Data transfer tools are essential for sharing data across devices through a secure medium. The process can be hectic if you are trying to transfer data from one device to another manually. You can also miss some important data files during the manual method. Moreover, data transfer apps ensure a successful transfer process with their integrated technology.
You can also back up or restore your data files by using the features of transfer apps. Therefore, the need for Android-to-Android transfer apps is essential. This article will highlight the top four data transfer apps available on the Google Play Store. Thus, give this guide a quick read to discover the features and pros of the suggested apps.
MobileTrans is a famous data transfer app many people use for a safe transfer process. Using this tool, you can transfer data between devices without disturbing the original quality. One of the best features of MobileTrans is that it does not require an internet connection. By scanning the QR code, you can connect your devices effortlessly.
Furthermore, this Android-to-Android data transfer app gives huge versatility to the users. You can transfer data selectively across your devices with one tap. The fast transfer speed of this tool can also positively impact your productivity. It can also help you sync any data files in your iCloud on your Android devices. Thus, it's a complete tool for flawlessly transferring data between Android devices.
This tool does not impose restrictions on the type of data files. You can efficiently transfer media files, schedules, apps, and other content.
With its WhatsApp transfer feature, you can save your WhatsApp chats on your new phone. The WhatsApp feature allows you to transfer WhatsApp messages and media files from one Android to another.
You must buy a suitable subscription plan to use its advanced features.
Copy My Data is an easy-to-use transfer tool that lets you share multiple files instantly. It can transfer your contacts, photos, and high-quality videos without decreasing their quality. Moreover, it shows high compatibility with every Android and iOS device.
Connect your devices with the same Wi-Fi connection to transfer data using this tool. Afterward, the tool will guide you by giving on-screen instructions. Hence, you can transfer your data files without complications within a few taps.
This Android-to-Android transfer app supports wireless connectivity. By scanning a QR code, you can build a connection between your two devices.
This tool also provides a quick data restore option. Restoring your data can eradicate the risks of permanent data loss.
This tool does not support the transfer of audio or music files.
Do you want to know about another advanced data transfer app? Zapya is one of the advanced Android-to-Android data transfer apps containing various features. For example, you can enhance the storage capacity of your device by using a USB drive.
Moreover, it supports app sharing that lets users share applications with their friends in .apk format. This data transfer tool's enhanced Android support ensures secure file transfer between devices.
Zapya can boost your work productivity through the feature of bulk transfer. This option allows you to share multiple files at once without any restrictions.
The “Install All” feature allows you to install all the applications from your old Android to the new one.
Sometimes, this app shows glitches and crashes during the transfer process.
Smart Transfer provides the fastest transfer speed with cross-platform compatibility. It has a 40 Mb/s speed that allows you to send media files to your friends within seconds. The bulk file transfer feature lets you send and share multiple files simultaneously.
Furthermore, it does not require a Wi-Fi connection, data usage, or USB cables. Along with media files, you can also transfer text and MMS messages to your new Android device without any difficulty.
The smartphone cloning feature lets you transfer all your data in one step. Moreover, it supports various languages such as German, Spanish, Chinese, etc.
It also works as a file organizer, as you can move, delete, and rearrange files on your device.
This Android-to-Android data transfer app contains tons of ads disrupting the user experience.
Data transfer apps are necessary for this age to secure file transfer. To help you, this article has highlighted the top four data transfer tools. These transfer tools are available on Google Play Store, which you can easily download on Android. However, if you want the best user experience and multiple features, MobileTrans is the top-rated app.
Welcome to the next tutorial of our raspberry pi 4 tutorial. In the previous tutorial, we learnt how to interface a gas sensor with a pi 4. However, in this tutorial will cover how to automate your home with a Raspberry Pi and Bluetooth Low Energy. To automate a home means to mechanize its environment, including the appliances within it. To that end, we've designed an intelligent lamp whose functionality can be adjusted from afar via a companion mobile app.
Using your smartphone, you'll be able to manage a variety of household gadgets. The following code demonstrates using a mobile device as a remote controller for a Raspberry Pi's GPIO pins. (Or another BleuIO Dongle).
The recently introduced Raspberry Pi 4 will serve as our testbed, but the lessons learned here should apply to any Pi board. You'll need these things if you want to follow along:
Raspberry Pi 4B
Micro SD Card
Micro SD Card Reader
Power Supply
Ethernet Cable
As a result of its low price and excellent integration, the Raspberry Pi has quickly become a popular platform. This board has Wi-Fi, Ethernet, and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) connectivity.
Bluetooth functionality on the Raspberry Pi is variant-specific.
The Raspberry Pi has a built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy chipset so that you can connect wirelessly. Depending on the motherboard, different chipsets may be supported. Previously, Raspberry Pi 3A utilized Broadcom's BCM43438 chipset, but now it uses Cypress's CYW43455 chipset, which adds compatibility for 802.11ac and dual-band Wi-Fi. (2.4GHz and 5GHz).
For Bluetooth support, all Raspberry Pi models use the free and open-source BlueZ stack. Although this stack has been around for quite some time, it only recently began supporting Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), so it has some limits and occasional errors. BlueZ should be rigorously tested in a production environment before being deployed.
Raspberry Pi's Bluetooth 5.0 compatibility is minimal and only includes minimum functionalities. Most notably absent is Long Range support, which means you can't take advantage of the Coded PHY for a particularly outstanding range. Combination Wi-Fi and Bluetooth chipsets rarely include this function.
It's important to talk about performance before we dive into actually using the Raspberry Pi. After all, with it, even one of our guides would be complete. The Raspberry Pi's performance and low price have made it a popular gateway system in recent years. We've incorporated it into a couple of other projects ourselves.
The good news is that the Pi uses Broadcom and, more recently, Cypress chipsets, which provide decent RF performance and features. Support for some devices' higher-frequency 5 GHz WI-Fi channel helps keep the BLE-optimized 2.4GHz spectrum free of interference. Since it is a single-chip solution, interference can be minimized by using the Coexistence feature. The most severe issue is the Raspberry Pi's tiny antenna. The GPIO connector pins enclose this antenna to some extent. Both can affect performance, but the RPI base doesn't reveal specifics on antenna radiation.
Due to several factors, the antenna of a Raspberry Pi cannot be altered.
Soldering an antenna is required because there is no actual connection.
The presence of an external antenna is not shown in the Raspberry Pi certification. The FCC and other credentials are void if the board is altered in any way.
The Raspberry Pi devices' Bluetooth LE range is adequate but not great; it cannot compete with a more advanced system with an additional antenna. To extend the range of your device control beyond a single room, you'll need to either add another radio or devise another solution.
In light of the preceding, it could be an effective method for managing electronics inside the house. Let's get started with Raspberry Pi automation right away.
If you're starting with a working Raspberry Pi, you may jump to the section titled "Installing the BlueZ Bluetooth Stack on the Raspberry Pi."
The Raspberry Pi utilizes a unique flavor of Linux. We'll be installing Raspbian. The SD Card image file must be downloaded before it can be written to the card.
Raspbian Buster, published in July 2019, is the most recent version of this guide's publication.
As a result of its superior speed, the Torrent protocol comes highly recommended. After downloading, unpack the archive into a new directory.
Depending on your system, you can create the Raspbian SD card. The quickest method to achieve this in Windows is as follows:
Win32DiskImager-1.0.0-binary.zip is the recommended version of Win32DiskImager; download it here.
Connect your microSD card to your computer with an external MicroSD Card reader.
Run Win32DiskImager.exe, navigate to the Raspbian is img file within the zip archive, and then pick the appropriate drive corresponding to the micro SD card.
The next step is to select Write to start composing. The process of writing will now begin. The time required for this operation is highly variable and depends on the speed of the memory card and the reader.
As there are a few moving parts, we suggest following the installation procedures found in Installing OS images on Linux.
Several methods for interacting with the Raspberry Pi, such as a mouse and keyboard. However, we typically utilize Serial Port or SSH due to the speed of the command line.
A universal serial bus to UART converter cable is required to access the Raspberry Pi's command prompt. Mouser, Digikey, and many other retailers sell all of these components. Some suggestions are provided below.
Mouser - TTL-232R-3V3-WE
Adafruit - FTDI Serial TTL-232 USB Cable
SparkFun - FTDI Cable 5V VCC-3.3V I/O
3.3V I/O is the norm for Raspberry Pi cables. These cables require severing the ends and correctly connecting them. We employ the FTDI TTL-232R-3V3-WE cable here.
The TTL-232R-3V3-WE only has three pins, which are all depicted in the above diagram. The cables themselves are colored black, yellow, and orange. A 6-pin connector is pre-soldered to some wires, but you cannot use it because the pinout is incorrect. Instead, you must snip them and solder in some female jumper wires, as demonstrated below.
The Raspberry Pi's serial console output is turned off by default. As a means of making this possible:
Remember to put the Memory card into your computer. Two partitions should be displayed, one of which is the boot partition.
In the boot partition's cmdlineargs.txt file, append the following lines:
enable_uart=1
This way, you won't have to worry about using SSH, getting disconnected, etc., before using serial. Instead, if you're interested in utilizing SSH, read on for instructions.
Make a folder in the boot section and name it SSH. The file should be called "SSH"; no quotes or extensions are necessary. To create a new SSH file, right-click the Boot drive folder in Windows, select New, and then Text Document. Respond with "Yes" when prompted by Windows to allow the extension.
Warning: syncing may fail if you don't eject (Windows) or unmount (Linux/Mac) the SD card now.
The Raspberry Pi can be set up by connecting an Ethernet cable, a 5V power supply, and an SD card. All of the board's LEDs should be functioning.
Connecting via Serial will bring up the Raspberry Pi interface, where you can log in with the details provided up top. Check the pin connections and swap the TX and RX wires if necessary if no prompt appears.
You'll have to know the Raspberry Pi's IP address in order to connect to it via SSH. It can take time to locate. Among the methods we employ is a rapid network scan using NMAP to identify any devices that may be present. Raspberry Pi will announce its identity and IP address. The MAC address assignments are also viewable via the router interface.
To connect to the device via Serial or SSH, you'll need a program like PuTTY. Follow this link to download PuTTY:
For the 64-bit version, click the link mentioned above. You can skip setting up PuTTY. Turn on PuTTY, and then either
To connect to the Raspberry Pi, you must first enter its IP address into the SSH client.
(Serial) Use 115200 baud and the COM port your USB - UART converter is connected to, then click Open.
Use the default credentials of "pi" and "raspberry" to log in.
Certain things must be taken care of before we begin tinkering with BLE on the Pi 4. Let's make more room for our files by increasing the size of the file system with the help of the Raspbian configuration utility.
sudo raspi-config
In the option that appears, choose Expand Filesystem under the advanced tab. To save your changes, please click back and then Complete. The Raspberry Pi must then be rebooted to ensure the settings have taken effect.
sudo reboot
Using SSH? You'll need to reconnect. Right-click the PuTTY window and choose "Restart Session" for a quick restart.
It's time to install BlueZ on our Raspberry Pi now that it's all setup. Open-source framework Bluetooth stack BlueZ was previously mentioned. The Raspberry Pi Foundation has already taken care of the low-level configuration of the Wi-Fi / Wirelessly chipset. You need to set things up as though it were a bespoke hardware platform, like others with which we've previously worked.
Firmware is stored in read-only memory (ROM) on Wi-Fi and Bluetooth chipsets and their hybrid versions. The ROM firmware requires updates and bug patches. The RPI foundation already installed these fixes and upgrades when it installed the Bluetooth and Wi-Fi drivers. In some circumstances, it may be necessary to revise it. Therefore we bring it up. Fortunately, we can skip taking action, as the predefined values are adequate.
BlueZ will need to be installed manually, even though Bluetooth packages are already available for download in Raspbian. You should be able to update to the most recent version, install updates, and possibly alter the build to add desired functionality. The BlueZ version and its prerequisites must be installed for this to work. To get your hands on BlueZ's underlying code, follow the links below. Please take note that the current stable version of BlueZ is 5.50.
cd ~
wget http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/bluetooth/bluez-5.50.tar.xz
tar xvf bluez-5.50.tar.xz
The preceding commands download and extract the BlueZ source code; in this example, version 5.50 of BlueZ will be used. The Raspberry Pi's processing power is sufficient for compiling BlueZ locally, and a cross-compile system adds extra work and optional complexity. The following dependencies must be installed to build on the RPI:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y libusb-dev libreadline-dev libglib2.0-dev libudev-dev libdbus-1-dev libical-dev
Following the completion of the prerequisites, we will proceed with configuring, building, and installing BlueZ:
cd bluez-5.50
./configure --enable-library
The software known as "Configure" ensures that all prerequisites for a build are present and generates any missing files. If you encounter a specific error, check the configure logs to determine if there is a missing requirement. There shouldn't be any problems now that we've installed everything.
You may now compile Bluez by running make:
make -j4
Time-wise, this build could be faster, but you can speed things up using four processor cores. During that period, the RPI could rise to dangerous levels.
We must now implement it into the system. We can use the following command to ensure that the BlueZ tools we developed are used whenever possible.
Sudo make install
Once BlueZ has been installed, we can check to see if we have the correct version:
This verifies the currently installed version was the one we coded.
Gaining familiarity with fundamental instructions and the operation of BlueZ will be beneficial. To begin, BlueZ has a set of tools that will be used to link and manage various gadgets. A few of the most popular utilities are as follows:
The hciconfig tool has informed us that the hci0 interface provides the Bluetooth functionality provided by the BT adapter. Yes, that user interface is what we'll be utilizing.
If there are any instances when we need to loop the interface, we can bring it down and put it back up again.
If the interface is acting erratically, try the reset procedure described above.
To locate nearby BLE devices and pair with them, we can use the hcitool program:
An LE Scan was requested above by calling the hcitool with the scan hci0. The MAC address of any adjacent devices is shown.
Let's start hooking up on BLE gadgets now that we know their addresses. Since we will also be changing the GATT settings on a BLE device, we will use the gatttool program. While hcitool can execute Traditional Bluetooth and BLE HCI instructions, it cannot control the GATT tool independently.
gatttool has an interactive and non-interactive mode of operation. With the console's interactive way, you may send commands and converse with the machine. You must exit the game to get back to the main menu.
It's crucial to prevent the command from exiting independently while performing it. If you interrupt a command with CTRL+C, the hci interface may enter an unexpected state. In that instance, cycling power to the interface off and on may be of assistance.
The preceding code is typical; however, the -t argument indicates whether the device's IP address is random or accessible to the public. Assigned IEEE media access control (MAC) addresses are used for public addresses. Addresses when the media access control (MAC) is set randomly, as is typically the case with BLE devices.
If you're having problems, try connecting to the device using public or random if you're having problems.
Literacy in reading and writing to traits is a crucial skill. Using the gatttool's interactive features
Dwad
Another method for obtaining data from Bluetooth devices while using minimal power is subscribing to notifications. Any time a piece of hardware has something new to report—data or an alert—it can send a message.
The Client Config characteristic descriptor must be updated with the proper flags to enable notifications.
We touched on the Raspberry Pi's performance issues at the outset of this piece, and you may have noticed that the range is relatively restricted, depending on the device. It isn't the only thing to think about. Because of its narrow temperature range, the Raspberry Pi has some severe drawbacks. The operating temperature of the newest Raspberry Pi 4, which is 0 to 50 degrees Celsius, can only be used in climate-controlled environments. We've had more success with bespoke heatsinks and fans to boost performance, but testing is required before deployment can be assured.
Here are some things to keep in mind if you want to get the best outcomes possible from a Raspberry Pi deployment:
Reducing the quantity of data carried via Wi-Fi networks operating in the 2.4GHz range.
Using Ethernet or the 5GHz spectrum can help prevent interference.
This Raspberry Pi home automation circuitry enables control from a mobile device. The following circuit describes how to attach the relay to the Raspberry Pi.
Follow this step: Plug the BleuIO Dongle into your Raspberry Pi.
To use a specific GPIO pin, change the value of the switch variable in the script. (A graphical representation of the board's GPIO pins is available via the pinout command.)
To begin, plug in the BleuIO dongle.
Write 0x01 to the Flow Control feature to make BleuIO listen for orders (UUID: 0783b03e-8535-b5a0-7140-a304d2495cb9)
The GPIO can now be controlled by writing to the Server RX Data attribute (UUID: 0783b03e-8535-b5a0-7140-a304d2495cba).
“SW=1” for ON
“SW=0” for OFF
# import GPIO and datetime
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import datetime
# set GPIO numbering mode and define output pins
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)
GPIO.setup(37,GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(38,GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(40,GPIO.OUT)
# Turn lights on and off based on the time
try:
while True:
now = datetime.datetime.now().time()
if now.hour == 21 and now.minute == 5:
GPIO.output(40,True)
elif now.hour == 21 and now.minute == 6:
GPIO.output(38,True)
elif now.hour == 21 and now.minute == 7:
GPIO.output(40,False)
GPIO.output(38,False)
finally:
# cleanup the GPIO before finishing :)
GPIO.cleanup()
Here's the python code for controlling lights in your home with a smartphone app using a Raspberry Pi as a hub for automation.
import time
import serial.tools.list_ports
import serial
import RPi.GPIO as io
switch = 7 # Edit this to suit your setup! (7 = GPIO 04), use command pinout to show you the GPIO pins for the board graphically
io.setmode(io.BOARD)
io.setup(switch, io.OUT)
master_array = []
index = 1
dongle_port = ""
print("\nWelcome to BleuIO RaspberryPi Switch Example!\n")
print("\nPlease insert dongle...")
try:
while len(master_array) == 0:
m_ports = serial.tools.list_ports.comports(include_links=False)
for port in m_ports:
if str(port.hwid).__contains__("VID:PID=2DCF"):
master = port.device + " " + port.hwid
if master.__contains__("VID:PID=2DCF:6002"):
print("Found dongle in port: %s" % port.device)
master_array.append(master)
dongle_port = port
break
for dongle in master_array:
print("\nConnecting to BleuIO @ %s\n" % dongle)
time.sleep(0.5)
dongle_conn = Serial.Serial(
dongle_port.device,
115200,
timeout=1,
)
if not dongle_conn.is_open:
dongle_conn.open()
print("Starting Advertising...")
dongle_conn.write("AT+GAPDISCONNECTALL\rAT+DUAL\rAT+ADVSTART\rATI\r".encode())
read_tries = 0
dongle_resp = ""
while read_tries < 20:
dongle_resp = dongle_conn.readline().decode()
if "Not Advertising" in dongle_resp:
dongle_conn.write("AT+ADVSTART\r")
if b"Advertising\r\n" in dongle_resp.encode():
break
read_tries += 1
time.sleep(0.01)
if dongle_resp:
print("BleuIO is %s" % dongle_resp)
else:
print("ERROR! No response...")
exit()
print(
"Going into a loop, waiting for the signal to turn the switch on/off...\n(Press Ctrl+C to abort)."
)
while True:
try:
dongle_resp = dongle_conn.readline().decode()
if "SW=0" in dongle_resp:
print("Turn Switch off!")
io.output(switch, io.LOW)
if "SW=1" in dongle_resp:
print("Turn Switch on!")
io.output(switch, io.HIGH)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
if dongle_conn.is_open:
dongle_conn.write("AT+GAPDISCONNECTALL\rAT+ADVSTOP\r".encode())
dongle_conn.close()
io.cleanup()
print("\nBye!")
exit()
except Exception as e:
print("(ERROR: %s)" % (e))
In conclusion, controlling household appliances with a Raspberry Pi 4 with Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) capabilities is an efficient and hassle-free option. A Raspberry Pi 4 equipped with the appropriate hardware and software may connect with and remotely control various BLE-enabled devices.
Using a Raspberry Pi 4 and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), users may command their household appliances from their smartphone or a web interface, and the Pi will carry out the commands. This allows for a versatile and adaptable method of managing lights, thermostats, and smart plugs.
Home automation enthusiasts may find that programming a Raspberry Pi 4 with BLE to operate their household gadgets is a fun and rewarding do-it-yourself project. Developing a highly effective system that can improve the quality of one's life requires skill, expertise, and access to the necessary materials. In the following tutorial, we will learn how to buid an IOT-based weather station in pi 4.
Hey learners! Welcome to the following lecture on Python, where all the examples are practically explained with the help of the Jupyter notebook. We have been working with the data types for a long time, and now we know all the basics about them. There are certain concepts that are applicable to almost all sequences, but there are some rules for performing this function. Python has many concepts that are unique and simple, and if we talk about the slicing of the data type, other high-level languages such as C++ have the same concept, but Python gives the easiest way to do so. How we will work on different data types to check whether they support the slicing or not. In this way, we can revise the concept that we have been working on so far. Nevertheless, before that, you have to check the list of content given next:
What is "slicing" in Python?
Can we slice any sequence?
What are the methods to use for the slicing process?
How do we use the colon to slice the lists?
Describe the process of using the colon in different ways and slice the sequence.
How do we use the slicing function on the arrays?
Can we use Numpy to slice the sequence?
How do you slice the tuple for slicing the sequences?
We are all familiar with the slicing of bread, and the same concept is related to the slicing of a sequence with the help of different procedures. As we sliced the things and then picked the required ones for our usage, in this lecture we will slice the sequences(that are mutable or immutable in different ways). It is an important concept in programming especially if we talk about Python. There are different ways to introduce the slicing of data types:
"Slicing is a mechanism in Python that allows you to extract a portion (or a subset) of a sequence, such as a string, list, or tuple."
Slicing allows you to extract a portion of a sequence by specifying the start and end indices, allowing you to extract a contiguous portion of the sequence. There are different ways of slicing the data types, and we will go through all the important types that we have learned in this course.
There are certain ways to perform the same operation in a different way while you are programming. This is a plus point of Python it provides programmers to work in uncomplicated ways. People with prior experience in programming will find it super easy to slice the data types. There are two options for using the slicing mechanism mentioned below:
Slicing through colon
Slicing through function
There are still more types and ways to perform these functions, and we will try our best to perform all of you to show you the perfect way for every type of slicing you want according to your requirements. Moreover, it becomes easy to perform the complex problems when you know more than one solution in programming.
The first data type that will be sliced here is the list. We know lists are described by square brackets, and in Python, slicing of the list is a common practice because a large amount of data is stored in the lists; therefore, to perform efficient operations, we need the slicing often. The first example of the slicing of sequences is given next:
This is the first style of slicing a sequence with the help of a colon. It is the simplest way to use the colon for slicing a long sequence, and the following syntax is used in it:
Name=[start;end]
Where,
name = "Name of the sequence declared before using this function."
start= It denotes the starting point for our sequence.
end: The point at which our chosen area must come to an end.
So let's try the example to check the results.
#starting a new list to be sliced
myList = [22,8,11,9,44,11,22,89,4,90]
#slicing the list from the first to the fourth element
result=myList[1:4]
#printing the results
print("The sliced list= ", result)
Hence, only a small portion is obtained as expected.
We have seen a simple example till now but what if we want the variation? Programming is not an easy job and not every time do we need to simply put the portions of a list into different programs, but most of the time we have to pick the specific entries of the lists. For this, Python has another option for programmers. Simply by adding another parameter to the previous case, we can get the variations in the results according to our choice in the following way:
#starting a new birthday party list to be sliced
myList = ["balloons", "party hats", "cake", "candle", "drinks", "plates"]
#slicing the list to get from the first six elements at the step size of two elements
result=myList[1:6:2]
#printing the results
print("The sliced list= ", result)
Hence, in this case, we have seen the list in which the items from the birthday party were saved, and we wanted to get a final list that had the items from the parent list by ignoring the odd indexed elements and printing only the even indexed elements. We have taken this simple example to make sure you get the concept of the difference between the types of slicing discussed so far.
If you have run the previous code, has the question popped into your mind as to what the other way to do so is? Well, yes, as we always say, programming gives you multiple options. If, in any case, the programmer is not able to use the start and end points and wants the whole sequence with steps, the other way to do so is to use the double colon. The simple code is given next:
#starting a new list with a string message in it to be sliced
myList = ["Hello", "we", "are", "programmers"," and", "we", "are", "interested", "in", "Python"]
#slicing the list to get the whole set with three steps till the end.
result=myList[::3]
#printing the results
print("The first four elements= ", result)
Here the procedure is simple and we are getting the required elements according to the need.
Another method to get the same results as in the first case is to use the negative indices. This option may seem different and weird, but in programming, having more options for the same task gives programmers more opportunities to use their creativity in a different way. Let’s prove this with an example:
#starting a new list with the floats in it to be sliced
myList = [23.8,44.8, 120.7, 226.90, 11.7, 118.90,12.55,1.3,77.3,119.1,23.90,31.66,119.4,12.65,11.4]
#slicing the list to get the 6th to 1st element from the end.
result=myList[-6:-1]
#printing the results
print("The sliced list= ", result)
Hence, the programmers can access the data from any side of the sequence easily, according to their needs. This way to slice the arrays has many interesting and fantastic applications in image processing.
The next type to be discussed is the one where only one number and one column are enough to slice the element. The limitation of this method is that the output contains all the elements from the side we started to the ending point, or, as we can say, this is the best way to get the left or right part of the sequence by using merely the starting or ending point and using the colon. The syntax to do this is
Name[start:]
Name[:end]
Here, two cases are discussed. Take the example of a long list where the requirement is to obtain the first five elements only, then the following code will be used:
#starting a new list with a string message in it to be sliced
myList = ["Hello", "we", "are", "programmers"," and", "we", "are", "interested", "in", "Python"]
#slicing the list to get the first four elements from the end.
result=myList[:4]
#printing the results
print("The first four elements= ", result)
As you might expect, the next case is diametrically opposed to the one just discussed. If a person wants to get the second half of the same message, then we have to count ourselves and enter the number of elements that we want to print from the end.
#starting a new list with a string message in it to be sliced
myList = ["Hello", "we", "are", "programmers"," and", "we", "are", "interested", "in", "Python"]
#slicing the list to get the last five elements from the end.
result=myList[5:]
#printing the results
print("The first four elements= ", result)
Hence, the result we wanted to get is here on the screen. This gives a quick and easy way to print the entire length of the sequence.
To slice the sequence, there is a special function that we have also mentioned in this lecture. Using the function is uncomplicated; just feeding the data is in the function's syntax, and the programmers do not need any special declarations before it. The procedure is the same as what we have discussed so far, and therefore, to make things simple, we will use the single code for different types of applications in the slice function.
#importing the double array from the NumPy library
import numpy as NumPy
#decalring the new array
myArray = NumPy.array([[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]])
#Printing the first to the fourth index of the array using the slice function
result=myArray[0, 1:4]
print("Result= ", result)
#slicing both arrays at the same time and printing output
result=myArray[0:2, 1:5]
print("Result= ", result)
The following points are an extraction of the contents of this code:
The library in NumPy can be used to slice the sequences.
The double array is possible to import from NumPy.
The slicing of an array is possible using NumPy.
It is up to the programmer if he wishes to get the result from the single array or both of the arrays.
The index is used in the slice function, but not the position.
A tuple is another sequence that can be sliced. The procedure is the same, but we will use different ways to use the function in this example.
#creating a new tuple having different data types in it
tuple = ("apple", "balloons", 32.2, "cat",12, "dog", "ear",23,"fruits","guitar","hen",1)
#using the slice function to get the third and fifth elements only
x = slice(3, 5)
print("Element at index three and five= ", tuple[x])
#using the slice function with the steps to get the required output
x = slice(1, 7, 3)
print("Sliced the tuple to get the result using step function= ", tuple[x])
Hence, tuples can easily be sliced using the function, and we have used it here because we wanted to save multiple types of data in the same sequence.
Consequently, it was an informative lecture with a lot of examples and concepts. The start was full of an introduction to the slicing process and why we need the slice function in Python programming. After that, we learn different ways to use the colon for slicing. Although the concept was sometimes discussed in the previous lectures as well as here, we purely focused on the slicing, and it was interesting to see the examples of different data types such as sets, arrays, and tuples. We have a lot to learn in Python, so stay with us for the next lecture.
Efficiency, accuracy, and dependability are crucial when manufacturing electronic components. The demand for smaller, lighter, and more complex electronic devices has increased as a result of technology's ongoing development. Manufacturers must adopt cutting-edge strategies that let them produce high-quality components quickly in order to meet these demands.
Sheet metal fabrication have become increasingly popular in the manufacturing of electronic components, offering numerous benefits to this rapidly expanding sector. The incorporation of sheet metal services has revolutionized the production process, leading to enhanced productivity, increased value, and improved overall product quality. In this article, we will explore the advantages offered by sheet metal solutions in the manufacturing of electronic components, highlighting their positive impact on this dynamic industry.
The inherent durability of sheet metal makes it one of the most preferred materials for making electronic components. Aluminum or stainless steel sheet metal has excellent strength and resistance qualities, ensuring the durability and dependability of the finished products. In the electronic industry, where components must withstand a variety of mechanical stresses and environmental conditions, this durability is essential. Manufacturers can create durable and resilient components that satisfy exacting quality standards by utilizing sheet metal solutions.
High levels of precision can be achieved through sheet metal fabrication, which is a significant additional advantage. Advanced computer numerical control (CNC) systems, which provide unmatched accuracy and repeatability, are used in modern manufacturing processes. Each component will be manufactured to the required specifications thanks to these systems' ability to precisely cut and shape sheet metal enclosure for example, in accordance with complex designs and close tolerances. Manufacturers can produce components with minimal error thanks to the precision provided by sheet metal solutions, which also lowers the need for rework and increases overall productivity.
Additionally, the flexibility of sheet metal fabrication enables the creation of intricate designs. Contrary to conventional production techniques like injection molding or die casting, sheet metal solutions provide the adaptability to support complex and multifaceted designs. Manufacturers can use this capability to produce electronic components with distinctive shapes and features, giving them a competitive advantage in the market. Sheet metal fabrication can make intricate enclosures, heat sinks, or connectors as well as other complex designs.
The incorporation of sheet metal solutions also boosts the effectiveness of production. The manufacturing workflow is streamlined through the use of CNC machines and automated procedures, lowering human error and shortening production time. Sheet metal fabrication enables the production of complex components more quickly because it can handle multiple operations in a single setup. Additionally, manufacturers can meet high volume demands without sacrificing quality thanks to the scalability of sheet metal production. Companies can boost production capacity, reduce lead times, and maintain competitiveness in the market for electronic components by optimizing the manufacturing process.
Any manufacturing process must be cost-effective, and sheet metal solutions excel in this area as well. Sheet metal fabrication frequently turns out to be more cost-effective than other manufacturing processes, especially for large production runs. Utilizing effective CNC systems decreases material waste because careful cutting reduces the need for extra material. Additionally, sheet metal's adaptability enables the fusion of numerous components into a single structure, lowering labor and assembly costs. The readily available and affordable sheet metal materials have competitive pricing, which is also advantageous to manufacturers.
Beyond production, sheet metal solutions are used in the manufacture of electronic components. Due to their compatibility with other materials and manufacturing techniques, sheet metal components can be easily integrated into a variety of devices. Sheet metal solutions offer the flexibility necessary for seamless integration, whether it is a consumer electronic device, medical instrument, or industrial control system. Due to their ability to innovate and create products that satisfy particular application needs, manufacturers are able to successfully compete in the market.
The industry for electronic components is driven by innovation. To stay ahead of the competition, one must be able to quickly prototype and iterate designs. Manufacturers can speed up prototyping with the help of sheet metal solutions.
Manufacturers can quickly convert digital designs into physical prototypes by using CAD software and CNC machines. This shortens the time needed to introduce new electronic components to the market by enabling quicker testing, validation, and iteration of concepts. Manufacturers can be more innovative, flexible, and responsive thanks to the accelerated prototyping process, which ultimately results in the creation of cutting-edge electronic components.
The industry for producing electronic components has undergone a revolution owing to the adoption of sheet metal solutions. The inherent strength, accuracy, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of sheet metal fabrication provide a flexible strategy that satisfies the needs of contemporary electronic devices. Intricate and complex components that meet strict quality standards can now be produced by manufacturers. The incorporation of sheet metal solutions improves the robustness and dependability of electronic components, guarantees design accuracy, boosts production efficiency, and provides affordable manufacturing methods. With its compatibility and adaptability, sheet metal transforms into a crucial tool for improving the production of electronic components in the rapidly evolving technological environment of today.
A starter kit is a pack of components. It provides everything needed to learn a particular activity. A starter kit is for helping beginners. It makes the initial steps simple. It provides the necessary tools, materials, or information for students. There are various types of starter kits. Kits are available for teaching electronics, hobbies, crafts, sports, and technology. They often include essential instructions. Sometimes starter kits come with educational resources. Their purpose is to make learning quick and easy. For DIY projects, a starter kit serves as a convenient entry point. They offer the necessary foundation and guidance to explore and engage in a new interest.
Starter kits make learning easy. Beginners cannot make a good parts list for learning. They can’t decide what to buy and what not. They often waste money on unnecessary goods. But they forget to buy the important parts. A complete starter kit makes this task easy. Lots of components come together in a starter kit. So, we need not roam here and there to buy them.
Starter kits come with user manuals. Some may include video tutorial DVDs. This helps learners a lot. They can learn a new topic with or without any trainer.
Starter kits not only help beginners. Experts too can use these kits to complete their projects.
IoT stands for Internet of Things. It's a network of devices, objects and systems. The 'things' of IoT can exchange data using the internet. In IoT, a 'thing' can even be a human being. Yes, you read it right. Let me tell you how:
Imagine, you're wearing a heart-rate sensor at home. IoT makes it possible for your doctor to monitor your heart rate from their chamber. Are you using a GPS tracker watch to track your kids? Yes, that's an example of IoT too.
IoT has brought a new revolution in technology. It's making life easier. Life has become more secure with IoT. You can live a tension-free life to some extent.
Suppose, you're on holiday. You have a garden. You need to water your plants. Who's gonna do that when you're not home? With IoT, you need not worry. You can make an IoT plant watering system. You need a controller. For example, an ESP8266. You need to connect it to the internet. You will also need a soil moisture sensor. The ESP8266 will read the sensor. Thus it will detect if the soil is dry or wet. The ESP8266 will control a water pump according to the sensor data. You'll need an IoT mobile app. You can receive the soil sensor data in your mobile app. You can also turn on the motor from your mobile phone.
Thus, you can control an IoT system from anywhere in the world. You can go to the US, still, you can switch off a motor, light or fan at your home in Berlin!
An IoT kit is an electronics kit. It is a package of electronic components used for IoT projects. The heart of such a kit is a microcontroller board. Sensors, motors, LEDs etc. are also there. With these kits, you can do lots of IoT projects.
You can buy IoT kits online. These are available at online electronics stores. SunFounder IoT kits has extended components as compared to other embedded starter kits. They have a large variety of easy to use IoT kits and their prices are also reasonable.
SunFounder is your one-stop solution for electronic projects. They sell Arduino and Raspberry pi boards and accessories.
Some Raspberry Pi products at Sunfounder
The company also offers Arduino and Raspberry Pi courses. The course instructors are very high-profile. You can find the details about the syllabus and instructors from their website as shown in the following image:
So, you can buy kits from them and also learn how to use them.
Here is a list of top IoT kits from Sunfounder:
SunFounder 3-in-1 IoT Starter Kit is a Versatile kit. This kit has 192 components. It includes an Arduino and an ESP8266. You can do lots of projects using the powers of these boards. It has all components to build a robotic car. Here are some significant projects that you can do with this kit:
Door detection
Window Detection
Plant irrigation system.
You can build a smart car with this kit. The features of the car can be:
Line tracking
Obstacle avoidance
Hand following
Speed control and many more.
This kit provides 87 online tutorials for IoT and smart car related projects. Beginners and experts both can use this kit.
Controller board |
Arduino, ESP8266 |
No. of components |
192 |
Compatibility |
Arduino IDE, Scratch |
SunFounder Raspberry Pi Ultimate kit comes with many Raspberry Pi accessories. The kit is versatile. It is suitable for both students and professionals. It has all the necessary software and hardware for a beginner. This kit gives access to 60+ video tutorials.
Controller board |
None |
Supported Languages |
C++, Java, Python |
No of projects in c++ |
44 |
NodeJS projects |
30 |
Python projects |
51 |
This kit features a Raspberry Pi Pico W. The whole package is full of useful sensors. It is suitable for developing IoT devices.
Controller board |
Raspberry Pi Pico W |
Number of components |
450 |
Featured projects |
117 |
Supported platforms |
Micropython, Piper Make, and C++ |
This is a NodeMCU-based kit. This is an ideal kit for understanding the fundamentals of IoT. It has 16 components. Those are LEDS, motors and various detection sensors. The kit gives a quick start to your IoT project. The NodeMCU is open-source. So, there is no need to use any extra board to use this kit. There is a manual with this kit. It discusses about all components in detail. You'll get a visual guide for circuit-building steps. Coding guideline is also there. An e-book is also available for this kit users. That can help you further to made the project more advanced.
Main controller |
ESP8266 |
Number of components |
16 |
Supported platforms |
Arduino IDE |
This kit will teach you IoT in a fun and interactive way. It is suitable for making IoT-based school projects. Do you want to make a project for a science fair? You can depend on this kit. This kit is wifi supported. It uses the MQTT protocol. MQTT is a user-friendly protocol. The kit comes with a variety of open-source coding resources and mobile apps. It comes with a tutorial DVD. There are 17 video tutorials on that DVD. The tutorials consist of step-by-step guidelines. The codes are also tested. Detailed circuit diagrams help you do your project in the right way.
Main controller |
ESP8266 |
Number of components: |
22 |
No. of lessons |
17 |
Supported platforms |
Arduino IDE |
ThingPulse #1 NodeMCU ESP8266 Starter Kit gives users a solid start to their IoT projects. It's a 4-in-1 wireless IoT development kit. It is a small kit. It is based on ESP8266. The kit has an OLED display. A DHT22 temperature and humidity sensor is there too. It also comes with a Data cable and some jumper wires. You can do the following projects with this kit:
World clock
Weather station
Plane spotter
Climate node
The kit comes with a 60-page guide. You will get premier customer support from the company for this kit.
Main controller |
ESP8266 |
Number of components |
5 |
No. of lessons |
17 |
Supported platforms |
Arduino IDE |
This is a very special kit. We often make IoT projects but we don't know how to apply them in our daily life. KEYESTUDIO Smart Home Starter Kit gives us the chance to apply our knowledge. With this kit, you can build a model smart home. The kit has laser-cut wood board for this task. The smart home consists of a control board, some sensors and actuators. The home is portable. You can power it up with 6 AA batteries. You can control your home with a mobile app.
Here are some of the projects possible with this kit:
Door open-close
Window open-close.
Play music.
Steam sensor on-off.
Gas sensor on-off.
Control switch and brightness of a light.
Control switch and speed of the fan.
Light on-off.
Relay on-off.
Main controller: |
Keystudio Plus (Arduino compatible) |
No. of projects: |
15 |
Suitable for age: |
15+ |
Supported Platform |
Arduino IDE |
This kit has Arduino UNO,an ESP8266 and an ESP32. ESP32 is a Wifi module. It also supports Bluetooth. So, it is a very powerful kit. This is suitable if you are looking for a micro starter kit. You can not only create wireless projects with this. ESP32, HC-05 allows you to experiment with various IoT concepts. This kit gives complimentary access to PDF guides and tutorial links. Those resources are available at the GAR Dropbox Cloud. The components come in a sturdy toolbox. It adds extra protection.
This kit needs no soldering. Total 18 sensors are there. Some of those are:
Sound Sensor
PIR Motion Sensor
Impact Switch Sensor
IR Flame Sensor
Hall Effect Sensor
DHT11 Temperature & Humidity Sensor
MQ3 Alcohol Sensor
Soil Moisture Sensor
Rain Level Sensor
Main controller |
Arduino UNO-R3, ESP32,ESP8266 |
Number of components |
52 |
No. of lessons |
17 |
Supported platforms |
Arduino IDE |
Do you have this kit? You're only 5 steps away from building your smart home. Arduino MKR IoT Bundle is an exceptional IoT kit. It features an Arduino MKR board. You can control this board over the Internet. The kit has some sensors, ICs motors and LEDs. It helps users to make automation models. With this, you can learn the basics of IoT. This kit can connect online to the Arduino IoT cloud. Users gain access to the following services-
Device programming.
Data analytics.
Control management.
Automation triggering.
You can log, graph and analyze sensor data.
It comes with all the helpful parts. Such as data cable, LCD, battery connector etc.
Main controller |
Arduino MKR |
Supported platforms |
Arduino IDE, Arduino IoT cloud |
Are you a beginner or a professional? Well, it does not matter if you use Arduino OPLA IoT Kit. This kit is for all. It offers a user-friendly platform for IoT projects. You can make fully customized smart devices. Thanks to the open system. The following are the main components of this package:
Arduino MKR Wi-Fi board.
Arduino MKR IoT Carrier with an OLED display.
24 V relays.
moisture sensors
capacitive touch buttons
SD card holder
onboard sensors for light, temperature, and humidity.
This kit will also bring you 12 months of free access to the Arduino Cloud maker plan.
Main controller |
Arduino MKR Wi-Fi board, Arduino MKR IoT Carrier with an OLED display |
Supported platforms |
Arduino IDE |
Sunfounder IoT kits are easy to use. These multipurpose kits give you the facility to learn IoT from scratch. You may have zero knowledge about IoT. Still, you are welcome to use these kits. We have discussed only 10 IoT kits in this article. The company manufactures many more exciting starter kits and robot kits.
Sunfounder has a forum too. In SunFounder Forum, you can share knowledge with others like you and can get help from their engineers.
So, why the delay? Check out these top-notch kits and start your journey to IoT. Wish you all the best.
Instagram has become one of the most popular social media platforms, with over a billion active users worldwide. This popularity has led to businesses and individuals using Instagram as a marketing tool to reach their target audience. However, gaining a substantial following on Instagram can take time and effort, especially for newcomers or those looking for rapid growth.
Many people turn to buying Instagram followers to speed up the process of gaining followers. To meet this demand, numerous platforms offer the option to buy Instagram followers. But with so many options available, it can take time to determine which platform is trustworthy and reliable. Here we will explore the top four platforms you can trust to buy Instagram followers, providing you with the essential information you need to make an informed decision.
Before jumping into the platforms themselves, it's crucial to understand what to look for in a medium to buy Instagram followers. Here are some factors to consider:
Quality of followers: Ensure that the platform provides active followers who engage with your content.
Delivery time: Most platforms promise to deliver followers within 24-48 hours. Still, ensuring that the delivery time aligns with your goals and expectations is essential.
Price: While choosing the cheapest option available may be tempting, remember that quality followers come at a price. Look for a platform that provides excellent value for money.
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and support that surpasses other sellers.
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In the fast-paced world of Instagram, buying followers can be a game-changer for individuals and businesses striving to increase their online presence. While it's crucial to exercise caution and select a reputable platform. Buying followers is just one aspect of building a successful Instagram account. Although you should follow other pro marketing tips to get success , Combining organic growth strategies with the boost gained from buying followers can be a powerful strategy to accelerate your Instagram journey.
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In today's digital age, where technology is an integral part of our daily lives, it's crucial to be aware of the various cybersecurity threats and take appropriate measures to protect ourselves.
While many people are familiar with the more well-known threats like phishing scams and malware, several commonly overlooked cybersecurity risks can have significant consequences. In this article, we will explore these threats and provide insights on how to overcome them.
One of the commonly overlooked cybersecurity threats is the vulnerability of public Wi-Fi networks. In an increasingly connected world, we often rely on public Wi-Fi hotspots in cafes, airports, and other public places.
However, these networks can be a breeding ground for hackers to intercept sensitive information such as passwords, credit card details, and personal data. This is where online protection measures come into play.
ExpressVPN’s India server
is an excellent example of such protection measures. By using a virtual private network (VPN) service, individuals can encrypt their internet traffic and protect their online activities from prying eyes.
The India server specifically caters to individuals residing in India, offering them a secure connection that shields their data from potential threats. So whether you're accessing your bank account or browsing the web, using a VPN ensures that your information remains private and secure, even on unsecured public Wi-Fi networks.
Another often underestimated cybersecurity threat is the use of weak passwords. Many people tend to choose passwords that are easy to remember but also easy for hackers to guess.
Commonly used passwords such as "123456" or "password" make it incredibly easy for cybercriminals to gain unauthorized access to personal accounts. It is essential to create strong, unique passwords for each online account to overcome this threat.
A robust password should include a mix of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters. Additionally, a password manager can help generate and securely store complex passwords, eliminating the need to remember them all.
On the other hand, phishing attacks continue to be a significant concern in cybersecurity. These attacks involve tricking individuals into divulging sensitive information by posing as trustworthy entities, such as banks or popular online services.
Phishing emails often appear legitimate and include urgent requests for personal information, making it easy for unsuspecting users to fall into the trap. It's crucial to exercise caution and skepticism when encountering unsolicited emails or messages to protect against phishing attacks.
Our best advice: Verify the sender's identity, avoid clicking on suspicious links, and never share personal information through unsecured channels.
While many individuals are vigilant about protecting their computers and smartphones, Internet of Things (IoT) according to Wired devices are frequently overlooked in cybersecurity.
IoT devices, such as smart home appliances, wearables, and medical devices, can be vulnerable to attacks if not properly secured. Changing default passwords on IoT devices and keeping them updated with the latest firmware and security patches is essential to mitigate this risk.
Additionally, segregating IoT devices on a separate network from other devices can prevent potential breaches from spreading.
Finally, social engineering attacks pose a significant threat that often goes unnoticed. These attacks involve manipulating individuals into divulging sensitive information through psychological manipulation and deception.
Attackers may impersonate trusted individuals or exploit personal information on social media platforms to gain the victim's trust. Because of that, it is crucial to be vigilant and exercise caution when sharing personal information online.
A tip: Limit the amount of personal information publicly available on social media platforms, and be wary of unsolicited requests for personal information.
The bottom line is that while we frequently focus on the more well-known cybersecurity threats, some other commonly overlooked risks can have serious consequences, and we need to remain vigilant.
Individuals can significantly improve their cybersecurity posture by utilizing online protection measures, creating strong passwords, staying cautious of phishing attempts, securing IoT devices, and being mindful of social engineering attacks.
In an increasingly interconnected world, it's crucial to prioritize cybersecurity and take proactive steps to protect our digital lives.
In the realm of electronics, the printed circuit board (PCB) serves as the foundation for countless technological advancements. PCBs connect and support various electronic components. They ensure seamless functionality and optimal performance. PCB prototyping plays a critical role in the development and testing of new designs before mass production. In this article, we will delve into the world of PCB prototyping. We will explore what it entails. We will also provide valuable insights on how to design and manufacture PCB prototypes effectively.
PCBWay is your one-stop solution for professional PCB prototyping services. With their cutting-edge technology and vast experience, they provide you with high-quality PCBs that meet your exact specifications. Whether you're a hobbyist or an entrepreneur, their dedicated team is committed to delivering excellence in every aspect of their PCB prototyping service.
They have a very user-friendly website. There you can place your order without any hassle. Below is what the website looks like:
PCBway provides a data-based, quality PCB prototyping service. Their service is available in more than 170 countries. They have a 98.3% on-time delivery rate. They process more than 2100 orders daily.
Here you can see some of their high-profile customers:
1. What is a PCB Prototype?
2. Importance of PCB Prototyping
3. Understanding the Design Process
a. Schematic Capture
b. PCB Layout Design
4. Selecting the Right Tools and Software
5. Design Guidelines for PCB Prototypes
a. Component Placement and Routing
b. Power and Ground Planes
c. Signal Integrity and High-Speed Design Considerations
6. Manufacturing PCB Prototypes
a. Fabrication Process
b. Assembly Process
c. Testing and Validation
i) DFM checks
ii) Design Rule Check (DRC)
7. Common Challenges and Troubleshooting
8. Best Practices for Successful PCB Prototyping
a. Collaboration and Communication
b. Iterative Design Approach
c. Documentation and Version Control
9. Conclusion
A PCB prototype is a functional sample of a printed circuit board that serves as a proof-of-concept for a specific design. It allows engineers and designers to validate their circuit design, test its functionality, and identify potential improvements or issues before proceeding with mass production. PCB prototypes typically undergo rigorous testing and analysis to ensure their reliability, performance, and manufacturability. Prototyping is an essential step in the product development cycle as it helps to refine the design, reduce costs, and minimize risks associated with full-scale production.
PCB prototyping offers numerous benefits and advantages throughout the product development cycle. It enables designers to visualize their circuit design, validate its functionality, and identify and rectify any design flaws or issues. By identifying and addressing these problems early on, costly mistakes can be avoided during mass production. Moreover, PCB prototyping allows for performance optimization, improved product quality, and reduced time to market.
Prototyping also provides an opportunity to evaluate different design alternatives and assess their feasibility and effectiveness. It helps designers gain a deeper understanding of the interaction between components, identify potential bottlenecks, and optimize the layout for better signal integrity, thermal management, and manufacturability.
The design process is a crucial aspect of PCB prototyping, encompassing schematic capture and PCB layout design.
Schematic capture involves creating a graphical representation of the circuit design using specialized software tools. It involves selecting and connecting various electronic components to form a functional circuit diagram, capturing the electrical connections and relationships between components. During this stage, designers must consider factors such as the desired functionality, component availability, and compatibility.
The following image is an example of a schematic capture.
Once the schematic is finalized, the next step is to create the PCB layout design. This involves translating the circuit diagram into a physical representation of the PCB, positioning components, and routing traces to establish electrical connections. PCB layout design requires careful consideration of component placement. Designers should consider signal integrity, power distribution, and manufacturability too. Designers need to optimize the layout to minimize noise, ensure proper thermal dissipation, and facilitate ease of assembly.
Following is an example of a PCB layout:
To design PCB prototypes effectively, it is essential to choose the right tools and software. Numerous software packages are available that facilitate schematic capture, PCB layout design, and simulation. These tools offer features such as component libraries, design rule checks, and simulation capabilities, enabling designers to create accurate and optimized PCB prototypes.
When selecting tools, it is important to consider factors such as the complexity of the design, ease of use, availability of support, and compatibility with manufacturing processes. Popular software tools for PCB design include Altium Designer, Eagle, KiCad, and OrCAD, among others. Additionally, designers should also consider the availability of design resources, community support, and compatibility with the chosen PCB manufacturing service.
To ensure the success of a PCB prototype, adherence to certain design guidelines is crucial. Consider the following aspects during the design process:
Efficient component placement and routing contribute to optimal signal flow, reduced noise interference, and ease of assembly. Consider factors such as signal paths, thermal management, and component accessibility while placing and routing components on the PCB. Group components logically based on their functions and connections, and minimize the length and complexity of traces to avoid signal degradation and interference.
The following image shows a good arrangement of components.
Proper allocation of power and ground planes helps ensure a stable power supply. It reduces noise and improves signal integrity. Implementing a multilayer PCB design with dedicated power and ground planes is often beneficial for high-speed and complex designs. Ensure that power and ground traces are sufficiently wide to minimize resistance and voltage drops, and employ vias to establish connections between different layers.
The image below shows the power and ground planes.
For designs involving high-speed signals, careful attention must be paid to signal integrity. Consider factors such as impedance control, termination techniques, and signal routing to minimize reflections, crosstalk, and other signal integrity issues. Use controlled impedance traces for high-frequency signals, and employ techniques such as differential signaling and shielding to minimize electromagnetic interference (EMI).
The following picture shows Crosstalk Checking in PCB Layout for Signal Integrity Validation.
Once the PCB design is complete, the next step is manufacturing the prototypes. The manufacturing process typically involves two main stages: fabrication and assembly.
The fabrication process involves translating the PCB design into physical reality. It includes steps such as creating the PCB stack-up, applying the copper layers, etching, drilling, and applying surface finishes. Advanced fabrication techniques, such as advanced routing and via technologies, are employed to meet the design requirements. During the fabrication process, designers must consider factors such as the choice of substrate material, layer stack-up, copper weight, and surface finish to ensure the desired performance and reliability of the PCB prototype.
The following image shows the sequence of PCB fabrication:
During the assembly process, electronic components are mounted onto the fabricated PCB. This can be done through manual or automated processes, depending on the complexity and scale of the design. Once the components are placed, they are soldered onto the PCB, and any necessary inspections and tests are conducted. Designers must ensure proper component selection, compatibility with the manufacturing process, and appropriate soldering techniques to achieve reliable and robust connections.
PCBWay has PCB assembly capabilities.
The following picture shows the mixed 2-layer board assembly:
After the assembly process, the PCB prototypes undergo rigorous testing and validation to ensure their functionality and performance. Various tests, such as functional testing, electrical testing, and environmental testing, are conducted to verify the design's reliability and adherence to specifications. Testing may include checking for short circuits, open circuits, component functionality, and signal integrity. Designers must work closely with the manufacturing partner to define the testing requirements and ensure that the prototypes meet the desired quality standards.
PCBway’s testing and validation process is excellent. All of a PCB's design specifications are examined by the DFM inspection. This check specifically searches for any features that might be troublesome, redundant, or missing altogether. Any one of these problems could have a significant negative impact on how well the project works in the end. For example, too less space between PCB components is a typical PCB design problem. This may cause Short circuit and other issues.
DFM checks help save production costs and unanticipated expenses by spotting potential issues before manufacturing even starts. This is because fewer boards were scrapped as a result of these tests. This process can offer high-quality products at reasonable prices.
The following image shows the process of the DFM check.
DRC, which stands for Design Rule Check, is a critical step in the process of printed circuit board (PCB) design. It ensures that the PCB layout adheres to the specified design rules and constraints, minimizing the risk of errors and ensuring optimal performance of the final product. PCBway, a leading PCB manufacturing and assembly service provider, offers a comprehensive DRC service to its customers.
PCBway's DRC service is designed to meticulously examine the PCB design files, including the placement of components, routing of traces, and adherence to industry-standard design rules. By leveraging advanced software tools and experienced engineers, PCBway conducts a thorough analysis to detect potential design flaws, such as clearance violations, trace width violations, and pad-to-pad spacing violations. This comprehensive review helps identify and rectify any issues that could lead to manufacturing defects, electrical shorts, or signal integrity problems.
With PCBway's DRC service, customers can ensure that their PCB designs meet the highest quality standards. The service provides detailed reports highlighting the detected design rule violations, accompanied by suggested corrective actions. This enables designers to make informed decisions and make necessary modifications to their layouts, thereby enhancing the overall reliability and performance of the PCB.
Whether you are a professional PCB designer or a hobbyist, PCBway's DRC service offers a valuable resource to ensure your designs are error-free and ready for production. By partnering with PCBway, customers can confidently move forward with their PCB projects, knowing that their designs will be thoroughly validated and optimized for manufacturing success.
While designing and manufacturing PCB prototypes, several challenges may arise. Some common issues include component placement conflicts, electrical noise, signal integrity issues, thermal management problems, and manufacturability constraints. By employing systematic troubleshooting techniques and consulting experts when needed, these challenges can be effectively addressed.
For example, if there are signal integrity issues, designers can analyze the signal paths, adjust trace widths and impedances, and utilize termination techniques to minimize reflections and signal degradation. If thermal management becomes a concern, designers can optimize the component placement, employ heat sinks or thermal vias, and ensure proper airflow in the enclosure. Understanding the common challenges and having a systematic approach to troubleshooting will significantly contribute to successful PCB prototyping.
PCB boards can be improved through some simple methods. These methods also minimize cost increases. Some of these methods include:
Voltage-resistant protection of rectifier diodes
Protection against electromagnetic interference caused by small relays
Improvement on bonding pads shedding problem
And many more.
To ensure successful PCB prototyping, it is essential to adopt certain best practices throughout the design and manufacturing process:
Efficient collaboration and communication between designers, engineers, and manufacturers are crucial. Clear communication of design requirements, specifications, and feedback ensures that all stakeholders are aligned, reducing the likelihood of errors or misinterpretations. Regular communication helps identify potential issues early on and promotes a smooth and streamlined prototyping process.
Adopting an iterative design approach allows for continuous improvement and optimization of the PCB prototype. Iterative testing and feedback loops facilitate the identification and resolution of design issues, resulting in a more refined final product. By incorporating feedback from prototypes into subsequent design iterations, designers can refine the design, improve performance, and address any unforeseen challenges.
Maintaining thorough documentation and version control throughout the design process ensures that design revisions, component changes, and test results are properly recorded. This documentation serves as a valuable reference for future iterations and aids in troubleshooting and design enhancements. Using version control tools and organizing design files systematically will prevent confusion and ensure that the most up-to-date design files are used during manufacturing.
PCB prototyping is an integral part of the product development cycle. It enables designers and engineers to refine their circuit designs, validate functionality, and identify and rectify issues before moving to mass production. By understanding the design process, selecting appropriate tools and software, following design guidelines, and incorporating best practices, designers can maximize the effectiveness of their PCB prototyping efforts. PCBWay's PCB prototyping service offers an excellent platform for designers to turn their ideas into reality and bring innovative products to market faster and more efficiently.
By leveraging the knowledge and resources available, designers and engineers can confidently embark on the journey of PCB prototyping, pushing the boundaries of technology and ushering in a new era of electronic innovation. The continued advancement of PCB prototyping techniques will undoubtedly contribute to the growth and success of the electronics industry, driving innovation and enabling the realization of groundbreaking ideas.
Welcome to the next tutorial of our raspberry pi four programming course. Before, we saw how to connect a Raspberry Pi 4 to a relay with four independent channels. To complement the relay circuit, we programmed a python script to turn on and off a single bulb. However, in this tutorial, we'll show you how to connect a GPS module to a Raspberry Pi 4.
Raspberry Pi 4, one of the most popular embedded platforms, has made it simple for developers to obtain location data via a GPS module, allowing them to create devices with a greater reliance on precise positioning. Because of the Raspberry Pi's impressive processing capabilities, this essay focuses on the exciting prospect of creating GPS-based projects using the same inexpensive GPS chips.
Since this project aims to retrieve location information (longitude and latitude) from a GPS module through UART and display it on a 16x2 LCD, this is yet another excellent chance to become acquainted with the 16x2 LCD and the Raspberry Pi.
Raspberry Pi 4
Neo 6m v2 GPS Module
16 x 2 LCD
Internet
Breadboard
Jumper wires
Resistor or potentiometer
In addition, we'll install the GPS Daemon library and the 16x2 LCD Adafruit library later in this guide.
The Raspberry Pi 4 running Raspbian OS is being used in this example. You can find a rundown of the minimum necessary hardware and software in Raspberry Pi's introductory instruction.
The acronym "GPS" stands for "Global Positioning System," and it is used to determine the precise Longitude and Latitude of any point on Earth and the current UTC time. The core of every GPS tracking system is a GPS module installed in the vehicle. This gadget gets up-to-the-second satellite coordinates along with the time and date.
Using the NMEA protocol, a GPS module transmits a plethora of position-tracking data in real time, as shown below. The NMEA format includes multiple sentences, yet only one is necessary. Coordinates, time, and other pertinent data begin at $GPGGA in this phrase. This information is known as GPS Fix Data or Global Positioning System Geodetic Reference Frame Data.
We can determine its coordinates by using a simple count of commas in the $GPGGA string. If you locate the $GPGGA string and place it in an array, you can get the Latitude value two commas later and the Longitude value four commas subsequently. These coordinates for longitude and latitude can now be used in other datasets.
The $GPGGA String and its explanation are listed below.
$GPGGA,HHMMSS.SSS, latitude, N, longitude, E, FQ, NOS, HDP, altitude, M, height, M,, checksum data
You can use the NEO-6MV2 as your own personal GPS receiver everywhere you go. The GPS receiver communicates with the satellite network to determine its precise location. The device then sends forth serial data representing its current location, including its latitude and longitude.
The NEO-6 module uses a ublox-6 positioning engine with 50 channels and a TTFF of one second. The massive parallel time-space searches are made possible by the two million correlators in this GPS engine. As a result, it can rapidly locate satellites. The module's compact size also makes it a good fit for portable electronics that run on batteries.
It takes a voltage between 2.7V and 3.6V to power the NEO-6M GPS modem. The NMEA protocols are used for the communication of GPS data. While NMEA is an industry-standard ASCII format, UBX is a proprietary binary format developed by u-blox.
Data can be transmitted using any I2C-compliant interfaces on the receiver chipset, including Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transceiver (UART), USB, SPI, or DDC. There are three configuration pins on the chip. Pin CFG-GPS0 is used to set the power mode at boot.
Choose between the NMEA and UBX protocols for transmitting GPS data using CFG COM0 and CFG COM1.
This module employs a NEO-6 modem that has already been configured for serial (UART) output and NMEA encoding GPS data.
By setting the config pins CFG COM0 and CFG COM1 to HIGH, the GPS data is transmitted via the NMEA protocol at 9600 bps. The above table demonstrates that the NMEA data in this setup contains GSV, RMC, GSA, GGA, GLL, and VTG signals.
Here is a pin diagram showing the module's four available channels:
The module's top update rate for its navigation system is 5 Hz. So, in no more than 0.2 seconds, a controller can retrieve the Gps coordinates from the modem.
The 32-second cold start, 23-second warm start, and 1-second hot start times are all measured when the modem is turned on. Getting the first GPS reading takes 32 seconds because the module is set up for a cold start.
The module includes an external antenna with a frequency of -160dBm. Both an EEPROM and real-time clock (RTC) are built into the module, and the module also features a battery for backup. Temperatures from -40 to 85 degrees Celsius are within the NEO-6M modem's operational range.
To get started, I'll assume you're familiar with the Raspberry Pi and know how to install an operating system, find your IP address, and launch a terminal app like PuTTY. If you have any questions or need assistance, please let me know in the comments area.
The most challenging aspect of this project is getting the Raspberry Pi 4 set up so that it can talk to the GPS module over UART; trust me, I know; this is the first time I've done it, and it took me a few tries to get it right.
UART communication involves a one-to-one connection between two UARTs. One UART does the serial-to-parallel conversion for data coming from a CPU and then sends that serial data to another UART, which does the reverse for data coming into its receiving device. When connecting two UARTs, you must use two wires to send and receive data. As information is transmitted from one UART to another, it travels from the broadcasting UART's Tx pin to the receiving UART's Rx pin.
The bits sent out by the sending UART are not necessarily in sync with the bits sampled by the receiver UART since UARTs send data asynchronously. The transmitting UART appends the packet's start and stops bits rather than sending a clock signal. This information tells the receiving UART where to begin reading the data packet and where it should stop.
Once the receiving UART recognizes a start bit, it will begin decoding the incoming data at the pace determined by the baud rate. The speed of information transmission, in bits per second, is referred to as the "baud rate" (bps). The baud rate of both UARTs must be roughly equivalent. Bit timing inaccuracies can occur when the baud rate difference between the sending and receiving UARTs exceeds 10%.
The data packet structure being transmitted and received by both UARTs must be identical.
The data for transmission arrives on a data bus and is picked up by the UART. To communicate with the UART, devices like the CPU, RAM, and microcontroller use a data bus. The transmitting UART receives data in a parallel fashion from the data bus. The data packet is created when the transmitting UART takes the parallel data from a data bus and adds a stop bit, a parity bit, and a start bit. The packet's data is sent out serially, one byte at a time, through the Tx pin. A data packet is sent and received serially through the Rx pin on the receiving UART. The UART decodes the data and restores it to its original parallel format, discarding the stop bit, parity bit, and start bit along the way. The data packet is then transferred in parallel from the receiving UART to the data bus:
Data packets are the standard for transmitting information via UART. There is one start bit, five to nine data bits (determined by the UART), one or two parity bits, and one or two stop bits in each packet.
The Raspberry Pi includes a PL011 and a small UART as onboard UARTs. Because of the unique hardware building pieces they employ, their overall performance and other attributes will vary slightly. Contrarily, the raspberry pi's tiny UART is utilized for the Linux console output, while the PLO11 UART is linked to the wireless/Bluetooth module.
The PLO11's higher implementation level makes it the superior of the two UART options. Accordingly, we'll use an overlay in the most recent version of Raspbian OS to turn off the Bluetooth module on the PLO11 UART for this project.
To get started on any new project, I always start by upgrading the raspberry pi. Therefore, let's do the standard procedure and execute the commands below;
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
and then restart the computer using;
sudo reboot
Within this context, we will initially modify the /boot/config.txt file. Please use the following instructions to accomplish this:
sudo nano /boot/config.txt
Place the following lines at the end of the config.txt file:
dtparam=spi=on
dtoverlay=pi3-disable-bt
core_freq=250
enable_uart=1
force_turbo=1
You can leave with Ctrl+X and save with Y + Enter.
Incorrect settings could prevent your Raspberry Pi from starting up, so please double-check everything.
Why are we issuing these commands? Because force turbo causes UART to operate at its maximum core frequency, which we have set to 250 MHz. This is done to protect the reliability and validity of the received serial data. Force turbo=1 will now void your Raspberry Pi's warranty, but other than that, it's safe to use.
We are disabling Bluetooth on the Raspberry Pi 3 using the dtoverlay=pi3-disable-bt so that we may use the full power of the UART on ttyAMAO rather than the small UART on ttyS0.
The second step in configuring the UART is to modify the boot/cmdline.txt file.
Before making any changes to the cmdline.txt file, you should save a copy in case you need to revert to the original version. A few ways to accomplish this are;
sudo cp boot/cmdline.txt boot/cmdline_backup.txt
sudo nano /boot.cmdline.txt
Substitute the following for the current text;
dwc_otg.lpm_enable=0 console=tty1 root=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rootfstype=ext4 elevator=deadline fsck.repair=yes rootwait quiet splash plymouth.ignore-serial-consoles
save your work and exit.
After this is complete, another system reboot is required before the new settings may take effect (sudo reboot).
Next, we'll issue a command that will block the Pi's serial getty service from starting automatically upon reboot:
sudo systemctl stop serial-getty@ttyS0.service
sudo systemctl disable serial-getty@ttyS0.service
If you ever need to turn it back on, use these commands.
sudo systemctl enable serial-getty@ttyS0.service
sudo systemctl start serial-getty@ttyS0.service
Reboot your pi 4.
Now that ttyS0 is no longer active, we can turn on ttyAMAO.
sudo systemctl enable serial-getty@ttyAMA0.service
We'll establish communication with the GPS unit and decipher its readings using minicom. In addition, we will use it to ensure that our GPS component is functioning correctly. Daemon software GPSD is an alternative to minicom.
sudo apt-get install minicom
We'll employ the pynmea2 library to quickly and conveniently process incoming information. Installing it necessitates;
sudo pip install pynmea2
The AdaFruit library will serve as the basis for this tutorial. While the library's primary target was AdaFruit displays, it can also be used with HD44780-based display boards. In such a case, your display should function normally.
The library should be cloned and installed immediately. to conduct a cloning run;
git clone https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_Python_CharLCD.git
Go to the location where the clone was made and install it.
cd ./Adafruit_Python_CharLCD
sudo python setup.py install
It's time for another restart so we can move on to plugging in the parts.
Referring to the schematic below, attach the GPS Module and the Liquid crystal display to the Raspberry Pi.
Connecting the GPS module to a Raspberry Pi is as simple as powering it from the 3.3V pin and grounding it via any other RPi ground pins.
Following this, link the module's transmit (TX) pin to the Raspberry Pi's receive (Rxd) UART pin (board pin 10).
Before we jump into the python script, it's best to use minicom to verify the GPS module's connectivity. Type the command and hit Enter.
sudo minicom -D/dev/ttyAMA0 -b9600
Where 9600 is the baud rate the GPS module uses to transmit data. Once we have verified that our GPS and RPI can exchange data with one another and script development can begin.
Cat can also be used for the test.
sudo cat /dev/ttyAMA0
All of the previously discussed NMEA sentences will appear in Window. As shown in the figure below, a module's status LED will begin blinking if the GPS receiver detects satellites in the sky and begins to fixate on its location.
Now that everything has been set up, we can put it through its paces. Your GPS may need to be outside to acquire a good satellite lock (often, three or four are required; however, I was able to use mine indoors).
import time
import serial
import string
import pynmea2
import RPi GPIO as gpio
#to add the LCD library
import Adafruit_CharLCD as LCD
gpio.setmode(gpio.BCM)
#declaring LCD pins
lcd_rs = 17
lcd_en = 18
lcd_d4 = 27
lcd_d5 = 22
lcd_d6 = 23
lcd_d7 = 10
lcd_backlight = 2
lcd_columns = 16 #Lcd column
lcd_rows = 2 #number of LCD rows
lcd = LCD.Adafruit_CharLCD(lcd = LCD.Adafruit_CharLCD(lcd_rs, lcd_en, lcd_d4, lcd_d5, lcd_d6, lcd_d7, lcd_columns, lcd_rows, lcd_backlight)
port = "/dev/ttyAMA0" # the serial port to which the pi is connected.
#create a serial object
ser = serial.Serial(port, baudrate = 9600, timeout = 0.5)
while 1:
try:
data = ser.readline()
except:
print("loading")
#wait for the serial port to churn out data
if data[0:6] == '$GPGGA': # the long and lat data are always contained in the GPGGA string of the NMEA data
msg = pynmea2.parse(data)
#parse the latitude and print
latval = msg.lat
concatlat = "lat:" + str(latval)
print concatlat
lcd.set_cursor(0,0)
lcd.message(concatlat)
#parse the longitude and print
longval = msg.lon
concatlong = "long:"+ str(longval)
print concatlong
lcd.set_cursor(0,1)
lcd.message(concatlong)
time.sleep(0.5)#wait a little before picking the next data.
This tutorial covered the basics of installing a GPS tracker on a Raspberry Pi 4. What we know about UART and the NMEA protocol has expanded as well. Numerous new possibilities for the exploration of the idea are now available. You could, for instance, construct a system for tracking vehicles, drones, or the weather. In addition to being inexpensive and simple to install, GPS modules are becoming increasingly popular. They can be frustrating because of their slow data extraction and spotty reception. However, they perform wonderfully in the open air. Next, we'll look at how to interface the BMP180 air pressure sensor to a Raspberry Pi 4.
Hello friends, I hope you all are doing well. Today, I am going to share the 8th tutorial of Section-III in our Raspberry Pi Programming Series. In the previous tutorial, we interfaced the temperature sensor DS18B20 with Raspberry Pi 4. In today's guide, we'll discover another temperature sensor BMP180 and will interface it with Raspberry Pi 4.
So, let's get started:
In today's tutorial, we will interface the BMP180 sensor with Raspberry Pi 4 and will display the values of temperature, barometric pressure and altitude in the Raspberry Pi Console Window.
We will use the following components in today's project:
Pressure can be measured with the BMP180 piezoresistive sensor. Semiconducting (often silicon) piezoresistive sensors respond to mechanical forces such as air pressure by shifting their resistance value.
Because air density changes with temperature, the BMP180 collects data on both pressure and temperature. Warmer air is less dense and lighter; therefore, it exerts less force on the sensor. Because the atmosphere at lower temperatures is thicker and heavier, it presses the sensor more. The sensor takes real-time temperature values to adjust for air density variations.
The BMP180 provides raw temperature (UT) and pressure(UP) readings. A reading of the pressure is taken after the temperature has been recorded. Measurement processing at the sensor is depicted in this flowchart:
The 11 individual calibration coefficients for the BMP180 are stored in the sensor's 176-bit EEPROM. Together with the UP and UT, these are needed to determine the actual atmospheric pressure and temperature. It takes some advanced algorithms to determine the exact pressure and temperature:
I2C Protocol is designed to communicate between several devices with a single bus simultaneously. I2C uses the address frame for selecting a slave device to communicate.
Depending on the application, I2C slave addresses might be 7 or 10 bits in length. This requires sending not one but two addresses across the bus in two separate address frames. A specific 7-bit address of 0x92 is used for the first location. A second address frame, intended for 10-bit machines, comes just after the unique address. This is how devices with 10-bit addresses can coexist on a bus with devices having 7-bit addresses without causing any incompatibilities.
If you're using I2C, you can use either of its two unique slave-handling modes. Information can flow in both directions between the Master and the slave. I2C read/write bit comes immediately after the address bit. The Master sends a read bit to the slave by making the line high when it wants to accept data from the slave. A write bit is sent from the Master to the slave by grounding the connection.
The placement of the Raspberry Pi's I2C pins is depicted in the following diagram:
First, you'll need to turn the I2C drivers on your Raspberry Pi.
Enter the raspi-config command as sudo. Select Menu Item #8 (Advanced Settings). Choose A7 I2C, confirm your acceptance when prompted to activate the I2C driver, then confirm your acceptance once more to load the drivers automatically. Return to the command prompt and type sudo reboot to restart your Raspberry Pi.
Be sure to include i2c-dev in /etc/modules.
sudo nano /etc/modules
After that, at the prompt, type:
sudo modprobe i2c-dev
Verify that i2c modules have been loaded and are functioning:
lsmod | grep i2c
I2c-tools has some neat programs like "i2cdetect", which lists all the slave devices on a bus by their addresses. To test it out, connect the sensor and run "sudo i2cdetect" with the -y parameter set to 1. In addition, "i2cdump" is a tool that may be used to determine the configuration of a single I2C device by reading its registers. Using the below connection details and the sensor's factory settings (address 0x77), you should see the following output:
The BMP180 has been detected on channel 77.
You only need a breadboard and some female-to-male jumper wires to hook up the sensor to your Pi 4. Before plugging in any peripherals, you should always shut down your Raspberry Pi. Type the following command and watch for the green LED to turn off:
sudo shutdown -h now
The BMP180 can be linked to a Raspberry Pi by following the instructions below. There are a few variations of the BMP180 boards, so keep that in mind. The BMP180 is the part number for the chip rather than the entire board; therefore, your board may have 4, 5, or 6 pins.
With the Raspberry Pi oriented as indicated above, the diagram below shows how the jumper wires should be connected.
The red jumper connects the input VCC pin of the sensor to the 3v3 pin of the Pi 4.
The yellow jumper connects the Raspberry Pi's SDA pin to the BMP180's SCL pin. This wire is used for communication between the BMP180 and the Raspberry Pi.
Connecting the Raspberry Pi's SCL pin to the BMP180's SCL pin is a blue jumper wire that goes from the third pin on the top row to the right. i2c devices use the clock signal provided by this pin to synchronize their communication with the Raspberry Pi's clock.
Any of the Raspberry Pi's ground (GND) pins can be connected to the BMP180's GND pin with the help of the black jumper.
Verify all wires are securely attached before powering up any devices. While it's doubtful anything horrible will happen, double-checking before pushing the button is still a good idea.
For Python to understand the BMP180's output, we must install the necessary libraries. The Adafruit libraries were initially developed to be utilized by BMP085, the BMP180's predecessor, but the compatibility between the chips means they can also be used with the BMP180.
Type this into the Raspberry Pi's shell to install the necessary Python and the libraries above.
sudo apt-get install build-essential python-dev python-smbus
Please make a new Py file in your home directory and give it the name BM180.py. Then, paste the code below into the new file. The code is well-commented, so it shouldn't be too difficult to understand.
import smbus
import time
# Get I2C bus
bus = smbus.SMBus(1)
# BMP180 address, 0x77(119)
# Read data back from 0xAA(170), 22 bytes
data = bus.read_i2c_block_data(0x77, 0xAA, 22)
# Convert the data
AC1 = data[0] * 256 + data[1]
if AC1 > 32767 :
AC1 -= 65535
AC2 = data[2] * 256 + data[3]
if AC2 > 32767 :
AC2 -= 65535
AC3 = data[4] * 256 + data[5]
if AC3 > 32767 :
AC3 -= 65535
AC4 = data[6] * 256 + data[7]
AC5 = data[8] * 256 + data[9]
AC6 = data[10] * 256 + data[11]
B1 = data[12] * 256 + data[13]
if B1 > 32767 :
B1 -= 65535
B2 = data[14] * 256 + data[15]
if B2 > 32767 :
B2 -= 65535
MB = data[16] * 256 + data[17]
if MB > 32767 :
MB -= 65535
MC = data[18] * 256 + data[19]
if MC > 32767 :
MC -= 65535
MD = data[20] * 256 + data[21]
if MD > 32767 :
MD -= 65535
time.sleep(0.5)
# BMP180 address, 0x77(119)
# Select measurement control register, 0xF4(244)
# 0x2E(46) Enable temperature measurement
bus.write_byte_data(0x77, 0xF4, 0x2E)
time.sleep(0.5)
# BMP180 address, 0x77(119)
# Read data back from 0xF6(246), 2 bytes
# temp MSB, temp LSB
data = bus.read_i2c_block_data(0x77, 0xF6, 2)
# Convert the data
temp = data[0] * 256 + data[1]
# BMP180 address, 0x77(119)
# Select measurement control register, 0xF4(244)
# 0x74(116) Enable pressure measurement, OSS = 1
bus.write_byte_data(0x77, 0xF4, 0x74)
time.sleep(0.5)
# BMP180 address, 0x77(119)
# Read data back from 0xF6(246), 3 bytes
# pres MSB1, pres MSB, pres LSB
data = bus.read_i2c_block_data(0x77, 0xF6, 3)
# Convert the data
pres = ((data[0] * 65536) + (data[1] * 256) + data[2]) / 128
# Callibration for Temperature
X1 = (temp - AC6) * AC5 / 32768.0
X2 = (MC * 2048.0) / (X1 + MD)
B5 = X1 + X2
cTemp = ((B5 + 8.0) / 16.0) / 10.0
fTemp = cTemp * 1.8 + 32
# Calibration for Pressure
B6 = B5 - 4000
X1 = (B2 * (B6 * B6 / 4096.0)) / 2048.0
X2 = AC2 * B6 / 2048.0
X3 = X1 + X2
B3 = (((AC1 * 4 + X3) * 2) + 2) / 4.0
X1 = AC3 * B6 / 8192.0
X2 = (B1 * (B6 * B6 / 2048.0)) / 65536.0
X3 = ((X1 + X2) + 2) / 4.0
B4 = AC4 * (X3 + 32768) / 32768.0
B7 = ((pres - B3) * (25000.0))
pressure = 0.0
if B7 < 2147483648L :
pressure = (B7 * 2) / B4
else :
pressure = (B7 / B4) * 2
X1 = (pressure / 256.0) * (pressure / 256.0)
X1 = (X1 * 3038.0) / 65536.0
X2 = ((-7357) * pressure) / 65536.0
pressure = (pressure + (X1 + X2 + 3791) / 16.0) / 100
# Calculate Altitude
altitude = 44330 * (1 - ((pressure / 1013.25) ** 0.1903))
# Output data to screen
print "Altitude : %.2f m" %altitude
print "Pressure : %.2f hPa " %pressure
print "Temperature in Celsius : %.2f C" %cTemp
print "Temperature in Fahrenheit : %.2f F" %fTemp
Usually, only one device on the I2C bus is assigned to address 0x77 because each device on the bus requires its unique address (etc.). It is possible to use numerous devices on the same address, but each device will demand its GPIO pin in exchange. This is useful if you connect multiple I2C devices to the same address, like the BMP085. By holding the XCLR pin low, you can force all devices on the I2C bus to reset while freeing the rest of the one you wish to read and making it respond to any request.
Forecasting the weather with changes in pressure sensors is possible. An increase in the amount of air above the surface of the Earth causes the barometric pressure to drop. As the air rises, it leaves a vacuum that creates a low-pressure zone on the ground. Air mass cools and condenses as it rises in height. The result is clouds that can eventually turn into the rain because of the condensation of atmospheric moisture. The wind is also often present as the surface air flows into low-pressure areas.
When air from higher in the stratosphere sinks to Earth, the result is a rise in atmospheric pressure. The air pressure beneath the surface is raised as the falling mass exerts pressure on the ground. The air mass is cooler and denser at lower altitudes, but at higher altitudes, it warms up and expands. Because of the low humidity of the heated expanding air, clouds are rarely seen during this weather phenomenon. In general, increasing barometric pressures precede the arrival of pleasant, bright days.
Here, we learned how to connect a BMP180 sensor to a Raspberry Pi 4. We have also researched the 12c protocol's operation to ensure successful sensor-to-pi 4 communication. Several tasks call for the interesting BMP180 sensor. Even though it has been retired from production, a comprehensive data sheet is still accessible online. The values provided by the module can be read and manipulated with only a basic shell script. Even though it's a major undertaking, learning to compile your kernel can help you better grasp Linux. The following tutorial will teach you how to connect the MQ-2 Gas Sensor with a Raspberry Pi 4.