With technology constantly improving machines, the amount of time the manufacturing processes take has greatly lowered. There are plenty of brilliant machines designed for increased productivity on the market, including ones like a speedy engraving machine, which ensures both quality and efficiency.
Automation is another way technology has contributed to a speedier manufacturing service. When systems are automated, production capacity is increased, allowing manufacturers to produce more in less time. Combine that with the ease of communications brought on by software tools, and you have a manufacturing company that wastes no time at all.
Technology has allowed near-perfect precision in machinery alongside less reliance on manual labor, and as a result, errors are now fewer and far between. On top of that, AI can predict upcoming malfunctions through its data, meaning sensors can alert staff before it even happens. With all the errors that are caught early through tech, both time and material are saved.
The manufacturing industry contributes to much of the earth’s pollution. Luckily, technological developments have helped manufacturing companies switch to greener practices. For starters, automation and digital communications mean factories don’t have to use as much paper, contributing to less waste overall. As well as that, with AI detecting possible errors, manufacturers don’t have to waste as many materials and energy on faulty results.
Technology has improved communication for all industries, including manufacturing. Through communication software, staff can now communicate from across the shop floor without interruption. It’s not just communications between staff that have improved, either. With the Internet of Things, machines are better at communicating with each other, meaning if there is a machine malfunction, staff will know straight away.
Maintenance is essential in the manufacturing industry. Without it, more errors are made, and more money gets spent on replacements. In the past, maintenance took a lot of the manufacturing team’s time, but now, with automation alerting staff when there is a malfunction, maintenance is much more streamlined.
Through analyzing AI data, manufacturing companies now have a better idea of who their customer is and exactly what they are looking for. With such data, they can then make their marketing strategies more targeted for better results overall.
All in all, the developments in technology, including automation, AI, and machinery, have ensured that the manufacturing industry is much more profitable. It has led to mass production that can remain high in quality but still produce far more than before.
Who knows where technology will take the manufacturing industry next? With constant new developments, manufacturing is only going to become more streamlined and profitable over the years.
The Internet of Things (IoT) philosophy may be viewed as a highly dynamic and radically dispersed networked system comprised of a huge number of identifiable smart devices. These objects may communicate and interact with one another, as well as with end-users and other network entities. As the Internet of Things era begins, the usage of small, inexpensive, and flexible computer hardware that allows end-user programming becomes more prevalent. The Raspberry Pi, a fully configurable and programmable tiny computer board, is one of them discussed in this article. Although there are certain limitations, the Raspberry Pi remains a low-cost computer that has been used effectively in a wide range of IoT vision research applications despite its few shortcomings.
Introductory Notes The Internet of Things - IoT – may be viewed as a highly dynamic and widely dispersed networked system. For example, it is a network of linked smart objects that may communicate and interact with one another, as well as with end-users or other network entities, such as users or other entities in the network. Safety, security, comfort, convenience, and energy savings are maximised when smart devices can perceive physical phenomena and transform them into data streams, as well as when smart devices can trigger actions. These systems should:
While internet access can be achieved through an Ethernet/LAN cable or a USB dongle (WiFi connectivity), a USB connector is required [5, 6]. Figure 1 shows an example of a formalised formalised formalised formal Model A (left) and Model B (right) Raspberry Pi boards Figure 2: The Raspberry Pi's essential components The Raspberry Pi, like any other computer, is powered by an operating system. Raspbian is a fantastic Linux alternative for Raspberry Pi since it is free and open-source, keeping the platform's price cheap and making it more hackable. There are a few non-Linux OS alternatives available as well [5]. The Raspberry Pi offers a wide range of applications, which is one of its best features. The remainder of the article will discuss what allows it, as well as the performance and limits of the Raspberry Pi. The performance of the Raspberry Pi will be compared against the following IoT prototype platforms (Fig. 3): Arduino is an open-source physical computing platform that is built on a basic microcontroller board and includes a programming environment for creating software for the board (Fig. 3 a). It can accept information from a number of sensors and operate lights, motors, and other actuators to influence its environment. The Arduino programming language and the Arduino Integrated Development Environment may be used to programme the microcontroller on the hardware board (IDE). Arduino has two operating modes: stand-alone and linked to a computer via USB cable [3]. BeagleBone Black Is a single-board computer based on low-power Texas Instruments processors and the ARM architecture.
B. Strength and Memory The suggested platforms' major objective is low power consumption in order to fulfil the multi-year application requirements. Only by combining low-power hardware components and low-duty-cycle operating approaches can ultra-low-power operation be accomplished.
As previously indicated, the Raspberry Pi requires up to 700mA to operate. The Raspberry Pi device may be powered by a variety of power sources (provided they can deliver adequate current 700mA), such as a computer USB port or powered USB hub (depending on power output), special wall warts with USB ports, mobile phone backup battery (depending on power output), cell phone solar charger, alkaline batteries (six rechargeable AA batteries and a voltage regulator). The Raspberry Pi's main power supply constraint is that no external device should use more than 100mA from any of its USB ports.
In terms of storage, the gadget should have enough memory to store the gathered data. In addition to storage capacity, programme memory should be sufficient to execute simple computations and send just the necessary data and routing information if the device is connected to a network. It is crucial to understand that the Raspberry Pi does not have a hard drive and that everything is saved on a Secure Digital (SD) Card. The minimum needed SD card capacity is 2 GB, however larger SD cards with capacities of 32 GB, 64 GB, or more are available but frequently prohibitively costly. This storage may be increased by employing devices that supply an extra hard drive through USB ports. These are referred to as USB Mass Storage (UMS) devices and can be traditional hard drives, solid-state drives (SSDs), or even tiny pocket-sized flash drives. Table II provides a comparative study of platform CPU, memory, and power.
C. Adaptability To be useful in a wide range of applications, the architecture must be adaptable and versatile. Furthermore, for economic considerations, it must make it simple to build precisely the correct mix of software and hardware components. As a result, these devices need an extraordinary level of hardware and software flexibility while being efficient [10]. The adaptability and universality of any gadget, on the other hand, are its strengths. One of the best things about the Raspberry Pi is its versatility; there is no one way to utilise it. It can, for example, be used for: broad purpose computing, capable of interfacing with other electronic boards and communicating with other computing devices using a range of various protocols such as Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) and Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C): o I2C – low-speed interface – Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) is a serial bus interface that can communicate with numerous devices using only two wires. It operates at relatively modest speeds. o Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) – Serial Peripheral Interaction Bus (SPI) is a synchronous full-duplex (two-way) serial connection. The Raspberry Pi Model B Rev 2 features an enhanced variety of connections in addition to the usual GPIO port [13]. P5 header has 8 pins (+3.3 V, +5 V, two ground pins, and four GPIO pins that can offer the second I2C protocol) and P6 header has two pins — their short-circuiting enables soft reset of BCM2835. Table III examines the expansion connections used by the Raspberry Pi and other platforms to connect to a broad range of external devices.
The Ethernet connector on the Raspberry Pi serves as the primary interface for communicating with other devices. It is auto-sensing, so it may be linked to a router or directly to another computer (without the use of a crossover connection) [5, 6]. Model B features a conventional RJ45 Ethernet connector, but model A lacks one but may be linked to a wired network using a USB Ethernet adapter. The USB Ethernet adapter offers two speeds: 10 Mb/s and 100 Mb/s (Table IV). When you attach a cable to the Raspberry Pi, it will immediately get the information it needs to connect to the Internet when it loads its operating system through the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). This gives the Raspberry Pi an Internet Protocol (IP) address and informs it which gateway to use to connect to the Internet (typically the IP address of router or modem). The Raspberry Pi's drawback is the absence of an inbuilt WiFi module, however, this functionality may be added via USB dongles. As a result, the Raspberry Pi may be used to create ad-hoc networks or to connect to a variety of wireless networks, including those that utilise the newest 802.11n high-speed standard [11]. Raspberry Pi can serve static webpages, but it can also produce dynamic content by utilising databases and web apps. It can also offer access to its GPIO ports via web technologies. In addition, Raspberry Pi may be used as a Sensor Web node by connecting it to a network and making it accessible to other computers.
Emerging user programming trends enable non-professional end-users to customise products to meet their unique demands. There are hundreds of products available now that allow end-user programming. Using affordable hardware and open-source software, it is feasible to programmatically manage numerous devices in such a manner that the own solution satisfies user demands. Furthermore, giving end-users with skills and the ability to mould goods to their requirements benefits both users and product creators. One of the prototype systems that allows end-user programming will be explored in this work. The Raspberry Pi computer board will be highlighted, including a comparison of its performance and limitations with current popular prototyping platforms [2]. The primary objective of this research is to identify and explain the benefits and drawbacks of the Raspberry Pi, as well as the capabilities of its use in the construction of the future generation of IoT. The remainder of this paper is arranged as follows. Section 2 contains an overview of the Raspberry Pi, its main components, and a detailed comparison with other existing IoT systems. The final section includes closing thoughts that summarise Raspberry Pi's merits and drawbacks as IoT hardware.
Smart items are key to the Internet of Things vision. These things, which are equipped with information and communication technology, can preserve their context, are networked together, can access Internet services, and communicate with one another and with humans [3]. Raspberry Pi is a tiny, powerful, inexpensive, hackable, and educational computer board that was released in 2012. (Fig. 1). It functions similarly to a normal PC, needing a keyboard for command entry, a display unit, and a power source. This credit card-sized computer with numerous capabilities and a price range of $25-35$ is an ideal platform for interacting with a variety of devices. The overwhelming bulk of the system's components, including its central and graphics processing units, audio and communications gear, and a 256 MB (Model A) – 512 MB (Model B) memory chip, are integrated into a single component. The Raspberry Pi board seen in Figures 1 and 2 comprises both necessary (CPU, the graphics chip, programme memory - RAM) and optional components (various interfaces and connectors for peripherals). The SD Flash memory acts as a hard drive for the Raspberry Pi CPU. The tiny Cortex-A8 core powers the device (Fig. 3 b). It is a tiny computer the size of a credit card that can run an operating system such as Linux/Android 4.0. The primary distinction between it and Arduino is that it can run a tiny operating system, thereby transforming it into a minicomputer capable of running applications on various operating systems. BeagleBone is intended to operate at a much higher level and has far greater computing capability than Arduino.
Phidgets are a collection of “plug and play” building pieces for bridging the physical and virtual worlds using low-cost USB sensing and control from a PC. Phidgets contain USB-based hardware boards for input (temperature, movement, light intensity, RFID tags, switches, and so on) and output actuators (servo motors, LED indicators, LCD text displays, and so on) (Fig. 3 d). Because of its design and API, programmers can discover, observe, and control all Phidgets linked to a single computer. All of the needed software components are packaged as an ActiveX COM Component. Each Phidget component necessitates the usage of a corresponding visual component, which provides a visual on-screen interface for interactive end-user control. The system includes a broad API library and may be used with a wide range of applications, including other toolkits in some situations. Using Phidgets, programmers may quickly create physical interfaces without requiring an extensive understanding of electrical design difficulties.
Udoo is a small PC with an integrated Arduino-compatible board that can run both Android and Linux. It is an extremely capable prototype board for software development and design. Udoo incorporates a microcomputer with the most popular communication interfaces (Ethernet, WiFi, USB, HDMI, SATA, digital and analogue input/output) as well as a microcontroller with a standard pinout for rapid prototyping applications. As a result, Udoo is open hardware, low-cost platform outfitted with an ARM i.MX6 Freescale CPU and an Arduino Due compatible portion based on the ATMEL SAM3X ARM processor. The creators of Udoo say that the board will have the processing power of four Raspberry Pis. Udoo's retail lineup consists of three versions, all of which share the majority of features and differ mainly in connection and the i.MX6 CPU utilised [9]: Udoo Quad, Udoo Dual, and Udoo Dual Basic.
Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, I am going to give you a detailed introduction to the C++ Programming language. In cross-platform programming languages, C++ is the most popular that can be used to work on low and high-level applications. Bjarne Stroustrup was the founder of C++. He modified C language to develop C++ language. Control over system resources and memory can be attained by using C++. In 2011, 2014, and 2017 it was modified to C++11, C++14, and C++17. C++ is a middle-level language. It is advantageous to both programming languages low-level (drivers, kernels) and higher-level applications (games, GUI, desktop apps etc.).
C++ is one of the world's most famous programming languages. It is used in today's OS, embedded systems and GUIs. It provides a clear structure to programs, permits codes to be reused and lowering development costs as its an object-oriented language. Since it is portable and can be used to create applications that can be used on multiple platforms. It is very easy to learn. As it is close to C# and Java, so switching to C++ or vice versa is very simple.
It is used in
Some interesting facts about C++ are listed below
Basic concepts like syntax, variables, loop type etc will be discussed here.
Here is the C++ basic program
#include <iostream.h> using namespace std; int main() { cout << "Hi this is C++"; }
There are built-in as well as user-defined data types in C++.
//Program to receive three integer numbers and display their sum #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int num1, num2, num3, Sum; //variables num1, num2, num3 and sum are declared as integers cout << "\n Enter Number 1: "; cin >> num1; cout << "\n Enter Number 2: "; cin >> num2; cout)<< “\n Enter Number 3: “; cin>>num3; Sum = num1 + num2 + num3; cout << "\n The sum of " << num1 << num2 “ and " << num3 << " is " << Sum; }
In C++, special words(called modifiers) are used to modify built-in data types. There are four main data type modifiers in C++, they are:
These modifiers are with built-in data types to make them more precise and for expanding their range.
Variables are divided into two main types,
Global variables are those which declared only a single time and used again and again. They are declared outside the main() function. If only declared then assigned different values at different times in program lifetime. But when they are declared and initialized at the same time then they can be assigned any value at any point in the program.
For example: Only declared, not initialized
include <iostream> using namespace std; int x; // Global variable declared int main() { y=10; // Initialized once cout <<"first value of y = "<< y; y=20; // Initialized again cout <<"Initialized again with value = "<< y; }
include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int j=10; if(j<20) // if condition scope starts { int m=100; // Local variable declared and initialized } // if condition scope ends cout << m; // Compile time error, m not available here }
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { float pi = 3.14, Radius, Height, CSA; cout << "\n Curved Surface Area of a cylinder"; cout << "\n Enter radius (in cm): "; cin >> Radius; cout << "\n Enter height (in cm): "; cin >> Height; CSA = (2*pi*Radius)*Height; system("cls"); cout << "\n radius: " << Radius <<"cm"; cout << "\n height: " << Height << "cm"; cout << "\n Curved Surface Area of a Cylinder is " << CSA <<" sq. cm."; }
There are three types of errors that occur in C++ programming
cout << “Hi welcome to C++”
It may be happened by the wrong use of variable or operator or order of execution etc. This means that the program is grammatically correct, but it contains some logical errors. So, “Logic Error” is also called Semantic error.
if (expression) true-block; statement-x;
if ( expression) { True-block; } else { False-block; }
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int Num, rem; cout<< "\n enter a number: "; cin>>Num; rem = Num % 2; if (rem==0) cout<< "\n The given number" <<Num<< " is Even"; else cout<< "\n The given number "<<Num<< " is Odd"; return 0; }
for (initialization(s); test expression; update expression(s)) { statement 1; statement 2; …………. }
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main () { int i,Sum=0; for(i=1; i<=5;i++) { sum=sum+i; } cout<<"The sum of 1 to 5 is "<<Sum; return 0; }
while ( test expression ) { body of the loop; }
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main () { int i=1,SUM=0; while(i<=6) { SUM=SUM+i; i++; } cout<<"The sum of 1 to 6 is "<<SUM; return 0; }
do { body of the loop; } while(condition);
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { Int n1, n2 , n3, Sum; cout << "\n Enter Mark 1: "; cin >> n1; cout << "\n Enter Mark 2: "; cin >> n2; cout << "\n Enter Mark 3: "; cin >> n3; Sum = n1 + n2 + n3; cout << "\n The sum = " << Sum; }
#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int Radius; float Area; cout << "\n Enter Radius: "; cin >> Radius; Area = 3.14 * Radius * Radius; cout << "\n The area of circle = " << Area; }So, that was all for today. In the next tutorial, we are going to discuss the Data Types in C++ in detail. If you have any questions regarding this tutorial, ask in the comments. Thanks for reading !!!
In this article, we take a look at ten proven and practical ways to get more subscribers on YouTube. Want to buy cheap subscribers and become famous? Read on to find out how to make it happen.
One thing that most successful videos do? They ask their viewers to subscribe. You may notice that a lot of your content receives more likes, comments, and views than it does new subscribers. Mysterious? Not necessarily.
Keep in mind that about 5 billion YouTube views take place every day—enough to cover more than half the planet.
The people behind these views are often in channel surfer mode, moving from one video to the next without giving the process much thought. You can get their attention simply by asking them to subscribe at the end of your videos. If they liked your content, this might work!
End credit scenes have become a staple of the Marvel Universe, training the audience to sit through endless credits to get a few precious seconds of “secret” content. Your videos won’t have the benefit of a billion-dollar budget and a cast of Hollywood heartthrobs, but they can build anticipation in much the same way.
As you end your video, take a moment to tease what is coming next. This could mean sharing compelling views seconds or even declaring your intention to make new content. Just remember that presentation matters. Your tease needs to be clear enough to hook your audience.
Another great, though gradual, way to foster a list of subscribers is to interact with your audience. Respond to comments. Be funny, be civil, be present. Not only will a channel with communal aspects draw new subscribers in, but it will also keep your original roster of subscribers thriving.
About 500 hours of content is uploaded to YouTube every minute. You can make sure yours stands out by offering more than just “another video.” People may come for the cat video, but they will stay for the fellowship.
For many people, getting on to YouTube isn’t about watching just one video, but many. If your channel is a one-hit-wonder, featuring the occasional good upload but nothing that ties all of the videos together, you may struggle.
Think not just about individual uploads but about playlists, and you might do much better. For example, if you run a cooking channel, you might include a video about beating egg whites into stiff peaks. You might then follow that video on a playlist with another video that contains stiff egg whites in the recipe. Next might be a good dish or dessert.
Good playlists follow a logical pattern that keeps the audience watching.
Oddly, the majority of web viewers spend most of their time looking at the left-hand side of the screen. While there is no obvious explanation for why this is, it does serve as a helpful way for you to maximize the effectiveness of your channel layout.
As you arrange your videos on your YouTube homepage, think about ordering your content in such a way that the most compelling uploads are the easiest for potential viewers to spot. Unable to distinguish in such a way? No problem. Your existing audience already has. Make your most popular videos as viewer-facing as possible, and you’ll draw more people in.
Did you know that most people are on the internet in the mornings and afternoons? The pattern likely mimics (at least to an extent) the typical school and work hours, showing that people gravitate towards YouTube during their time off.
Whatever the reason, timing your uploads to make them sync up with when people are most likely to be at their screens will help your content reach a broader audience. To this end, YouTube analytics maybe your best friend. Averages are great, but analytic software can offer a much more precise idea of when people tend to view your content.
The Simpsons wouldn’t be going on its thirtieth season if no one ever knew what time it would be on. Can you imagine a television show airing on Tuesday night one week, Friday morning the next, followed by Saturday around noon? No one would ever know when to park themselves on the couch, and the show would fail.
The same can be said of YouTube. While streaming is obviously a little different than watching network television, the fact remains that if people don’t know when your content will be uploaded, they will probably stop paying attention eventually. Being consistent with your uploads makes it much easier for subscribers and potential subscribers alike to find your stuff.
If you’re like most content creators, you probably have not just a YouTube account but also memberships with all of the major social media platforms. It’s essential to use those other accounts to draw traffic to your videos.
Fire off a tweet every time a new video goes live. Interact with your fans, post regularly, and make yourself accessible. The more visible you are online, the more views, and eventually, subscribers, you will get.
YouTube, like all social media, thrives on tags and descriptions. The words you choose to accompany your uploads will have a considerable influence both on who finds your content and on what they think of it when it comes to their attention. Be mindful, be clever, be accurate in how you represent your uploads—tags matter.
Last but not least, buy some subscribers. While paying for your audience is somewhat taboo in the internet world, it’s actually a highly effective marketing technique that many content creators take advantage of.
Buying from responsible vendors is a safe and dependable way to maximize the value of your channel in the eyes of the YouTube algorithm.
Remember that YouTube prioritizes showcasing content that already has the appearance of being famous. By purchasing subscribers, you make sure your content gets seen by real potential subscribers.
You also just make your content more appealing to your potential audience.
If there are two similar channels out there, most people are going to choose the one that has the most subscribers. By purchasing some, you ensure that this will be you.
When you turn your passion, or your hobby, into a career, it can feel fantastic, but it can also feel like a time that is filled with self-doubt and worry. Worrying that you have the right skills and knowledge base to carry out projects and ensuring that you see projects through are probably two of your main concerns right now. When engineering is a hobby, you have no real-time limits or pressures to perform. You have your free time to fiddle and change bits of a new machine or piece of equipment you are working on. You also don’t have to worry about having the right skills or knowledge as nobody is judging you or even watching over you, so if you make a mistake, then you don’t need to worry, as who is there?
However, when you turn your passion into a career, you have a new set of worries and concerns. Of course, over time, these will disappear, but, to begin with, they can feel all-consuming. So, just how can you make the transition from hobby to career as easy as possible? Well, to begin with, you need to remember your passion at the heart of everything you do. Yes, your engineer feats will be judged, and, yes, you will have time pressures and deadlines to adhere to. However, if you maintain your passion through every project you undertake, you will make the transition from hobby to career success and relatively easy. Removing unnecessary pressure and stress will be beneficial to you, and it will ensure that you still remain passionate about every project you undertake.
Just like when you start a new project or test, there is a right way to go about things and an incorrect way to go. When you start out on the road to a career in engineering, it is crucial that you go the right way. The right way involves gaining more experience, and it also involves studying and getting qualified. Yes, you might have been working on projects and plans since you were little, but as good as being self-taught is, it is not always what future or potential employers want from you. When you commit to studying an engineering degree, you learn new ways to begin and undertake projects, and you also learn about industry standards.
If you do not commit to getting a formal education, then you may struggle to land and even secure a job in engineering, simply because there are industry standards that need following, and if testing, production or manufacturing, veers off from these industry standards, results could be different, and your employees or the ones who have commissioned your project could be left in a difficult position, especially if you have not followed the correct procedures and rules. Going about things the right way or in the correct manner may feel different for you, but if you commit to studying and you commit to learning in a structured environment, then you should have no trouble adapting your styles and ways of working.
When it comes to studying and getting suitably qualified, it is important to weigh up all of your options. You need to begin by looking at reputable and respected universities, and then you need to establish just what you would like to get qualified in and why? Choosing the right educational institute or university is crucial. You want to ensure that you are getting an education that is valued and also respected. A university with an outstanding reputation and one that provides flexible learning opportunities would be the best route for you to take. As where you study is just as important as what you study, it is of paramount importance that you take your time to choose the correct establishment for you and your requirements. Weighing up the pros and cons for a select number of universities will allow you to narrow down your list significantly.
Just as you have taken a methodical approach to choose a university, it is also crucial that you take a methodical approach in establishing what you want to study. So, what area of engineering are you looking to be part of when you finish studying? Do you want to be within the developing stage, or would you prefer to be in the operations department? For example, if you want to be in the operations department or area, then you will need to study a suitable degree, such as an operations management degree because this will provide you with all of the information, and knowledge you need to carry out the role successful. If you do not study for a degree that is related or even relatable to what you want to do, then you will struggle to land the job you want, and you will struggle to get the satisfaction out of any role you undertake.
Once you have decided which university you want to study at and you have decided which degree to pursue, you must now formulate a plan of action that will help you get the career you want. Without a plan of action, you may find it difficult to find a job with a company you want, and, as a result, you may have to settle for something less than you deserve. So, to begin with, your plan of action needs to have a timescale. If you are working on an infinite timescale, then you will find that you will never apply yourself as well as you can! So, aim for a 3-4 year timescale, and this way, you have ample time to complete your studies, and you have enough time to start seeking out opportunities.
As well as planning out your studies, you also need to have an action plan for gaining some experience. To gain suitable and relevant experience, you need to get some suitable and valuable work experience. When it comes to finding suitable work experience, it is worth looking both local, and further afield at engineering, and manufacturing businesses. Gaining work experience, even if it is irregular and just a few hours here and there will benefit you and will help you in the long term. Learning how engineering businesses operate and function is crucial so that you can understand how your future role fits into everything that happens, perhaps on a daily or weekly basis.
Engineering has shortages, and it has demand, and these are unfortunately widespread. As older engineers are retiring, there are not enough suitably qualified or experienced engineers to take over, and this then leads to huge gaps within the workforce. Skills shortages, and shortages within minority groups, such as female engineers, mean that engineers are always in high demand. Building up your experience and your knowledge is crucial because experienced engineers will command more interest, and in return, you will be well remunerated and compensated. As businesses and industries change how they work and how they operate, the demand for engineers will continue to grow.
It can be difficult to change your mindset and to change your way of thinking, especially if you have been used to doing things in a certain manner for a period of time. However, when you are approaching new opportunities and you are putting your skillset to use every day, you must ensure that your mindset matches that of the company or business you are working for. If your mindset is different, or if it is not in line with how your employers want to proceed in the future, then you can struggle to hold down a suitable position. A positive mindset, and a mindset that is highly adaptable, is one that you should look at adopting, and although this might be a bit of an alien concept to you right now, you will see just how important a collaborative and cohesive mindset is amongst employees, and employers, especially when undertaking new projects and assignments.
Of course, all engineers are different, and they are all individuals. However, they all share a lot of attributes and skills which make them good engineers. So, do you share any of these attributes?
Don’t panic if you do not have the time to change and tweak how you handle or approach situations, and you have time to adopt the correct mindset.
Now you have evaluated your skills and your attributes, and you have a strong and solid education behind you, it is time now to start seeking out opportunities. Finding new work placements and opportunities can be easy if you adopt the right mindset. When you are starting out and you are looking for new opportunities, you need to be open to working in different locations, and you even need to be open to working on short-term projects to build up experience. Finding opportunities online, approaching companies and businesses offline, and even signing up for job agencies will help you to get work that suits you. You may need to make compromises when you start out, and as you are building up your experience and connections, but if you persist, and if you remain open and flexible, then you should have no trouble in landing a position that suits you and that allows you to turn your passion and hobby into a career.
A scrapper bot sends a sequence of HTTP GET requests to a web server. It then copies all the information sent in response and saves it. It repeatedly does this until all the content has been scrapped.
Scrappers can use JavaScript to download gated content or fill out every form on a website. The automation in browser programs and APIs allow the automated bots to interact with online infrastructures as they apply the traditional web browser techniques. They effectively trick the computer into thinking that the user accessing the content is a human.
The last way that content may be scrapped is by the actual user. They can decide to go through all your content and copy what they find useful or everything within a website. Unlike bots that do this in a matter of seconds, human beings can take days or hours exposing themselves to the risk of detection.
There are various motives that an attacker may have to scrape your website content. The baseline is that scrappers can monetize your content or generate more traffic to them. Below are the main reasons for content scraping?
When an attacker is part of a small community and wants to seem like leaders in their field, they result in scrapping related content. When you search for an established company, you end up on their site because they have scrapped its content. This is called lead generation. It is common in legal practice and upcoming businesses.
Other people may have good intentions, like creating a knowledge hub—a one-stop place for users in a specific field. When you catch them in action, the reply is that they were doing it for the good of the community.
Some other attackers use your content to make a few extra dollars through affiliate marketing. They combine the scrapped content with driving search engine traffic to their websites. These websites are usually used to promote certain products.
Content is at the heart of any online business. Therefore, you need to take proper care. By adopting measures to protect the content, you protect your business from the related risks and defend the reputation of your brand. When scraped, they post your content elsewhere. Among the other ways, Really Simple Syndication (RSS) is the most commonly used scrapping method. With all the risks and disadvantages of content scrapping in mind, you must take adequate measures to protect your website. Below are some of such measures.
Many websites allow uninhibited access to articles and website posts to ensure that society is well informed. Unfortunately, the scrapping bots and attackers take this opportunity to scrape the data. By allowing access to only a few lines or paragraphs, you ensure the attacker has bits of information that they cannot use. This frustrates them as attackers as they cannot use your quality content. To access the rest of the content, you can ask a user to create an account and log in or subscribe by paying cash. These methods will help identify if the user is a bot or an actual human being while protecting your content from scrappers. If it is a bot, they will not pay the cash but may create the account and log in. Therefore, it is advisable to implement the two measures together.
A CAPTCHA is a Turing test designed to tell between humans and bots. They are easy enough that any average human can answer while remaining complicated for the other computers and computer programs like bots to fill. A CAPTCHA can help you protect content scrapping by blocking the suspicious bot areas. They come in various forms, including invisible CAPTCHA, confident CAPTCHA, math problems, entering the characters on the screen, honeypot CAPTCHA, among other CAPTCHA solutions. While security researchers hint they are ineffective in protecting your content from malicious bot actions, they also advise that it is better to have them installed. The only limitation of various CAPTCHA implementations is that they influence a user’s experience negatively.
Through monitoring traffic, you can ensure that all the traffic comes from legitimate sources. If any originates from a suspicious source, you can take measures to investigate and eradicate them. Besides helping you protect your content from scrapping, traffic monitoring helps identify other issues that may pose a threat to your content. They include a denial of service, account takeovers, and scalping. In this method, you can identify the sources and block them. These block any further encroachment of your content by these scrappers.
To save your content from scrapers, you can add links within it. This is an easier way to protect your content. When a scrapper copies the content, they leave the links intact. While this protects it, linking the keywords makes your content more engaging to the users. Plugins that enable customizations in RSS feeds, and HTML codes can accomplish this. This ensures that when the attacker posts your content on their website, users get redirected to your site when they click the content and keywords.
Bots browse the web pages incredibly fast. Because they have to complete the actions first before they are detected, they leverage speed as one option to remain invisible.
Therefore, they can access over 50 pages in seconds. The number of incoming requests when such an activity is detected can help protect your content from scrapping. Besides scrapping protection, limiting the access rates can also prevent a more DDoS attack.
Because the attackers use modern techniques when developing the scrapping bots, you also have to match the response by bringing the big guns. Bot management solutions are sophisticated modern utilities that also use modern methods to ensure the safety of your content from bot activities. They differentiate the legitimate bot from a malicious one and take measures to ensure your website, mobile application, or API’s security is fortified. Such solutions like DataDome analyze every request to an API, website, or Mobile application for various bot activities in real-time. When they detect a threat, they use all measures to protect and safeguard the integrity of your content. Besides content scrapping protection, DataDome protects you from other OWASP Automated Threats (OAT).
Other measures include; setting Google alerts when a person tries to copy your content, embedding the content into a media and regularly changing the HTML markup.
Bot developers devise new ways and tricks to develop stealthy bots that are more efficient daily. Therefore, the risks associated with bot activity will not go away in a jiffy. It is for this reason that you need to put mechanisms to protect your content from scrapping. Though no one technique guarantees 100% safety, using a bot solution like DataDome gives better results because it is a real-time tool for bot management.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | ESP8266 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
Obviously, hard skills are essential in a field that is so technical. The hard skills that you need will depend on the field of engineering that you are entering but could include skills such as:
These are hard skills that you can learn in school or teach yourself. These are hard skills that need to be strong skills, so you need to really focus on these areas and ensure that you have a high level of knowledge when looking to enter the field.
Engineering is, essentially, problem-solving, so it is vital that you are able to assess situations, determine problems and find the best solutions. There are many issues and problems that can arise during a project, so employers will want to see that you are able to solve problems effectively and efficiently. You can develop your critical thinking skills to become a better problem-solver and find the best solutions to issues that you might face.
Engineering is all about teamwork, so you need to be able to work with others and understand the importance of playing your role. Engineers rarely work alone, and you will usually be working with colleagues and other professionals, so it is important that you are a team player and a strong communicator in order to find success and to stand out to employers.
Leading on from this, engineers need to have strong communication skills, and this is sometimes an overlooked aspect. Having hard skills is vital, but you will not get very far if you are not a good communicator as you will constantly be talking to people throughout the day. You need to be able to listen to the needs of the client, clearly present your ideas, work as part of a team and also be capable of leading on projects.
Additionally, having good communication skills will help you to develop a positive reputation and form strong relationships. As with any industry, this is crucial for getting ahead and finding new opportunities. It is true that some people are better communicators than others, but it is possible to improve your communication skills with research and practice, and this should improve your life in many ways.
You also need to be able to manage projects if you want to rise to leadership positions in engineering. This will involve managing teams and integrating external professionals while delivering projects on time and within the pre-agreed budget. Project management is a difficult skill to master, which is why many aspiring engineers find it useful to take project management training. For engineers, Six Sigma training is popular and will help to develop the project management skills that you need to find success in engineering.
In order to find success in engineering, you need to be innovative and creative. Engineering is always about improving and making things better, so you need to be able to innovate and use creativity to constantly be improving and coming up with the best solutions. In order to be innovative, you need to think outside of the box, stay current with technology, continue to learn, and constantly push yourself to think bigger.
Engineers need to be able to see the big picture and be innovative, but you also need to have excellent attention to detail. It is often the small things that matter in engineering, as a slight miscalculation can cause the whole project to fail, and this could even cost lives. This is why you need to be meticulous in your work and take pride in your attention to detail. In order to be meticulous in your work, you need to have high concentration levels and be able to focus intensely. This also means that you need to know how to disconnect from work, recharge your batteries and unwind so that you can give it your all each day.
If you have aspirations of climbing the ladder and rising to leadership positions, you need to have specialist engineering and management skills that will help you to lead teams, deliver projects and run a profitable business. You can get a master's in engineering management at established schools like the University of Ottawa, and this will teach you all that you need to know to excel in engineering management. You will learn about key aspects such as budgeting and finance, people management, leadership, product innovation management, AI-driven decision making, and operations management, just as a few examples.
You can also earn a masters in engineering management entirely online. This can make it easier for people to fit into their lifestyle and allows you to start using what you learn straight away to stand out and start to climb the ladders.
Engineering does not work that you can succeed with if you are not committed. With engineering projects, you may have to spend long periods of time away from home and be on call 24/7, so it will inevitably have a big impact on your lifestyle. This means that you need to be committed to the cause and willing to put your job first. Working as an engineer will have an impact on your personal life, but it is also working that is hugely rewarding and can be lucrative, so this is something that you will need to weigh up. While it can be demanding, you may also benefit from quieter periods where you can spend much more time at home and with loved ones too.
Another part of the job that you need to be prepared for is setbacks. When you are working on a major project with lots of moving parts, it is inevitable that there will be setbacks along the way. This can be incredibly frustrating, so you need to be resilient in order to not allow these setbacks to put you off and so that you can simply continue working and find the best solution to keep the project moving forwards at all times.
Leading on from this, you also need to be able to handle pressure and be able to work to a high standard in stressful situations. Working on large projects involving lots of money and tight deadlines creates tense working conditions, and you will have people breathing down your neck, so you need to be able to handle this and prove yourself to be reliable under stress. This is something that is developed with experience, but you can also develop your abilities to work under pressure by improving your work ethic, setting yourself targets, and breaking tasks down into smaller tasks.
Even with a master’s in engineering management, there is still a lot to learn, and you need to be committed to learning in order to find success as an engineer. This is because this is a field that is constantly going through change, so you need to be able to stay current and up to date with the latest trends and technological developments. You can do this by attending industry events, networking, reading publications, taking further courses, engineering blogs and podcasts, and research.
Finally, you will need a positive mindset if you want to be an engineer. You will be facing a lot of negativity in your work with setbacks, stressful working conditions, and tight deadlines, so you need to be able to maintain a positive mindset and this is something that employers will always be looking for. Those with a positive mindset will be able to stay motivated, work to a high standard each day and help to lift the overall atmosphere. Crucially, to have a positive mindset, you need to be able to lead a healthy lifestyle, switch off after work and find ways to enjoy yourself. Having a positive mindset also requires being in the right job, so if you find that you are not happy in your work, then you may want to consider a change.
These are the main skills and attributes that are needed to find success in engineering. If you do not possess these, they can be developed, and it is worth the effort as this will help you to stand out to employers and find work.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | ESP8266 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
When the subject is ESP8266, it is normal that our attention is on the Wifi module. We've already discussed some applications in previous articles, and there's still a lot of cool stuff to see in the future. We've looked at how the ESP8266 communicates with the world via wifi, and now we'll look at how it does it through its pins.
We will make a decision here. The ESP8266 is found in several modules. Each module with its pin provision. ESP-12 modules provide the most features. To make better use of these features and have a more protoboard-friendly module at hand, we will analyze the NodeMCU module with the ESP-12E.
The NodeMCU pins are available in two rows with a spacing that allows them to fit on a breadboard (in particular, I find the pins a little thicker than they should be, and I think if they had more length and less width, it would be even more efficient).
It is interesting to see what NodeMCU adds or changes to the ESP-12.
ESP8266 operates on 3.3V, ESP-12 exposes the VDC pin for direct power. The NodeMCU incorporates a voltage regulator (usually the AMS1117) that can receive a 5V to 10V input and deliver a stable 3.3V supply to the ESP-12.
But what advantage does this give us? nodeMCU is a development module. Choosing pins that fit the breadboard shows us this. Being able to receive 5V greatly increases the practicality of the power supply. 5V is the standard used on USB, so even a cell phone charger can keep everything running.
The power can be supplied directly via the USB connector (standard USB = 5V) or the Vin pin (5V to 10V). The regulator provides a maximum of 500mA.
The pins involved in the power are:
Some important considerations to keep in mind:
The ESP-12 provides us with two UARTs, with UART0 (pins RXD0 and TXD0) being used in programming. The NodeMCU Module integrates a Serial-USB converter that greatly facilitates our work.
The USB connector can be used for power and data communication via Serial. For this reason, it is a sufficient condition for recording the ESP8266.
A point of attention here: The RXD0 and TXD0 pins are available as GPIO pins (respectively GPIO3 and GPIO1). But they need to be used very carefully. Enabling these pins as GPIO disables USB.
Digital pins or GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) are pins intended for binary control. It can have a HIGH or LOW state and can operate both, as an input (for reading digital states) and as a digital control (turning on LEDs, for example).
If you take a look at the nodeMCU image, you will notice that it talks about 13 GPIOs (From GPIO0 to GPIO15). So we have 13 pins for input and output control? Not exactly.
Most microcontroller pins have more than one function, this function is defined through registers. In the case of NodeMCU, some GPIOs are already in use. And if we configure it as a digital pin, we lose some functionality.
Let's look at it on a case-by-case basis:
Ah, an important point to mention: ESP's GPIOs operate at 3.3V.
The Esp8266 only provides one analog input (ADC0 pin), and that's probably its biggest weakness.
Although the module operates with 3.3V, the analog input operates from 0 to 1V. Which significantly limits the resolution.
To control the GPIOs, the Arduino IDE provides us with some functions. Among the main ones, times:
pinMode() defines the mode in which the pin will act. The possible modes are:
As an example, if we want to use gpio4 as an output, we will have:
pinMode(4, OUTPUT)
The digitalWrite() function changes the value of the informed pin. Possible values are: HIGH or LOW.
As an example, if we want to change the value of gpio4 to HIGH, we will have:
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
One point we need to note is that there is an expected logical sequence to control the pin. First, we define it as OUTPUT and only then send a command to change the state. But what happens if we forget to use pinMode or set it to INPUT?
For these cases, the digitalWrite() command automatically enables the INPUT_PULLUP mode. This procedure protects the microcontroller from short circuits.
The function reads the digital value of the selected pin, returning the HIGH or LOW value. As an example, to read the status of gpio4, we will have:
value = digitalRead(4)
Of course, the value variable needs to be declared before it can be used. And if the pin is not connected to anything, the value will vary randomly (unless pullup is enabled).
This function reads the analog pin. Or almost. The function returns a value between 0 and 1023, with 0 being the equivalent of the GND voltage and 1023 being the value referring to the VCC.
As an example, to read the status of adc0, we will have:
value = digitalRead(A0)
There are some predefined constants to refer to the pins more practically. When using either function, you can use either the gpio number or the related constant.
Here we look at the pin arrangement of the nodeMCU Lolin V3 board. There are slight differences on other cards. In Lolin itself there are versions with the ESP-12E module and others with ESP-12F. In this case of Lolin, the most significant difference is a change of position between GPIOs 4 and 5.
Hi readers! I hope you are doing well and exploring something new. When power collides with simplicity, and toughness doesn't require sacrifice, welcome to the PETG universe, the 3D printing material changing the game. Today, we will discuss PETG Filament.
In the increasingly vast 3D printing universe, selecting the correct filament can be the difference between a perfect print and a mind-bending failure. Make your move, PETG (Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol-modified), the new kid in 3D printing that mixes toughness, flexibility, and simplicity better than all others. Many praise PETG for being an excellent middle-ground between gentle-but-fragile PLA and tough-but-unstable ABS.
What pet owners like most about PETG is its special power to balance mechanical strength with superior printability. It has wonderful layer adhesion, minimal warping, tremendous impact resistance, and a luscious glossy surface—all without the expense of an enclosed printer. Whether you're making functional machine parts, production-grade prototypes, or transparent presentation models, you can depend on PETG prints.
Its chemical, water, and UV resistance make PETG not only tough but resilient in the real world. Through its wide range of bright colors and clarity, you've got a filament that's as reliable as it is versatile.
Here we'll learn why PETG is so popular among makers and how you can get the most out of it with your 3D printing endeavors. In this article, we will know about PETG Filament, its physical properties, material composition, characteristics, printing settings, applications, and common issues. Let’s dive in to unlock details.
PETG (Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol-modified) is one of the most common 3D printing materials around today due to its utility and durability, encompassing ease of use as well. It fundamentally started as PET (a common plastic with usage in water bottles and wrapping), but PETG also has glycol integrated to reduce brittleness, improve impact strength, and improve optical characteristics. With this modification, the material has the best qualities of both PLA and ABS, being flexible as well as tough.
Since PETG can resist chemicals, is heat stable, and doesn’t warp, it is appropriate for functional prototypes, parts used in machines, and items meant for mass production. Its low shrinkage provides excellent layer bonding and accuracy of dimensions. PETG is also safe to use as a food contact material (in certain grades) and is commonly used in medical and consumer products. Its clarity and smooth surface finish make it even more desirable. In general, PETG is a versatile and dependable filament for many 3D printing applications.
Property |
Value |
Description |
Tensile Strength |
50–60 MPa |
PETG offers high tensile strength, making it suitable for structural applications. It can endure significant pulling forces without deformation or breaking. |
Glass Transition Temp |
~80°C |
This is the temperature at which PETG begins to soften. Above this, it loses rigidity but doesn't melt, making it safe for moderate-heat applications. |
Melting Point |
~230–250°C |
Although PETG doesn't have a sharp melting point due to its amorphous nature, it becomes flowable in this range during printing. |
Density |
~1.27 g/cm³ |
PETG is denser than PLA and ABS. Its higher density gives parts a sturdy feel and contributes to mechanical strength. |
UV Resistance |
Moderate |
PETG resists UV degradation better than PLA but less than ASA. Prolonged exposure may cause yellowing or loss of mechanical integrity outdoors. |
Hygroscopicity |
High (requires dry storage) |
PETG readily absorbs moisture from the air. Printing with wet filament can lead to bubbling, stringing, and poor surface finish, so dry storage is essential. |
Transparency |
High (in clear grades) |
PETG can be highly transparent, making it ideal for light covers, displays, and aesthetic parts. Additives can be used to color it without losing translucency. |
Impact Resistance |
Excellent |
PETG is known for its toughness. It absorbs impact energy without cracking, making it ideal for mechanical and load-bearing applications. |
Flexural Modulus |
~2000 MPa |
This measures PETG’s stiffness. While more flexible than PLA, it still provides good rigidity for structural applications. |
Hardness (Shore D) |
70–75 |
PETG has a medium hardness, offering a good balance between flexibility and surface durability. |
Elongation at Break |
10–25% |
Indicates ductility; PETG stretches under stress before breaking, which contributes to its shock absorption and flexibility. |
Thermal Expansion |
~70–80 × 10⁻⁶ /°C |
PETG has moderate thermal expansion, lower than ABS, which helps in maintaining dimensional stability during temperature changes. |
Print Temperature |
220–250°C |
The ideal nozzle temperature range ensures smooth extrusion and proper bonding between layers. Overheating can cause stringing; underheating causes poor flow. |
Bed Temperature |
70–90°C |
Ensures good first-layer adhesion and prevents warping. PETG typically adheres well to PEI, glass, or textured beds. |
Shrinkage/Warpage |
Low |
PETG exhibits minimal shrinkage, making it excellent for large prints or prints requiring dimensional accuracy. |
Odor During Printing |
Very Low |
PETG emits very little odor during printing, making it suitable for indoor environments without needing strong ventilation. |
Biodegradability |
Non-biodegradable |
Although recyclable, PETG does not biodegrade like PLA. It should be disposed of responsibly or recycled |
The PETG material is made from PET, a semicrystalline polyester used in both food packaging and containerized drinks. PET is rather stiff in its original state, except when stretched or exposed to different temperatures, but chemicals do not easily damage it.
This is fixed by adding glycol during the making of PETG. Molecules in glycol-modified PET form an amorphous structure as glycol disrupts the crystals within the polymer chains. Because crystals are no longer present, the material gains greater transparency, greater stretch, and improved impact strength.
The glycol modification also significantly improves PETG's mechanical properties. Lower brittleness means the material resists brittleness and can support more strain before it fails. It still has high tensile strength, and it also has better elongation at break than PLA, so it is feasible to create more durable prints.
This uncommon rigidity-flexibility balance renders PETG suitable for both dynamic and static components in prototype making and engineering. The ability of the material to absorb energy without loss of strength makes it suitable for impact or mechanically loaded components.
PETG has better heat resistance than PLA, with a glass transition temperature (Tg) of around 80°C. Although less heat-resistant than ABS, PETG's dimensional stability is good enough for most functional purposes. Its amorphous nature guarantees minimal shrinkage and warping, excellent layer adhesion, and dimensional stability when 3D printed.
Theoretically, the thermal characteristics of PETG are due to the incorporation of glycol units and regularity in the backbone that brings about thermal flexibility without compromising structure.
PETG is also very good at resisting chemicals. Because it stands up to attack from various chemicals, rubber is well-suited for use in medical, industrial, and consumer areas.
Fat can resist chemicals due to its ester groups, which do not react, and because its molecules are packed close together. When exposed to chemicals, PETG is resistant to damage and maintains its durability.
The glycol modification of PETG gives it a highly transparent, glossy material. The amorphous structure minimizes light scattering, allowing transparent parts with excellent appearance. This makes PETG suitable for applications requiring transparency or translucency, such as:
Protective covers
Light diffusers
Medical devices with visible markers
Moreover, PETG's smooth surface finish requires minimal post-processing to look professional, contributing to its appeal for consumer products.
PETG's good melt flow and low warping properties result from its molecular structure. The viscosity of the polymer at extrusion temperatures creates smooth filament flow and good layer adhesion. PETG bonds well to 70-90°C heated print beds and usually needs a heated bed, but not an enclosed chamber.
Theoretically, the balance between the mobility of the polymer chain and intermolecular forces results in stable extrusion with no stringing or clogging when printing conditions are optimized.
Non-biodegradable like PLA but recyclable, PETG can be re-melted and reformed without adverse degradation due to its chemical stability and thermoplastic nature, and thus produces less environmental waste. Closed-loop recycling systems in development contribute to the sustainability profile of PETG.
Parameters |
Suggested Range |
Nozzle Temp |
230–250°C |
Bed Temp |
70–90°C |
Print Speed |
30–60 mm/s |
Cooling Fan |
0–50% (minimal for first layers) |
Retraction |
Higher than PLA; test 4–6 mm at 40 mm/s |
Build Surface |
PEI sheet, blue painter’s tape, glue stick |
Dry your filament before printing (use a filament dryer or oven at ~65°C for 4–6 hours).
Increase retraction and tweak the temperature to reduce stringing.
Use a glue stick or separator to avoid print bed damage from over-adhesion.
Cool slowly; sudden cooling can cause cracking in thicker parts.
Issue |
Cause |
Solution |
Stringing |
Low retraction or high temperature |
Increase retraction, reduce nozzle temp, enable coasting/combing. |
Warping |
Cool bed or poor adhesion |
Raise bed temp (75–90°C), use PEI, glue stick, or brim for better adhesion. |
Bubbling/Popping |
Moist filament |
Dry filament at 60–65°C for 4–6 hours; store with desiccant. |
Poor Layer Adhesion |
Low temp or fast printing |
Slow down to 30–50 mm/s, raise nozzle temp to 240–250°C. |
Elephant’s Foot |
Nozzle too close, bed too hot |
Raise nozzle slightly, reduce first layer flow rate or bed temp. |
Blobs/Zits |
Retraction issues |
Tune retraction, enable coasting, and use linear advance if supported. |
Cracking/Splitting |
Cooling too fast or a low temp |
Reduce fan speed, raise nozzle temp for better bonding. |
Nozzle Clogs |
Burnt PETG or moisture |
Use cleaning filament, avoid long pauses, and dry filament. |
Scratches on Print |
Nozzle dragging |
Enable Z-hop (0.2–0.4 mm) in slicer settings. |
Inconsistent Extrusion |
Calibration or moisture issues |
Calibrate the extruder, dry filament, and check for partial clogs. |
PETG is found to be used on a truly global scale and is often chosen for its impressive workability and flexibility, and is probably one of the best all-around materials for functional, commercial, and industrial purposes. Tear and impact resistance, chemical and UV resistance, transparency, and printability are all features to make PETG one of the most flexible materials across a wide range of contexts.
PETG's print consistency, impact resistance, and dimensional stability are all great qualities to possess as a functional prototype material. It is widely used by engineers and designers in iterative design workflows to test form, fit, and function. PETG is likewise highly resistant to mechanical stress, enabling simulation of real-life conditions and mechanical stress testing of parts before final manufacture.
Because of its impact resistance and moderate flexibility, PETG is well-suited for the production of durable mechanical parts such as brackets, gears, spacers, custom fixtures, and even robotic components. Its wear-and-tear resistance without cracking renders it a convenient alternative to ABS in most cases.
During times of public health crisis, e.g., the COVID-19 pandemic, PETG was widely used to manufacture face shields, mask retainers, test tube trays, and other non-life-sustaining medical products. Its transparency to light, safety, and sterilizability are all reasons why it is an excellent choice for the like applications.
PETG is chemical-resistant in its natural form and can be processed to become food-safe, so it is utilized to develop custom fluid containers, storage bottles, and food packaging. It is a favorite in laboratories and home kitchens at smaller scales for developing long-lasting and reusable solutions for packaging.
The clarity and glossy surface finish of PETG give it the best-fit use in functional and decorative parts like LED enclosures, light diffusers, sensor housing, and electronic enclosures. It offers a combination of aesthetic appeal with electrical insulation to provide value added both in function and form in design.
PETG (Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol-modified) is already one of the most reliable and most durable filaments for 3D printing. When considering programmatic gut of printable materials such as PLA or characteristics of strength and toughness such as ABS, PETG is essentially your best of both worlds, combining excellent printability with mechanical qualities and decent chemical resistance. Its superior layer adhesion, impact strength, and minimum warping properties have made it a favorite with professionals and hobbyists alike.
From functional proof of concept prints to mechanical components, enclosures, and even end-use products, PETG excels in a broad variety of applications. Its impact resistance to create strong, good-looking, and clear parts still makes it popular in use within engineering, product development, and consumer product markets.
With appropriate treatment, above all, with moisture management and print parameters, PETG is a very reliable material for everyday application or delicate development work. As the demand for heavy-duty and top-of-the-line 3D printed components increases, PETG is a material that squarely exceeds the modern standards of today's designers, engineers, and makers.