switching diagram of 74HC14.
• There are two types of delays which occurs during switching. Which are Rise time (t_PHL) and Fall time (t_PLH).
• In a given diagram we can see that VoH becomes low when input reaches a threshold voltage and VoH becomes higher when the input voltage lower than the threshold voltage.
• We can observe from a graph that there is a delay between input as it is going high and Voh going low. This time delay is called Rise time (t_PHL ). The value of rising time (t_PHL ) is 95ns.
• We can also see from a picture that there is a time delay between logic input as it is going low and VoH is going high at the output. This time delay is called Fall time (t_PLH ).
• All these delays occur at higher frequencies, if frequencies are below given frequencies, then there will be some major errors.

 

Applications of 74HC14

• These are some applications of 74HC14.
  • It is the general purpose logic.
  • It is used in PCs and notebooks.
  • It is used in TV, DVD, Set Top Box.
  • It is used for Networking.
  • It is also used in Digital systems.

So, friends that were all about 74HC14, if you have any question about it please ask in comments I will resolve your queries. Thanks for reading. Take care until the next tutorial...