The Engineering Projects

What is a Model in ASP.NET MVC

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. Today, I am going to share the second tutorial in ASP.NET MVC series and I will explain the concept of Model in ASP.NET MVC. In our previous tutorial, we have seen How to Setup Your First Project in ASP.NET MVC. So, before developing our web app, we first have to discuss some concepts in MVC Framework and Model is one of them, which we will cover in today's tutorial. So, let's get started with it:

What is a Model in ASP.NET MVC ?

• In, ASP.NET MVC Framework structure, we have to understand 3 very simple blocks, which are:
  • Models
  • Controllers
  • Views

• Model connects our web application with our SQL Database, it takes commands from the Controller and then get or set values in the Database and finally updates the View.
• We can say that Model is acting as a middle man between Controller, View & SQL Databases.
• If you are not understanding the Controller or View, that's no problem. We will cover them in next chapters, for now just focus on functioning of Model.
• So, in your Solution Explorer, you can see a folder named Models, click to expand and you will find 3 model files in it, as shown in below figure:

• You can see in above figure that Microsoft visual studio has auto created 3 Model files in our ASP web project.
• So, click AccountViewModels.cs file and it will open up as shown in below figure:

• Now you can see in above figure that our model file has some classes in it.
• If you check the whole file then you will find more than 5 classes in it.
• Each of these class is actually representing a unique model, all of these classes have certain rules attached to them.
• Now let's understand the working of our web app.
• When our ASP web application runs for the first time:
  • The App goes to Controller.
  • Controller hits the Model.
  • Model gets or sets values into SQL Database & then return value to Controller.
  • Controller returns value to View.
• I have shown this working in block diagram form here:

• Now in this model file, you have find for class RegisterViewModel, its the Model for our registration page, shown in below figure:

• The main thing to note in this class is that, we have created 3 variables with data types public string, named as:
  • Email.
  • Password.
  • ConfirmPassword.
• The parameters assigned to these variables are get and set, and these variables will either Get value from the SQL Database or Set new value to it.
• So in simple words, the model is dealing with data in or out, it receives commands/data from controller and according to the rules set in each model, the data will be either stored in the SQL database or fetched from it.
• Model tells us, what kind of information is required and what kind of information is placed in the SQL Databases.
• The major code of MVC Framework is written in the Model section, because here we have to write all our rules and permissions to interact with the SQL databases.
• Here's a video where one of our team member has explained Model in ASP.NET MVC in detail:

So, that was all about today's tutorial on Model in ASP.NET MVC. I hope you have got the idea. In the next tutorial, we will have a look at What is View in ASP.NET MVC. Take care !!!

Setup your First Project in ASP.NET MVC

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, I am going to start this new series on ASP.NET MVC Framework. I am gonna start from basics and will slowly move towards professional projects. I will share all the codes during this series and if you got into any trouble then ask in comments and I will help you out. One of our Team Member has already designed videos on ASP.NET MVC and I will keep on embedding the respective videos throughout this tutorial series. In our first tutorial, we are gonna have a look at How to Setup your First Project in ASP.NET MVC Framework. So, let's get started with it:

Setup your First Project

• I will use Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 and I hope that you have already installed it.
• If you are using any other version of Visual Studio then that's not an issue as they almost work the same.
• So, open your visual studio 2015 and click on New Project as shown in below figure:

• You can also try File > New > Project to open a New Project.
• When you click it, a new window will open up, where you need to select the Template.
• So, we are gonna click on Visual C# and then Web and here we will select ASP.NET Web Application.
• In the Name section, you need to give the name of your asp web app, I have added TEPwebApp, as shown in below figure:

• Now click OK Button and Visual Studio will start creating your project, as shown in below figure:

• In the next window, it will ask to select ASP.NET Template, and we will select MVC as we want to work on MVC Framework.
• So, select MVC and it will automatically tick the MVC check box and Click OK as shown in below figure:

• It will take some time in setting up ASP.NET MVC environment.
• After the completion of new project creation wizard, you will see something as shown in below figure:

• Here's our demo application, which is created by visual studio for us and it's in ASP.NET MVC Framework.
• We can easily run this web application in our browser, so at the top click on Google Chrome that's my default browser.
• Click on the browser and the whole list of browsers installed on your computer will open up, as shown in below figure:

• I am gonna run this web application on Google Chrome so click it and it will open the browser and will run our web App.
• We don't need to use any virtual server like xampp, because visual studio automatically creates its own web server called IIS and will allocate the port after localhost as well.
• Our first demo ASP.NET MVC web app is shown in below figure:

• You can see in above figure that it has created this simple asp.net website which has 3 pages:
  • Home
  • About
  • Contact
• We can also Login or Register, links are given in top right corner.
• You should also have a look at this video which will help you in better understanding of this tutorial:

So, that was all about How to Setup your First Project in ASP.NET MVC. I hope you have enjoyed it. Will meet you guys in the next tutorial of this series. Take care !!!

Introduction to LM35

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at a detailed Introduction to LM35. LM35  is a type of commonly used temperature sensor, that can be used to measure temperature with an electrical output compared to the temperature in (°C). In can measure temperature in a better way than a thermistor. LM35 is used in industries and commercial buildings where high accuracy of temperature measuring is needed. I will give you a detailed overview of this temperature sensor in today’s post where we will have a look its pinout, working, protocol, etc. I will also share some links of projects where I have interfaced it with Arduino or other microcontrollers. If you have any questions please ask in the comments, I will resolve your queries and will guide you in a comprehensive way. So, let’s get started with the basic Introduction to LM35:

Introduction to LM35

• LM35 is a commonly used temperature sensor, It shows values in the form of output voltages instead of degrees Celsius.
• LM35 shows higher voltage values than thermocouples and may not need the output voltage to be amplified.

• The output voltage of LM35 is proportional to the Celsius temperature. The scale factor is .01 V/°C.
• One most important characteristics is that it draws just 60 microamps from its supply and acquires a low self-heating capacity.
• LM35 temperature sensor available in many different packages like T0-46 metal transistor-like package, TO-92 plastic transistor-like package, 8-lead surface mount SO-8 small outline package.

Let's have a look at LM35 PINOUT configuration:

LM35 Pinout

• LM35 has three pinouts which are:
  • PIN 1: Vcc, it used as input at this pin we apply +5 V input voltage.
  • PIN 2: At this pin, we get output voltage.
  • PIN 3: This pin is used for ground.
• Here's the table for LM35 Pinout for better understanding:

 

No.	Parameter	Pin Type
1.	Vcc	Power Pin ( Connected to +5V )
2	Vout	Output Pin (It should be connected with an analog pin of Microcontroller)
3	Ground	Ground Pin ( Connected to 0V or GND )

For better understanding lets, have a look at LM35 Pinout figure. Let's have a look at working of LM35  Working.

Working of LM35

• LM35 is used to measure precise centigrade temperature. The output of this sensor changes describes the linearity. The output voltages of this sensor are linearly comparative to the Celsius temperature.
• The output voltage range of this sensor is from -55° to +150°C. It also has low self-heating power.
• Its operating voltages is 4 to 30 volts.
• In the most circuit, this sensor is used with an operational amplifier. An amplifier is a device which amplifies applied a voltage at a certain level.
• Operational Amplifier has three terminal, first two are inverting and noninverting inputs third one is used for output.
• By using LM35 with operational amplifier we can get amplification of output voltages of LM35.
• For better understanding lets have a look at circuit diagram.

LM35 Features

• Its maximum and minimum input voltages are 35 V and -2 V respectively. It typically operates at 5 V.
• It can measure temperature from -55°C to 150°C.
• Its Output voltage is directly proportional (Linear) to temperature (i.e.) there will be a rise of 10mV (0.01V) for every 1°C rise in temperature.
• Its Drain current is less than 60 uA.
• Its low-cost temperature sensor.
• It is small and hence suitable for remote applications.
•  It is available in TO-92, TO-220, TO-CAN and SO IC package.
• It is low self-heating, 0.08 C in still air n Non-linearity only ±1/4C typical.

Parameters of LM35

Let's discuss some working parameters of LM35

No.	Parameter	Conditions	Value	Unit
1.	Accuracy LM35, LM 35C	T A=+25°C	±0.4	°C
2	Accuracy, LM35D	T A=+25°C	±0.6	°C
3	Non linearity	T MIN=TA=T MAX	±0.3	°C
4	Sensor Gain	T MIN=TA=T MAX	+10.0	mV/°C
5	Load Regulation	T A=+25°C	±0.4	mV/mA
6	Line Regulation	T A=+25°C	±0.01	mV/V
7	Quiescent Current	V S=+5V, +25°C	56	µA
8	Change of Quiescent Current	4V=VS=30V	0.2	µA
9	Temperature Coefficient of Quiescent Current	-	+0.39	µA/°C
10	Long Term Stability T J=T MAX, for 1000 hours	±0.08	±0.08	°C

 

LM35 Interfaced with Aurdino

Now, let's discuss LM35 interfacing with Arduino and design a simple project:

• The project which we are gonna discuss is Temperature Monitoring on Virtual Terminal of Arduino.
• Temperature Sensor we are gonna use is LM35.
• In this circuit, Aurdino is the main component because it controls all functions.
• In this circuit LM35 senses the temperature and converts into an electoral (analog) signal, then this signal applied to Microelectronic Unit through an analog-to-digital converter (ADC).
• The analog signal is converted into digital format by the ADC.
• The value of temperature sensed by the sensor will be displayed on Serial Terminal or virtual Terminal if you are working on Proteus.
• You can download this complete Proteus simulation from Interfacing of LM35 with Arduino in Proteus.
• I have also shared Interfacing of LM35 with PIC Microcontroller, so if you are working on PIC Microcontroller then you should read that out.
• For better understanding lets see the circuit diagram of this project:

Now, let's discuss the advantage and application of this project. Let's have a look at applications of LM35:

Applications of LM35

These are some applications of LM35, let discuss them.

• It's used for measuring the temperature of a particular environment.
• It provides thermal shutdown for a circuit or component used in a specific project.
• It can be used for battery temperature measurement. It provides battery protection from overheating.
• It can be used in HVAC applications as a temperature measurement device.

I hope you have enjoyed today's tutorial on this simple temperature sensor LM35. Let me know if you need any help with its projects. Will meet you guys in the next tutorial. Till then take care, have fun !!! :)

Introduction to HC-SR501

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at a detailed Introduction to HC-SR501. HC-SR501 is a motion detector sensor, that uses infrared waves for the detection of an object. It is an automatic control device, and also has large sensitivity and high reliability. It is used in auto-sensing control devices, where we need to perform motion detection. HC-SR501 is used in industrial projects and buildings for security purposes. In today's post, we will have a look at its pinout, working, protocol, circuit diagram, etc. I will also share some links to projects where I have interfaced it with Arduino and some other microcontrollers. Friends if you have any questions please ask in the comments I will try my best to solve your problems and I will give you a comprehensive answer. So let's start with a basic Introduction to HC-SR501:

Introduction of HC-SR501

• HC-SR501 is a Passive Infrared (PIR) motion detector sensor.
• It is used for the detection of moving objects, particularly for the human.
• Such, a device consists of such components and is integrated as a component of a system that automatically performs a task or alerts a user motion in that area.
• They form a vital component of security,  home control, energy efficiency, automatic light control and other useful systems.

• Its module also contains time delay adjustment and trigger selection which allow for fine tuning with your application.
• Now let's have a look at the HC-SR501 pinout.

HC-SR501 PINOUT

• HC-SR501 has a total of three pinout, which are:
  • PIN 1: This pin is Vcc, it is used for input voltage. Its input voltage varies from 5V to 12V.
  • PIN 2: It's the OUT Pin which is fed to the microcontroller.
  • PIN 3: We have to apply ground on this pin.
• Now, for better understanding lets have look a at HC-SR501 Pinout figure:

• Lets have a look at working of HC-SR501:

Working of HC-SR501

• Every living object with a temperature above Absolute Zero (0 Kelvin / -273.15 °C) emit heat energy in the form of infrared radiations.
• The hotter an object is the more radiation it emits. Human body works on a similar pattern and emits heat energy.
• HC-SR 501 sensor is designed to detect such level of infrared radiation. It basically consists of two main parts:
  • A Pyroelectric Sensor.
  • A special lens called Fresnel lens which focuses the infrared signals onto the pyroelectric sensor.
•  For better understanding lets see figure and explain it.
• A pyroelectric sensor has two rectangular slots in it, which made of  such material which allow infrared radiation to pass through it.
• Behind these two slots, there are two sensor electrodes,
  • One responsible for positive output.
  • Second for negative output.
• The two electrode wire up so that they cancel each other out. If one half sees less or more infrared radiations  then other, the output will swing high or low.

Lets discuss these two conditions.

• When the sensor is idle: If there is no movement around the sensor, both slots detect the same amount of infrared radiations, resulting in a zero output signal.
• When a warm body like a human or animal passes by: If someone pass by as sensor then, it first intercept  one half of the sensor, which causes a positive differential change between the two halves. When the warm body leaves  the sensing area, the reverse happen, then the sensor generates a negative differential change.  The Corresponding pulse of signals results in the sensor setting its output pin high.

Using HC-SR501 as a Standalone Unit

• One of the reasons, HC-SR501 to be extremely popular is the fact that HC-SR 501 is a very versatile sensor that is pretty capable all on its own.
• By using it with other microelectronic such as Arduino you can expand upon its versatility even further.

Now lets have a look at its versatility by this circuit diagram. Lets discuss this circuit:

• Connection for this circuit is very simple. Batteries are connected with Vcc and GND of the sensor and small Red LED connected to the output pin through a 220O current limiting resistor.
• When the sensor detects motion, the output pin will go “high” and light up the LED.
• One thing is to be remembered is that once you power up the circuit you need to wait 30-60 seconds for the  to acclimatize to the infrared energy in the room.
• During this time LED may blink a little. Weight until LED is off and move around in front of it to  see led light up.
• Let discuss its circuit diagram with aurdino.

HC-SR501 Interfaced With Aurdino

• Now we have an understanding of HC-SR501 working, lets discus its interfacing with Aurdino. Connection of this circuit is very simple.
• HC-SR501 acts as a digital sensor so all you need to do is listen for the output pin to flip HIGH or LOW.
• For correctly working, you will want to set the jumper on the HC-SR501 to the H (Retriggering) position.
• You should also download PIR Sensor Library for Proteus so that you can easily simulate it in Proteus.
• You should also have a look at PIR Sensor Arduino Interfacing.
• Lets see a diagram of this circuit.

Lets now discuss some features of HC SR501:

HC-SR501 Features

• Wide range of voltages we can apply on its input varying from 4.V to 12V (+5V recommended).
• Its best feature is that it can distinguish  between men movement and object movement.
• Its Output voltage is High/Low (3.3V TTL).
• It cover a distance of 7 meter and an area of 110 degrees.
• It's operating temperature is  from -20° to +80° Celsius.

Now lets discuss HC-SR501 functional description.

HC SR501 Functional Description

Lets discuss HC-SR501 Functional Description with detail and know how it operate when someone come in its working range.

• When someone comes under infrared waves regions, then  sensor detect variations in infrared waves it  trip alarm and tell about someone appearance at that point. We can its adjustment according to our requirements.
  • HC-SR501 Initialization:
• When we start function on it, it require a minute for the initiate. During this period, it does not work properly. During this period for it to work properly, we need a circuit or controller to take this initialization period into consideration.
  • HC-SR501 Area of Detection:
• In the coming line, we will discuss about its detection area.
• It works in the range of 110 degree cone area and 3 to 7 meters.

 HC -SR 501 Applications

These are some application of HC-SR501:

•  It can be used as Automatically sensing light for Floor, bathroom, basement, porch, warehouse and in Garage.
•  It can also be used in the ventilator.
• We can use it for security purposes as well.

So, that was all about Passive Infrared motion sensor HC-SR501. I hope you have enjoyed today's tutorial. Let me know if you have any questions. Will meet you guys in the next tutorial. Till then take care !!! :)

What We Can Produce from Color-Coated Rolled Steel

The technology of manufacturing color-coated (or pre-painted) steel was patented by the UK-based company British Steel in the late 60s. Since then, galvanized steel with color coating has been used in the construction industry as a material with an optimal cost/durability ratio. In addition to the decorative function, color coating provides additional protection for galvanized steel from the influence of adverse environmental factors.

What is color coating?

Color coating is a film that consists of zinc, aluminum, or various alloys with a thickness range of 30-250 micrometers. This film protects steel materials from damage and corrosion, greatly improving their properties. The maximum adhesion of high-molecular compounds to the surface of a steel roll is provided by the layer of primer which is preliminarily applied to the material. A color-coated steel roll can have several layers of coating. The process of coating is rather time-consuming. That is why some manufacturers prefer a self-adhesive polymer film which is sometimes used to temporarily protect steel products.

The advantages of color-coated steel

The main advantages of steel with color coating include:

• Increased durability;
• Perfect adhesion of the coating to the galvanized base;
• High level of customization. Color-coated steel can be painted or given a matt or shiny look depending on its application;
• The resistance of color coating to UV irradiation;
• Maximum effectiveness of corrosion protection;
• The thickness of a steel roll can be increased without a perceptible change in weight, which is important for construction purposes;
• The possibility to give the material a graphic texture when using it for decoration;
• This material offers a high level of protection from mechanical damage, chips, and delaminations resulting from impacts and excess loads.

What we can produce from color-coated rolled steel

Convenience and outstanding durability regardless of conditions are two of the main reasons why color-coated steel is used so widely in a variety of spheres, including manufacturing, automotive industries, and construction. Below are the basic applications of color-coated steel products.

Construction and infrastructure

Easy to install and dismantle, color coated steel is widely used for the manufacture of domestic or industrial roofing and cladding, exterior and interior decoration of buildings (for instance, Venetian blinds and false ceiling), as well as the construction of frames for drywall and other finishing materials for repair and construction works in the premises of any purpose, including apartments and country houses. In addition, color-coated products serve as reliable building materials for:

• Warehouses and cold storages;
• Atriums in malls;
• Showrooms and airports.

White goods

Due to their durability, high quality, and a wide range of colors, pre-painted steel products offer a variety of design options and ensures maximum efficiency of white goods, including:

• Refrigerators;
• Washing machines;
• Display freezers;
• Electric control panels.

Automotive industry

In this sphere, color-coated rolled steel is used mainly for the production of large transport vehicles. The list includes:

• Railway coaches;
• Luxury coaches;
• Bus bodies.

There are also other purposes color-coated rolled steel can fit for. It is easily subjected to cutting, bending, stamping, and folding, which makes its scope of application practically unlimited.

LNG Transfer Systems – The Complete Guide

Hello everyone, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, I am going to give you a detailed overview of LNG Transfer Systems. In the recent past, there has been tremendous growth in the demand for LNG. This has raised the LNG shipping rates around the world. The growth in demand is expected to keep increasing and reach a factor of 50 per cent by the year 2020. It is also estimated that the global cryogenic market will hit an all-time high of $21 billion by the year 2021. Most shipping companies are going for LNG as compared to conventional fuels based on oil for their ships. The lowered limit on air emissions, need for efficiency and increasing operational costs has pushed many shipping firms to look for better fuel for their maritime activities. LNG has proven to handle these challenges better. This is why you now find that vessels, including tugboats, cruise liners and tankers, have adopted LNG fuel. Safety is one of the most important aspects that come into play when transferring LNG to the vessels. There has been a spirited effort to look for technologies that will cut down the risk of accident spills significantly. Luckily, there have been several steps towards the goal with decreased spills both at the harbour and high seas. Here is a look at some of the most common LNG transfer systems.

Ship to Ship Transfer (STS)

This method denotes the transfer of LNG or LNG bunkering from the carrier ship to another. The process usually involves two ocean-going vessels or at the harbour where the moored ship is usually docked or moored at a pier. The process can be done with several types of vessels that include FSRU, LNG Carrier, LNG bunker barge and LNG feeder ship. The operation can either be done as a cargo transfer or fuel a ship propelled by LNG.

Hose Transfer Systems

The use of hoses and hose reels for transferring LNG fuels is one of the commonest transfer systems, especially at the harbour. This process generally involves the connection of hoses from the source of the fuel to the tanker being fuelled. There is also an emergency release system that shuts down when a leak is detected on the hoses; the source or the tanker to which the fuel is being transferred. This method has been gaining popularity in the recent past due its cost-effectiveness and safety compared to the traditional loading arm technique. New technologies have made leak detection, as well as shut off automated, thereby lowering the risk of a spill with over 80 per cent.

Loading Arm System

This is the oldest method used for fuelling tankers and other vessels at the harbour. It is still capable of being used for LNG transfers. However, the method is less desirable for modern transfers due to a number of problems. There have been many instances where the arms have been found to be severely damaged. LNG is also transferred in very low temperatures. Temperatures in the range of -163 degree Celsius are likely to cause ice build up and create thermal shocks to all the systems involved in the transfer of the fuel. These two major problems have led many players in the industry to warn shipping companies of the increased risk of catastrophic disasters from the thousands of tons of fuel. Given that the method is still very popular, there have been efforts to make the process safer. One of the major improvements is the adoption of all-metal arms. These arms come with swivel joints that can move should the ship being fuelled move about on the harbour. The all-metal arms have a lower chance of bursting, and the joints prevent any unnecessary tension or breakage in the process. However, even with these improvements, the system can best be used in the mildest harbour environments, which makes it less convenient. Many shipping companies are going for the flexible cryogenic hoses. Their flexibility and ability to perform well in harsh environments have made them one of the safest methods of transferring LNG to the vessels. These hoses are usually fitted with emergency release couplings along the entire transfer length. The couplings come with a double closing valve technology, which cuts supply from the source for a fast and safe shutdown if a leak is detected. The flexibility compensates for sudden movement of the tanker.

Safety During LNG transfers

Maritime organisations around the world have come up with several measures to further enhance safety during LNG transfers. Here are some of the guidelines put forward.  Emergency Response Programmes:

• There should be plans to deals with potential hazards during transfers such as fires starting in the bunkering areas
• Loss of power during the process
• Unexpected movement of both the vessel and or the bunkering unit
• Leakage

An emergency plan includes fire fighting equipment, first aid equipment, and emergency power backup, among others. The plan should enhance control, mitigation and elimination of risks.

Division of Tasks

The LNG bunkering facility, receiving ship operator and the master of the receiving ship have responsibilities to ensure that all the procedures have been followed. Each of the stakeholders is responsible for the teams working under them. Therefore, each should take all possible care to prevent any damage to facilities and injury to crew members. In addition to the above, there should be a checklist of all the conditions that should be met to ensure enhanced safety. There is also LNG bunkering safety training that should be taken by all crew members involved in the fuelling process. LNG is rapidly gaining prominence among maritime organisations around the world. With more ships on the line for fuelling, safety should always be at the forefront before, during and after LNG transfers. The skills of the crews working in the process should be enhanced, and procedures followed to the letter. In addition, the use of technology is vital in dealing with any risks and challenges in the process. With several smart technologies in the market today, there is even a better chance to enhance safety and efficiency in LNG transfers than it was possible a few years back.

How Technologies Are Changing Education in the 21st Century

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are going to have a look at How Technologies Are Changing Education in the 21st Century. Technological advancement has had an impact on almost all areas of our life in recent years. Similarly, the influence of technology on education has grown significantly since the inception of the Internet. The trend is expected to continue as 21st-century technologies in education are steadily enhancing different aspects of learning.

Improved Engagement

Educators can improve student engagement by appropriately incorporating technological tools, especially those that check the comprehension of learning content. Consequently, it becomes easier to monitor students’ understanding during a lesson and introduce changes if some of them experience difficulties that necessitate additional coursework help without using services like bestcustomwriting.com/coursework-help/. Such tools enable students to add responses to a classroom display for easy tracking of understanding and collaboration. Therefore, in examining how technology has changed education currently, it is apparent that it has enhanced the presentation of learning material, which boosts student participation.

The Automation of Tedious Tasks

Teachers can often be overwhelmed by time-consuming tasks such as answering common questions, tracking grades, and monitoring attendance. The use of technologies in the classroom is helping educators to simplify some of those tasks, which frees them up to focus on the delivery of high-quality lessons. Additionally, technological tools provide excellent coursework help by streamlining how students write their assignments, participate in online discussions, and obtain answers to their questions. Also, educators can rely on course management systems to provide personalized assistance to students.

Unlimited Resources

The number of educational resources that are available to students and educators in the form of electronic books and applications continues to increase. How has technology impacted education based on the availability of these resources? In answering this question, it is evident that educators can customize students’ learning experiences. The tools allow them to build the learning process brock by brick in order to include activities such as creating websites, producing media, writing essays, and collaborating with experts remotely to enhance the relevance of learning material. Overall, such technology-based educational experiences improve student engagement drastically.

Special Education

21st-century technologies in education have the capacity of making access to formative learning equitable for all types of learners. Special education has been a critical issue for a long time mainly because teachers are often unable to cater to students with special needs in regular classrooms. Students with special needs can take advantage of the enhanced accessibility and interactivity of online learning. Described by some educationists as transformative, the way how technology has changed education by making it more accessible and affordable grants world-class education opportunities to students with special needs.

Personal Interests and Passions

Apart from offering better coursework help, educational technologies support learners to pursue individual passions and interests. For instance, a student in a music classroom can listen and view the original compositions by a favorite pianist. Such interactions allow students to obtain skills that are of particular interest to them. Consequently, technology supports these interests by promoting research and exploration, which instills an attitude of lifelong learning in students.

Coordinated Learning

Another aspect that demonstrates how technology has changed education is the ability to connect to external settings such as libraries and museums, which allows learning to move beyond the classroom. Additionally, students in different schools can collaborate by sharing their diverse thoughts, interpretations, and connections, which leads to a richer learning experience. The technologies support collaboration, which promotes deeper understanding through the consideration of different perspectives. The technologies can expand, amplify, and accelerate learning if educators can design and apply them thoughtfully. They can have a positive impact and broaden the learners’ mindsets by reflecting on various contexts and incorporating personal interests. Overall, the technologies assist in aligning how and what students learn.

Introduction to DS18B20

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at a detailed Introduction to DS18B20. DS18B20 is a temperature sensor that can measure temperature from -55^oC to +125^oC with an accuracy of +- 5%. It follows 1 wire protocol which has revolutionized the digital world. Because of its 1 wire protocol, you can control multiple sensors from a single pin of Microcontroller.

DS18B20 is normally used in industrial projects where high accuracy is necessary. I will give you a detailed overview of this temperature sensor in today's post where we will have a look at its Pinout, working, protocol, etc. I will also share some links to projects where I have interfaced it with Arduino or other microcontrollers. If you have any questions, please ask in comments and I will try my best to resolve them all. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to DS18B20:

Introduction to DS18B20

• DS18B20 is a digital temperature sensor that follows a 1-wire protocol and can measure temperature from -55^oC to +125^oC ( -67^oF to +257^oF ) with an accuracy of +-5%.
• Data received from the single wire is in the ranges of 9-bit to 12-bit.

• As DS18B20 follows the 1-wire protocol so we can control this sensor via a single pin of Microcontroller. (We also have to provide GND)
• 1-wire protocol is an advanced level protocol and each DS18B20 is equipped with a serial code of 64 bit which helps in controlling multiple sensors via a single pin of the microcontroller.
• In simple words, it assigns different addresses to all sensors attached and by calling the address, you can get that sensor's value.
• So, now let's have a look at the DS18B20 Pinout:

DS1820 Pinout

• DS18B20 has 3 pins in total, which are:
  • Pin # 1: Vcc ( We have to provide +5V here ).
  • Pin # 2: Data Pin ( It's the 1-wire from where we will get temperature readings ).
  • Pin # 3: GND ( We have to provide ground here ).
• It is available in two packages, one is simple while the other one is waterproof DS18B20, both of their pinouts are shown in the below figure:

• Now let's have a look at some of DS18B20's Characteristics and features:

DS18B20 Features

• I have assembled a table where I have added all the features and characteristics of DS18B20.

No.	Parameter	Symbol	Value	Unit
1.	Supply Voltage	VDD	+3 to 5.5	V
2.	Pull-up Supply Voltage	VPU	+3 to 5.5	V
3.	Input Logic Low	VIL	-0.3 to +0.8	V
4.	Input Logic High	VIH	+2.2	V
5.	Sink Current	IL	4.0	ma
6.	Standby Current	IDDS	750 to 1000	na
7.	Active Current	IDD	1 to 1.5	ma
8.	DQ Input Current	IDQ	5	ua
9.	Drift		+-2	C
10.	NV Write Cycle Time	tWR	2 to 10	ms
11.	EEPROM Writes	NEEWR	50k	writes
12.	EEPROM Data Retention	tEEDR	10	years
13	Temperature Conversion Time	tCONV	93.75	ms
14.	Time to Strong Pullup On	tSPON	10	ms
15.	Time Slot	tSLOT	120	us
16.	Recovery Time	TREC	1	us
17.	Write 0 Low Time	tLOW0	120	us
18.	Write 1 Low Time	tLOW1	15	us
19	Read Data Valid	tRDV	15	us
20.	Reset Time High	tRSTH	480	us
21	Reset Time Low	tRSTL	480	us
22.	Presence-Detect High	tPDHIGH	60	us
23	Presence-Detect Low	tPDLOW	240	us
20.	Capacitance	CIN/OUT	25	pf

 

• Let's have a look at one wire Bus system:

 One Wire Bus System

• As I told earlier that DS18B20 follows 1 wire protocol, so in order to understand its working, we must have a look at this protocol first.
• The main advantage of 1 wire protocol is that we can control multiple 1-wire devices via a single pin of Microcontroller.
• You must have heard of the master-slave system, where 1 master device can control or communicate with all slave devices.
• 1-wire protocol follows a similar master-slave system, where microcontroller acts as a master and all our 1-wire devices e.g. DS18B20 act as slaves.
• If we have interfaced only one device with our microcontroller then such a system is called a single drop but if we interface multiple 1-wire devices via a single pin then it's called multidrop system.
• Now let's have a better understanding of One Wire System from the figure given below:

• Now let's have a look at DS18B20 Power Supply:

Power Supply of DS18B20

• There are two ways to power up this temperature sensor DS18B20, which are:
  • External Power Supply.
  • Parasite Power Supply.
• Let's discuss both of these power supplies in detail:                                    

External Power supply of DS18B20

• In this method, we provide power to DS18B20 by conventional method i.e. battery or adapter.
• This method is applicable for temperature below +100 degree Celsius.
• The main benefit of this method is, there is no extra load on the resistor which uses in this method and it performs work correctly. 
•  Let's have a look at the connections in the below figure:

Parasite Power Mode of DS18B20

• In this method, we do not need a special power supply.
• This method is used for temperature greater than +100 Celsius.
• In a normal situation, this method provides efficient current and voltage to DS18B20 
• But, in special work when DS18B20 convert temperature value into digital then current value increase to such value which can damage resister.
• To limit current in save the value and good working of DS18B20 it is necessary to use pull up mosfet.
• As it is used only for specific temperature value there we use an external power supply.

Now, let's have a look at pictures of this method

Working of DS18B20

• It works on the principle of direct conversion of temperature into a digital value.
• Its main features are to change its bit numbers according to change in temperature 
• Like, it changes a bit in 9. 10, 11, and 12  bits as temperature changes in values 0.5 ° C. 0.25°C,1.25 and  0.0625°C respectively.
• Its default bits value is 12 but it changes values according to Temperature Change
• It has alarm and LCD as temperature changes alarms work and temperature value changes which we can get from LCD.
• Now let's have a look at the DS18B20 memory map 

DS18B20 Memory Map

• There are are two types of memories which have DS18B20
•  One SRAM  and other is EEPROM.
• Sram is volatile memory it has data only in on the condition 
• EEPROM is Non-volatile memory it stores data in the off condition
• EEPROM also has a low and high alarm trigger 
• To have a better understanding of Memory Map of DS18B20 look at pictures which gives a better idea of a memory map of ds18b20 

• Now let's have a look at Function Commands of DS18B20

DS18B20 Function Commands

These are function Commands of DS18B20. These commands allow some to read and write data on DS18B20 scratched memory. Let's discuss them

• Convert T[44h]: This command starts the single temperature conversion.
• Write scratched Pad [4Eh]: In this command, we can write data on memory of DS18B20 to three bytes. Data is transferred in the least multiple bits first.
• Read Scratched Pad[BEh]: In this command, we can read data on a scratched pad memory of DS18B20.
• Copy Scratchpad [48h]: This command data from the scratched pad and send data to EEPROM in 2, 3 and 4 bytes.
• Read Power Supply [B4h]: This command tells about the power supply mode of DS18B20.

Now let's have a look at Applications of DS18B20:

Applications of DS18B20

DS18B20 is used for temperature measurement. There are some applications of DS18B20:

• We can use it in the thermostat controls system.
• It can be used in industries as a temperature measuring device.
• It can be used as a thermometer.
• We can use it in thermally sensitive devices.   
• It can also use in HVAC systems.

So, that was all about temperature sensor DS18B20. I hope you have enjoyed today's tutorial. IF you have any questions then ask in comments and we will resolve them all. Thanks for reading. Take care !!! :)

Things To Consider When Building Recreational Facilities

If your sports academy is located in a rented property or a property that you purchased pre-designed, your biggest dream is likely to build and design your own sports facility from scratch. That way, you could see to it that your facility had all of the features that you wanted built to your specifications. You would have a place for your weights, there would be a space for aerobic training, you would have a place to put a grappling dummy for MMA and BJJ training, and, of course, you would have a nice office that allows you to carry out all of the administrative aspects of the work. The reason why building your own recreational facilities has likely just remained a dream is because of how difficult it is to secure the funding. Let’s say, for the sake of argument, that you are able to get the funding needed. A question you might want to ask yourself is whether or not building a new academy is the best option. Those who have gone through the process can tell you that it is a lot more challenging to build a new building from scratch than it is to rent a facility or purchase a facility that is already built. We are going to take some time to review the pros and cons of constructing your own sports facility.

Why Constructing a Sports Facility Would Be a Good Idea

First and foremost, it is an investment. Most business minded people prefer to own something as opposed to renting it. This is because they understand that owning is a good financial investment. Of course, not all properties turn out to be a good investment. One of the first things you have to consider when building a sports facility is the location. By location, we don’t just mean where the property is physically located, but we also mean the market in the area around its location. When you make the investment and build a sports facility, you have the option to increase the value of your investment down the road by tailoring it to the needs of your clients as their likes change over the years. You can also tailor it to something that you think will sell quickly when and if the time comes to sell the property. When you own, you do not have a landlord. So you’re not dealing with rent hikes, and you don’t have to worry about your landlord trying to evict you for no reason. That being said, not having a landlord means that you are the one who is responsible for the upkeep of your sports facility. Not only do you need to keep it functional, but you need to keep it safe. Failure to do this could result in future financial challenges.

The Downsides of Building a Sports Facility

There is, of course, the downsides of building a sports facility. One of the biggest challenges you may face is interacting with local government. There are so many rules and regulations that dictat how real estate can be used. Before building your sports facility, you are going to have to submit plans to the zoning department of the municipality where you want to construct. This may lead to other challenges you do not foresee. For example, let’s say you want to build a facility that has multiple indoor tennis courts that allow your clients to play games indoors. The municipality where you want to build may require you to build additional parking spaces because they determine the number of parking spaces needed by the square footage of the building. This may entail an unwanted financial burden. Speaking of financial burdens, unless you are self funded, you may find it difficult to get a loan. Lending institutions happily finance things when they feel that the construction is low risk. A sports academy is not considered low risk. If you look around your city, you have likely seen sports academies come and go. The success rate for this type of endeavor is not the best. This doesn’t mean that there are no financing options for you. You’ll likely get a loan, but you’re going to have to come up with a larger down payment and your credit history will definitely come into play. Things to Consider When Building a New Sports Facility The first thing you want to consider is a list of the activities you will have available at your sports facility. Part of this includes determining which sports will need specific areas in the facility. For example, if you’re going to have soccer, you’re going to need to have a soccer pitch. You also need to ask yourself what age group you are looking to help. Children playing soccer will have different safety requirements than adults. Think about the activities you are going to offer based on the season. Having this in mind is going to help your design team build the right sports complex. Next, select the contractor. There are going to be a lot of contractors who are eager to take your money. But our recommendation is that you only work with a contractor who has built sports facilities before. Look at their websites to see their past projects and talk to their previous clients. It’s recommended that you talk with up to five contractors before making your final decision. Drainage and irrigation are important even if you are going to have a synthetic turf field. With synthetic material, irrigation is not so important, but drainage is a must. Are you in a floodplain? Using historical weather data and your budget, you will be able to make irrigation decisions that will extend the life of your facility. There are other important factors to consider, including parking, lighting, and safety. To be honest, we have just begun to scratch the surface of the things you need to consider when building a new sports complex. Have you had the experience of starting a new project like this? We would love to hear about your experiences in the comments section below.

Biomedical engineering: career tips & education information

Engineering has a lot of subfields that offer students the possibility to broaden their potential career paths. One of these subfields is represented by biomedical engineering, which combines more than just one discipline. If traditional engineering is focused on mathematics and other applied sciences, biomedical engineering also includes fields such as biology and chemistry. Biomedical engineering, shortened BME, is a multidisciplinary field that combines various fields, namely medicine (diagnosis, monitoring, therapy) and engineering (solving skills). BME has other subfields as well, depending on the branch that is selected by the engineer. For instance, one can specialize in biomedical optics, tissue or genetic engineering, pharmaceutical engineering or even neural engineering, all being related by the aforementioned solving skills. Biomechanics combines the mechanics method which is studied in traditional engineering with the functioning of the human body from a mechanical point of view, thus combining basic biology with the concepts in engineering. Here are some other details related to this field:

What duties biomedical engineers have?

Biomedical engineers usually engage in a very specific type of activities that differ from one branch of biomedical engineering to another. There are a few tasks that are common for multiple branches. The basic biomedical engineer should be able to come up with medical equipment prototypes. For instance, biomedical engineers are the ones behind creating artificial organs that can replace actual human body parts. Combining the mechanics of engineering with the science of medicine has such medical equipment as a result. Biomedical engineers also need to provide technical support for the equipment they create in the field of medicine, especially considering that the health of people depends on the use of it. Biomedical engineers hold a great responsibility because they need to assess the state of the biomedical tools. A safe environment of using these tools is evaluated solely by biomedical engineers. Other duties involve training people who work in the medical field to use the equipment that biomedical engineers create. The personnel has to use the equipment correctly in order to obtain the safest results. Biological engineers can also research topics of interest in fields such as chemistry, biological systems of animals or other sciences in order to come up with new, innovative approaches. Based on the research they obtain, biomedical engineers can recommend various procedures that may revolutionize the medical world. The basic duty of a biomedical engineer is to design new devices for the healthcare industry, and other tasks result from this one. Biomedical engineers can also opt for specializing in one single field after obtaining their diploma. A few of these specializations include instrumentation, materials, mechanics, clinical and rehabilitation, all in a relationship with the biological field. Bioinstrumentation mostly refers to developing the necessary tools in diagnosing/treating certain medical conditions. Biomaterials mostly refer to studying implantation devices. Biomechanics combines multiple disciplines among which studying chemistry, physiology, thermodynamics to come up with solutions for a wide range of medical challenges and issues.

Relevant skills for biomedical engineers

When it comes to who is suitable for becoming a biomedical engineer, there are a few skills that one must possess in this sense. First of all, the person must have analytical thinking. All engineers need to analyze information in depth and come up with unique solutions for uncommon problems. The second set of skills that are required to perform well at this job is related to communication and speaking. Without proper communication skills, biomedical engineers wouldn’t be able to understand the needs of the patients or the doctors that they work with. Moreover, biomedical engineers usually work in teams, which means they need to handle teamwork projects efficiently, or even lead them. Being a biomedical engineer also requires creativity and imagination. Even though creativity is sometimes placed oppositely to analytical thinking, engineers require it in order to come up with innovative solutions and devices. The advancements in healthcare wouldn’t be possible without the launch of new devices and technologies, which strictly depend on the creativity of biomedical engineers. As implied by engineering, math, chemistry, and physics are also part of the skillset that biomedical engineers must possess. Dealing with problems everyday implies strong problem-solving skills.

Education requirements

As for the level of education needed to perform as a biomedical engineer, a few factors must be considered. First of all, biomedical engineers may need to follow multiple areas of study, depending on the selected specialization. A biomedical engineer working in research only needs one degree. A biomedical engineer that works in a topical area may need degrees in more than one simple field. Some biomedical engineers follow studies in managerial sciences as well. The education level solely depends on the branch selected for performing further. In most cases, the basic engineer MBA will only ensure a place in basic research jobs. Depending on the type of studies that were finished by the biomedical engineer, the salaries may differ. An engineer that has a multiple degrees may generate an average annual wage of $100 000, while a biomedical engineer that only works in healthcare may generate one of $50 000. Education is a determining criterion of the salary and all fields involve full working hours and interacting with patients, managers, and doctors on a daily basis.

Job opportunities

As for job opportunities, some countries are in need of biomedical engineer positions while others are saturated in this sense. The number of job opportunities differs from one year to another, but several studies determined that the jobs in the field of biomedical engineering will be increased with almost 10 percent until 2025. Because of this reason, the employment in this field will suffer a beneficial growth that is going to allow more people to have a career in this field. The current technological advancements also sustain the demand of biomedical engineers, as they are the only ones who can create innovative devices that could completely revolutionize the medical field. All people who are thinking about following a career in this field should take advantage of this growth and the considerable salaries offered.