The Engineering Projects

Python Homework Help on Your Way to Academic Excellence

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Digital Counter using 4026 IC in Proteus ISIS.

Hello Mentees! Welcome to the board. We hope you are doing great. We are working on another interesting yet easy Project in the Proteus ISIS and that is Digital Counter using 4026 IC in the Proteus. Counters are used in thousands of electronic experiments as well as in our daily life. Who is not5 familiar with Digital Watches and calculators. At the same token, the counters are used in the digital display microwave ovens and many household appliances as well. In this session you will find the answers to the following questions:

1. What is 4026 IC?
2. What are Digital counters using 4026 IC?
3. How does Digital Counter using 4026 IC works?
4. How does we design the circuit of the Digital Counter circuit using 4026 IC in Proteus ISIS?
5. How can you convert this Circuit from 1 digit counter to many Digit Counter using 4026 IC?

In addition, you will also have some interesting chunks of information about the topic in DID YOU KNOW sections.

What is 4026 IC in Digital Counters

Integrated Circuits play a vital role in the field of circuits and electronics. These are the combination of different fundamental devices in very specific yet functional ways. The 4026 belongs to the family of the Integrated Circuits in the series of 4000. The 4026 IC is introduced as:

"The 4026 is CMOS seven Segment counter  integrated Circuit that is the designed in decade Based and counts in the decimal digits and consist of total 16 pins." 

The output of the 4026 digital counter is usually fed into a 7 segment display Light Emitting Diode that shows the counter output of the 4026 IC Counter. Being an IC, the pins of the 4026 Digital counter IC are very specific. By looking at the block diagram of 4026 IC Counter, we can generate a table that shows us the proper configuration of the 4026 IC.

Pin Number	Pin Name	Description of the Pin
1	Clock (CLK)	With each positive clock Pulse, it increments the counter.
2	CI (Clock Inhibit)	It is the Active high. When high, the counter freezes. When low, the clock pulse increments 7 segments.
3	DE (Display Enable)	Chip will ON when this is high and vise versa.
4	DEO (Display Enable Out)	Chaining 4026s.
5	CO (Carry Out)	It completes a single cycle after every 10 clock input cycles. It is used to change the clock manner of 1 counter into a multi counter.
6	F	This Pin is connected to ‘f’ of the 7 segment.
7	G	This pin is connected to ‘g’ of the 7 segment.
8	VSS	It is the Ground PIN
9	D	It is Connected to ‘d’ of the 7 segment.
10	A	It connects with the  ‘a’ Pin of the 7 segment.
11	E	It Connects the ‘e’ of the 7 segment with it.
12	B	It Connects to the  ‘b’ of the 7 segment.
13	C	It is Connected to ‘c’ of the 7 segment.
14	UCS ( Un-gated C-Segment)	It is an output for the seven-segment's C input that is not affected by the input of  DE . When the count is 2, it is high.
15	RST (Reset)	Reset the counter to 0 when HIGH. Hence it is Active High.
16	VDD	Power supply PIN

In out experiment, we'll set all these pins according to our requirements to get the desired output. but some of the points here are pending to discuss. You may noticed the functioning of 6, 7, 9 to 13 pins of 4026 IC Counter. Let's have a look what does we mean by the description.

Seven Segment Display with 4026 IC Counter

This is the electronic device that is used to show the output of the counters such as 4026 IC. We define the Seven Segment Display as:

"The Seven Segment Display is a collection of 8 Light Emitting Diodes in a rectangular fashion that is an output device used to display the outcomes of different counters." 

For the convenience of connections, each LED of the Seven Segment Display is named i alphabetically and hence each pin of Seven Segment Display is connected with pins of 4026 IC Counter. 

Working of 4026 IC Digital Counter

1. The Simulation of the circuit starts with the pulse generation at the Clock Pulse. These Pulses enters the BC547 MOSFET that regulates the pulses.
2. The LED Connected to the BC547 MOSFET blink and we get the idea about the speed of the Pulse Generation.
3. The Pulse enters the 4026 IC Counter and the counter Passes these pulses to the seven segment Display device.
4. Each pulse from the 4026 IC power ups the respected LED of the seven segment display in a specific manner that we always get the digit as a result.
5. The power is then Grounded connected to the seven segment display terminal.
6. The output can be reset to the initial state with the button. This button is connected to the reset terminal of 4026 IC.

DID YOU KNOW ???

"You may skip the part of MOSFET and LED in the circuit but in some cases, when the error of the pulse occure, it may be difficult to examine whether the Pulses speed is low or there is another issue with the circuit."

Circuit Design of Digital Counter using 4026 IC in Proteus

• Fire up your Proteus Software.
• Choose the first five devices given next from the Pick Library.

Material Required:

1. Seven Segment Cathod LED
2. Resistors
3. 4026 IC Counter
4. MOSFET BC547
5. Button
6. Clock Pulse
7. Led
8. Ground Terminal
9. Power Terminal

• Arrange the material taken from the Pick Library at the working screen with the help of following image:

• Go to generation mode and choose "Clock Pulse" then arrange it just after the left most resistor at the screen.
• Go to Terminal Mode and get  "Power" terminal. You will use three Power Terminals.
• Attach power Terminal with pin 3 of 4026 IC Counter, with the MOSFET.
• Get a ground terminal from terminal mode and attach it with the lower pin of seven segment display.

Repeat the above step for the pin 2 of the 4026 IC Counter.Tip of circuit

"Why don't you try different colors of the seven Segment Display from the Proteus Pick Library of your choice? You have to change the names of the components by double clicking it and changing the label because Proteus does not recognize the components with the same names and through an error."

• Change the values of the Components by double tapping them with the cursor.

Component	Value
Resistor 1 to 8	220 Ohms
Resistor 9	10k
Frequency of Clock Pulse	1 Hz

• Connect all the components with the help of connecting wires. Be careful with connection and follow the image below:

• Hit the play button to simulate the circuit.

Two Digit Counter using 4026 IC

If you want to make a two Digit counter, simply select the 4026 IC and Seven Segment Display>left click>click "block copy".

• Paste this block at the screen.
• Manage both the Seven Segment Displays side by side.
• Change the names of the Resistors and  4026 IC to resist the duplication.
• Connect the Pin 5 of 1st 4026 IC with the Pin 1 of the 2nd 4026 IC.
• Connect Pin 15 of 2nd 4026 IC with the button given above.
• Pop the Play button again and observe the result.

Result

1. When the Frequency of the Clock Pulse is 1. The Digital counter 4026 IC shows us the value from zero to one in normal speed.
2. Clicking the button resets the 4026 IC Digital Counter to the initial value, i.e, zero and starts the cycle.
3. Changing the value of clock pulse to 10 will increase the digits changing the speed of the seven segment Display output.
4. In two digits 4024 IC Counter, we can count the values till 99.
5. One can make the 3, 4 and so on digit counter using the same method.

Consequently, we learned an Interesting Circuit today, we saw what are the 4026 IC counter and with the combination of Seven Segment display and Transistor , how can we design a Digital counter circuit in the Proteus. Stay connected for other interesting circuits on The Engineering Projects.

Questions You Need To Ask A Forex Broker

Foreign exchange trading has now become quite popular than before.it is accessible to everyone out there and can be done from the comfort of your home. If you use the right knowledge and have a good understanding of the market, you can earn a lot of profit as well. However, if you don’t, you should consider hiring a forex trading coach. They are great at what they do and help you earn a lot of profit through forex trading.

Now, if you are someone who has hired a forex trading coach, have a look down below at some of the questions you must ask in order to increase your knowledge.

What strategies do you use to trade?

Many forex brokers don't reveal the strategies they use. However, they only provide the main points of a few trading strategies. You should ask a forex trader how to analyze the entire market and know when to invest. Moreover, don’t forget to ask how one can understand the basic trends of the market.

If your trading coach is an expert, answering the questions won’t be a huge deal at all. Moreover, the strategy best forex brokers go for tells a lot about the trading style you should use. You can understand that and get a better idea.

What is the right time to place trades?

The right timing is what affects a lot. The forex market is open at all times. Traders have the chance to place a trade from Monday to Friday at any time they want. However, even though one has an opportunity to trade at all times, there are a few things one must keep in mind before trading. You can't just place your trade whenever you want. You should ask your forex broker regarding what's the right time to place trades and analyze them.

How much can I risk per trade?

Trading is all about risk. Sure, if you've experienced the field, the risks are quite low. However, remember that the trends are changing every now and then when it comes to the foreign exchange market. Things can change overnight.

The risk you take should protect your capital, cut your losses, and make you profit. A forex broker will help you understand in a much-elaborated way. However, the rule is not to take more than 2% of your trading account.

What is the amount of trades you should have open at one time?

Lastly, you must ask your forex broker how many trades you should have open at a time. Your broker will answer according to the best strategies used out there and your trading style as well. However, it is recommended that you do not go above the number three as you don't want to take a lot of risks.

Wrapping it up

Your forex broker will do the job for you; however, this is the best time to learn from them. Ask them as many questions as you want and understand stuff.

Five Ways To Make Training Programs More Employee-Focused

Learning & development professionals in every company strive to provide employees impactful training content. While their aim is to ensure employee growth, that hardly turns out to be effective in bringing about any major change. Granted you want to ensure employees learn new skills, but shouldn’t it be important to consider what exactly do employees want to learn? Think of how interested employees would be if the training content was focused completely based on their needs.  This brings to light the need to create training programs that are more employee-centric. So how do you curate such a program? Here are five ways to achieve that:

• Collect employee feedback

The easiest and quickest solution is asking the employees about their experience after they have undergone training. You can record this data through a feedback form and make changes to your training content accordingly. Failing to pay attention to their needs can lead to employees feeling disengaged and not making the most of their training. That’s why it is crucial to understand how impactful a training session has been for them.

• Provide flexibility

With eLearning becoming the new norm, it's now easier than ever to make training more flexible and manage it with the help of Learning Management Systems. Most LMSs come with mobile learning capabilities that allow employees to learn on the go. Being able to access training content on their mobile phones allows employees to start learning at any time from anywhere. And the best part is, you don’t have to spend a fortune for an LMS. There are various LMS available in the market with all kinds of pricing models. For instance, the Docebo pricing structure is based on the number of active users accessing the learning content. This becomes a highly beneficial feature for large enterprises since they do not have a constant number of employees working at one time.

• Verify LMS data

With the assessment tools in modern LMSs, you can get your hands on a lot of statistics that highlight learning patterns. This shows employees are engaging majorly with which content, thus allowing you to make informed decisions.  For instance, if you notice employees passing a certain assessment with very low scores, it can mean two things - either the topic is too complex and needs to be explained in more detail, or the employees find it irrelevant so they don’t want to spend a lot of time on it.

• Provide customized learning solutions

When employees are made to go through generic content for hours and hours, it leads to a wastage of time and causes resentment in them towards the training. This happens because the learning content is not in line with their role nor helps them get any better at fulfilling their responsibilities. To make the training more employee-centered, personalize the training content based on an employee’s role. This way, they will be able to relate to the content better and save time on learning too since there is no irrelevant data to go through.

• Foster healthy competition

If ever given a choice between learning the basic way and learning with fun elements, everyone will undoubtedly pick the latter. To make training programs employee-centric, make them interesting by bringing it the social element of fun. An activity that leads to healthy competition can engage employees and help them learn at the same time. You can motivate employees by providing rewards or badges to top performers. 

Conclusion:

An organization that is invested in its employees must ensure that their learning needs are understood and duly met. This is possible by implementing the above-mentioned strategies. Is your training approach employee-focused or the traditional learning-focused? Share with us in the comment section below.

5 ways LinkedIn Connections can help you to get hired

LinkedIn is a social media platform where employment opportunities and professional networking is facilitated. With 200+ million users, LinkedIn has become immensely popular where jobs are being sought. While people have learned how to set up their profile and the importance of building connections, being hired is still a nightmare. With a rise in the number of hiring managers and recruiters who keep checking the profile to find a suitable job candidate; the pressure on potential individuals is immense. How to stand out from the crowd? How to get hired? These are some of the questions that haunt individuals. Fret not, for the list below is a small guide on how to get hired on LinkedIn. 

Customize your URL Addresses

The address on the website of your LinkedIn page is your URL. When you customize it, it will help you top the Google search result which will make you visible. The chances of connecting also increase manifold times. To customize the URL, just visit your profile page where you will find the ‘edit’ option, just right to your name. Then click on the drop-down menu after which click the “Public profile settings.” Scroll down, you will find a grey bar that says “Your public profile URL.” Underneath you shall find a blue bar saying “Customize your public profile URL.”  Click on it and customize it based on your name or whatever you want which will be seen after the following: “linkedin.com/in/.”

Add Skills & Experiences to your Profile

A new feature that LinkedIn added was the option of “Skills & Expertise” that you shall find below the experience and education option. It will take 10 minutes but is very effective and improves your chances of getting hired because it shows to the employers what you are good at. It also allows your co-workers or friends and connections to praise and endorse you and your certain skills. The more connections you get, the more endorsements you can enjoy which are like a badge of honor on LinkedIn. Fill and edit under the Skills & Expertise heading wherein you can add your related skills. In fact, the page will show you a group of people who possess the same skill. Apart from filling the skills, also fill out the experience section which gives you an opportunity to showcase your online resume. Fill in the significant details of your career that has helped you build the career you have. You don’t necessarily have to fill in all the jobs you have done up to date. This will help you develop an image that will enable you to get hired. 

Get Recommendations

Recommendations help you get hired in various ways as it will allow you to put in a good name with the employers. It might seem very repetitive and gratuitous but it is very helpful as it will show up on the LinkedIn page of yours. Moreover, it also can be seen on the recommendation page of the writer from where all your connections can read. The recruiters will also be able to read those recommendations. It must incorporate specifics about all your skills and previous experiences and the details of the one who has recommended you. It will improve your chances of getting a job as it will improve your visibility. You can even opt for some part time jobs available in both online and offline mods. 

Showcase your work on the Profile

LinkedIn has various features that can help you in getting hired. You are not just selected on the basis of your skills, previous experience but also work samples. Add the samples of your work in the form of links if you have some article or paper published or the author's website, if you have one. If you are a designer or a photographer, add links to your social media or personal website where you have your work samples ready. Adding work samples improves your chance of getting hired because those who are your connections would get an idea of what work you do, how you do it. Essentially, it gives you an edge that always has a competitive advantage.

Build Connections

LinkedIn is all about connections that form the backbone of the social media website. You accrue immense benefits when you have a large connection base. It establishes a strong network through which you can approach people and companies that you like. Moreover, the major parameter to assess your credibility and goodwill is the number of LinkedIn connections you have. The larger the connectivity base, the higher credibility attached to your name. Likewise, if you have a great many connections, your goodwill automatically increases as people spread the good word. Also, when you have a large number of LinkedIn connections, automatically there will be an increased engagement on your posts which in turn would increase the traffic on your website which eventually improves your chance of getting hired because more people check out your website. You can even buy LinkedIn connections for your profile to get the best engagement rate. The chances of users checking out your profile also increase. You must build connectivity because that helps you get recognition and visibility on your published posts as LinkedIn sends notifications to its users whenever any of their connections post their published content. The last, but not least benefit of building connections is that it improves your chances of topping the search results which will not just improve your visibility but also the chance of getting hired as more people will visit your profile. The responsibility is yours if you strive for victory. Want to stand out from the crowd or stay ahead in the competition race, ensure that you set up a remarkable profile and have a large connection base. The list mentioned above is not the rule of thumb, it’s just a guide for you to get started. 

Automatic Light Detector using LDR in Proteus

Hello Learners! We hope you are fine. Welcome to The Engineering Projects. The Automatic Light Detector is the device that automatically senses the light incident on it. Let's have a glance about the main points of discussion:

1. What is Automatic Light Detector?
2. What are different components and their functions in the Automatic Light Detector?
3. How does the circuit of Automatic Light Detector works?
4. How can we implement the circuit of Automatic Light Detector in Proteus ISIS?

Moreover, you'll have some chunks of interesting information in DID YOU KNOW sections.

Automatic Light Detector

Automatic Light detectors or automatic Light sensors are interesting devices. They have special mechanism in their circuit that senses the density of the light and after that, the mechanism automatically changes the condition of the Light detector according to the need. Thus an Automatic Light Detector is defines as:

"An Automatic Light Detector are the photoelectrical devices that works with the principle of flow of current and turn the circuit components on/off automatically when the light incidents on its circuit." 

The Automatic Light Sensor is an elementary electrical component Which is usually used to handle the electrical Appliances such as coolers, fans, lights etc. without any manual efforts. In this way the manually switching of the electrical components can be controlled more easily. Their working depends upon the intensity of light around them.

DID YOU KNOW????????????

A very simple and usual application of the Automatic Light Detector is the Automatic Street Lights system. Have you ever noticed that there are hundreds of street lights around you when you go for a ride. If someone had a duty to turn them on and off manually, even they have a combine circuit. But it would be a time taking job. Moreover, there will be more chance of energy wastage. But all the street light have the Automatic Light Detector system so that they turn on and off automatically.

Components of Automatic Light Detector

Prior to start the construction of the circuit, Let's have some brief about the components of the circuit for Automatic Light Detector. The circuit that we'll use depends upon the following components:

1. LDR
2. n-p-n Transistor
3. Simple
4. Variable resistor
5. Battery
6. LED

LDR in Automatic Light Detector

LDR or Light Dependent Resistor is the heart of Automatic Light Detector. These are the electronic components, made up of high resistance semi-conductor material, that detect the light and alter the operation of the whole circuit according to the type of the circuit. The LDR is passive and it does not produces any electrical energy. LDR are used in many cases because of their rugged nature. They are not sensitive to dirt and rough environment and therefore have a long life and can be used in outdoor lights. Other different types of Light Sensors are:

• Photodiode
• Photo-voltaic cells
• Photo-multiplier tubes
• Charged Couple Devices.

n-p-n Transistor BC647 in automatic Light Detector

The full form of n-p-n Transistor is the negative positive negative Transistor. In this type of  It is designed to pass electrons from emitter to collector. so the emitter "Emits" the electrons to the base. Obviously, in case of conventional current the current flows from the collector to the emitter. In this Circuit the base of the n-p-n Transistor is connected with the one end of variable resistor and the LRD, emitter is connected with the battery and the variable resistor and the collector is joined with the LED directly.

Resistors in Automatic Light Detector

Resistors are the passive devices consist of two terminals and the body. These are the electric components that are widely use to resist the sudden flow of electricity through a circuit. In many case, they are life saving for the components of the circuits. Other uses of resistors includes:

• Bias active elements
• Terminate Transmission lines
• Adjust signal level to device voltage.

The Automatic Light Detector uses two types of resistors:

1. Simple Resistor
2. Variable Resistor

The key difference between them in the circuit of Automatic Light Detector is, the resistance (Resisting ability) of variable resistor may be change according to the need of time.

Battery in ALD

A battery is the Lead-acid type cell that consists of the collection of four 1.5V D battery cells. It gives the energy to the components of the circuit for their functioning. The Battery will give the power to the circuit so that the flow of the current will illuminate the light or pass through the LDR.

LED ALD

The full form of LED is the Light Emitting Diode. It is a simple device used in our daily life as well that illuminates when the energy in the form of current or voltage is applied to it. In our circuit, the main function is the turning the on/off of this LED.

Working of the Automatic Light Detector Circuit

When we look at the circuit of Automatic Light Detector, we found that the whole working start from a 6v DC Battery. This battery give the energy to the circuits. At the day-time the LDR has a low resistance of about 100 ohms. In this case, the resistance of the LDR is less than the other devices of the circuits and we all know that:

The current passes through the path that shows the less resistive path.

The power from the battery passes through it and then from the variable resistor easily. At the Night-time when the light, incidents on the LRD is less , the resistance of LDR increases to a high level of approximately 20 mega ohm. Due to this high resistance, the LDR act as an open circuit and does not allow the flow of current through it. For this condition, the current will flow from other components of the circuit and hence the current enters o the base of the n-p-n Transistor BC545. This allows the current to pass from the LED and hence it illuminates.

Automatic Light Detector in Proteus

Before any practical implementation, one should always check it in the simulation for practice. Luckily, for our experiment, the Proteus contain all the components through which we can check the functionality of Automatic Light Detector. Fire up you Proteus software and Choose the components one after the other. Once selected, design a circuit of Automatic Light Detector by following these simple steps.

• Get the Components from the Pick Library and arrange them according to the Circuit diagram.

• Double tap the each components except n-p-n transistor and change their values according to the table given below:

  Component	Value
  Resistor	470 ohms
  Variable Resistor	10k ohms (At the start)
  Battery	6 volts

• Connect all the components by the mean of connecting wires.
• Simulate the circuit.

• Check the working of circuit by changing the values of the Light Detector Resistor.
• Above 5.1 value of the LDR, the LED illuminates because of high resistance, the current flows through the LED.
• Below 5.1, the LED remains off.

Applications of Automatic Light Detector

Some of the practical applications of Automatic Light Detector are given below;

1. Automatic Light system.
2. Light measuring instruments.
3. Relative distance devices.
4. Alarm system.
5. Security Systems.

Truss today we learned about the Automatic Light Detector/sensor. we saw what components are present in its circuit, how the system works and how can we implement it in the Proteus software. We hope you had an interesting piece of study through our article.

Download Proteus Library of Arduino Modules

Hi Friends! Glad to have you on board. In this post today, we’ll cover How to Download Proteus Library of Arduino Modules.

If you are a regular reader of our blog, you must have noticed that we are sharing Proteus Libraries of different embedded sensors & modules on regular basis. Moreover, we have also launched version 2.0 of few libraries. So, today I am going to provide links to download Proteus Library of all Arduino Boards designed by TEP.

So, let's get started with How to Download Proteus Library of Arduino Modules:

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	Arduino Mega 2560	Amazon	Buy Now
2	Arduino Nano	Amazon	Buy Now
3	Arduino Uno	Amazon	Buy Now

Download Proteus Library of Arduino Modules V2.0

• It's the most advanced version of Arduino Proteus Library and consists of 6 Arduino Boards in total, named as:
  • Arduino UNO
  • Arduino Mega 2560
  • Arduino Mega 1280
  • Arduino Pro Mini
  • Arduino Nano
  • Arduino Mini
• We have designed 7 Arduino Proteus Libraries V2.0 in total.
• First, we have designed seperate Proteus Libraries of these 6 boards while in the 7th Library, we have combined all these boards.
• So, if you just want to use Arduino UNO, then download its respective Library but if you are working on multiple boards, then download the combined version(7th).

Let's have a look at these Arduino Proteus Libraies one by one:

1. Arduino Uno Library for Proteus V2.0

This Arduino Proteus Library contains only one board named Arduino UNO. You need to download zip file of Proteus library and will be able to simulate Arduino Uno in Proteus software. Proteus Library zip file download link is given below: Download Arduino UNO Library for Proteus V2.0

2. Arduino Mega 2560 Library for Proteus V2.0

Using this Proteus Library, you can simulate Arduino Mega 2560 in Proteus ISIS. Here's the link to download its zip file: Download Arduino Mega 2560 Library for Proteus V2.0

3. Arduino Mega 1280 Library for Proteus V2

Here's the link to dowload Proteus Library zip file of Arduino Mega 1280: Download Arduino Mega 1280 Library for Proteus V2.0

4. Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2

Here's the link to download Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0: Download Mini Library for Proteus V2.0

5. Arduino Nano Library for Proteus V2.0

Download this Arduino Nano Library for Proteus(V2.0) and simulate it in Proteus ISIS. Here's the Proteus Library zip file download link: Download Arduino Nano Library for Proteus V2.0

6. Arduino Pro Mini Library for Proteus V2.0

Check out this Arduino Pro Mini Library for Proteus(V2). It is similar to the V1 Arduino Pro Mini board but comes in a smaller size. Download Arduino Nano Library for Proteus V2.0

7. Arduino Library for Proteus V2.0

Arduino Library for Proteus contains all 6 Arduino boards. Simply sownload its zip file and you can use any of these 6 Arduino boards. Here's the link to download zip file of Arduino Proteus Library: Download Arduino Library for Proteus V2.0

Arduino Library for Proteus V1.0

In this section, we’ll cover Arduino Library for Proteus V1.0. We’ve designed this library for six different types of Arduino boards.

1. Arduino Mega 2560 Library for Proteus V1

Check out this Arduino Mega 2560 Library for Proteus(V1). Using this library you can simulate Arduino Mega 2560 in the Proteus workspace.

• Arduino Mega 2560 is a powerful and application-type Arduino board, based on the Atmega2560 microcontroller.
• It comes with 16 analog pins and 54 digital I/O pins, including 15 pins for PWM.

2. Arduino Mega 1280 Library for Proteus V1

Read this Arduino Mega 1280 Library for Proteus(V1). In this library, we’ve discussed how to download the Arduino Mega 1280 library and use it in your Proteus software. Arduino Mega 1280 is a compact and efficient Arduino board based on the Atmega1280 microcontroller. There are 16 analog and 54 digital I/O pins incorporated on the board. Moreover, it includes a power jack, reset button, ICSP header, and 4 UART serial ports.

3. Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V1

Download Arduino Mini Library for Proteus(V1). You’ll get to know how to simulate Arduino Mini in Proteus. Arduino Mini is a small-sized, robust, and powerful Arduino board, based on an Atmega328 microcontroller. It comes with 14 digital I/O pins, of which 6 pins are used for PWM.

4. Arduino Nano Library for Proteus V1

Click this Arduino Nano Library for Proteus(V1) and simulate Arduino Nano in Proteus software. Arduino Nano is a small, flexible, and breadboard-friendly Arduino board, based on ATmega328p/Atmega168 microcontroller. It features 8 analog pins, 14 digital I/O pins, 2 reset pins & 6 power pins.

5. Arduino Pro Mini Library for Proteus V1

Check out this Arduino Pro Mini Library for Proteus(V1). Arduino Pro Mini is a compact, small-sized Arduino board, based on the Atmega328 microcontroller. It features 8 analog pins, 14 digital I/O pins, of which 6 pins are used as PWM.

6. Arduino Uno Library for Proteus V1

Download Arduino Uno Library for Proteus(V1) and simulate Arduino Uno in Proteus software. Arduino Uno is a unique, application-type Arduino board, based on the Atmega328 microcontroller.

7. Arduino Library for Proteus V1.0

  That’s all for today. Approach me in the section below if you need any help, I’d love to assist you the best way I can. Thank you for reading this post.

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1. What is Semiconductor? Definition, Types, Examples & Industries
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What is IoT (Internet of Things)? Definition, Meaning, Devices & Applications

Hi Guys! Glad to have you on board. In this post today, we’ll cover What is IoT (Internet of Things)? We’ll also discuss IoT Definition, Meaning, Devices & Applications. Smart homes, smart cities, smart cars, smart wearables, smartphones, smartphones, and the smart world. These terms that have been creating a buzz for the last few years fall under IoT technology. I suggest you read this post all the way through as we’ll cover in detail what is IoT. Let’s jump right in.

1. What is IoT?

• The IoT harnesses the power of the internet to connect physical devices in real-time. So any physical object connected through the internet can be converted into an IoT device. For example, how are you reading this article… over a smartphone, tablet, or PC? You’re already connected through the internet and are using an IoT device.
• Similarly, a light bulb, which is a physical object itself, will be considered as an IoT device when connected through a smartphone app to turn it on and off. IoT examples may include washing machines, refrigerators, watches, laptops, phones, cars, and pretty much everything we can connect with the internet.

• Generally, the internet of things examples include quick access to the appropriate information at the right time, be it related to exercising, traveling to a meeting, socializing, shopping, or visiting a doctor.
• Sensors are a crucial part of the IoT network. That means millions of sensors connected through IoT sensor technology worldwide to collect a rich set of context-aware and informational data including images, location, and weather conditions, and inject into the networks and applications for the data processing.

IoT Full Form

• IoT stands for Internet of Things.

IoT Definition

• The Internet of Things or IoT is defined as the process of connecting physical devices through the internet for sharing, collecting, and transferring data.
• IoT adds the fabric of digital intelligence to the physical things connected through the internet, making the world around us more exciting and responsive.
• IoT can help connect the people living in the remotest corners of the world. Plus with devices functioning at incredibly low power, IoT provides solutions without risking the system’s accuracy. This is possible since at the smallest level we can incorporate these things with smart technology for them to communicate over the internet.

• Don’t see IoT as an individual system, but as an integrated infrastructure that can handle many services and applications at a time. Such applications include city-wide activities like efficient transportation systems, waste management systems, others include worldwide activities like global delivery systems, security systems while others include personalized activities like bridging the gap between the digital world and physical world.

IoT Benefits

IoT emerging technology offers scores of benefits that include:

• Enhancing efficiency and productivity of business operations with minimum investment
• Making revenue streams and new business model
• Helping better data analysis of soil to increase production
• Providing good automation and control with easy to use technology
• Obtaining data-driven results from IoT information
• Saving time and money by automating the manual tasks
• Improving the productivity and quality of life
• Effortlessly connecting the physical world around us with the digital world
• Drastically improving patient data analysis helping doctors make intelligent decisions

Brief History of the Internet of Things

• Over the past few years, we have witnessed tremendous growth in IoT. But how did we reach there? It ages back to the year 1964 when Carl Steinberg, a German computer scientist, said… “In a few decades, computers will be interwoven into almost every industrial product.”
• It was a big statement at that time when computer technology was not so advanced. It took almost 25 years to invent the first IoT device in the year 1990 when John Romkey created a toaster, the first IoT device ever, which can be controlled over the internet.
• In the following year, a group of students at the Carnegie Melon University had developed a Coca-Cola vending machine with micro-switches over the internet to monitor the availability of coke bottles and identify which columns in the vending machine had the most chilled coke.
• Know that, experts were using IoT applications long before the term IoT has been introduced. The term IoT was first coined by Kevin Ashton, a British Technology Pioneer, in the year 1999, although it further took almost 10-years for the IoT technology to resonate with the thought.
• The breakthrough of IoT technology, however, was occurred in the year 2008, 09 when more things were connected through the internet than the human beings on this planet earth.

2. IoT Devices in Real World

• Anything that can connect through the internet falls under IoT technology. So the IoT unit is a device that collects information using sensors and actuators from the surrounding and sends this captured information to the internet for the processing of that data.
• An IoT device can be as small as the size of the pill and as large as the gigantic industrial machinery given that both are connected through the internet. It means even we humans can become a part of IoT if we’re connected through the internet.

• Typically, IoT devices use machine learning and AI to automate processes and systems including medical equipment, industrial manufacturing, agriculture, and more.

It normally takes two things to convert any device into an IoT device:

• The device can be connected to the internet.
• The device can be incorporated with sensors and functional software that can communicate with the network.

When these two properties are added together into one device, they generate an IoT device. The following list is documented with IoT devices that you can buy and experience by yourself.

1. Google Home Voice Controller

• Priced at $130, the Google Home voice controller is an IoT device that works on your voice commands. It comes with remarkable features including a thermostat, alarm, media, and more which you can control using your voice.
• Using this device, you can plan your day by managing alarms and timers. Moreover, you can control the home lights – doesn’t matter if you’re at home or miles away.

2. Amazon Dash Button

• Amazon dash button is an IoT device that makes your life easy and simple. When you press the button, the device uses a Wi-Fi signal to connect with the Amazon Shopping app.
• This way you can instantly order the items which have already been included in the cart.
• Be careful while placing your new order, because you cannot place a new order until the previous order is delivered.

3. Amazon Echo Plus Voice Controller

• Amazon voice controller is another IoT device that you can purchase for only $99.99. It can do a lot of functions like ask questions, set timers, and alarms, do phone calls, play songs, manage home instruments, check the weather, and more.
• Now, you can do messaging and phone calls just by your voice commands. It features a sound canceling mechanism, helping you deliver your voice message even if the songs are being played.

4. August Doorbell Cam

• August Doorbell Cam is a tremendous addition to IoT technology. Using this device, you can answer the person standing at your door. You can do it from anywhere inside the house or from a remote location.
• With this device, you also get August Smart Locks which allow entry to only authorized persons to your house. The device is incorporated with a floodlight that ensures video in full-color HD print.

5. WeMo Light Switch

• WeMo smart light switch is a reliable and innovative IoT device. It helps you control your home lights from your voice or by using your cell phone. It features a WiFi reset, WiFi indicator, and easy on/off push button.
• Compact and easy to install, the WeMo light switch is easily integrated with your home WiFi network, giving wireless access to your home lights.

3. IoT Communication Protocol

Still, reading? Perfect. Hope you’ve got a brief insight into what is IoT. In this section, we’ll cover 7 communication protocols of IoT technology. Let’s get started.

1. Bluetooth

• Mostly used in wearable products, Bluetooth is a short-range IoT communication protocol. It is a wireless technology mainly used to layout the connection between devices without physical interference.
• Bluetooth can connect two devices up to 164 feet apart because it uses radio waves with frequencies ranging between 2.400 and 2.485 GHz.
• An IoT device must include a microprocessor to manage Bluetooth and a second device to interface with it. Two different versions of Bluetooth are normally used for IoT devices that are Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Bluetooth Classic – mainly developed for devices that run on low levels of power.

2. Zigbee

• Zigbee is a wireless technology, similar to Bluetooth, mainly introduced to deal with lower-power low-cost IoT networks.
• It is also deployed for radio-frequency applications in industrial and commercial settings where secure-networking and long battery life are required. It can support different network topologies and features a low-duty cycle.

3. WiFi

• WiFi is the most common IoT communication protocol. It is a wireless technology that gives the freedom to use the internet from anywhere within the range of WiFi signals.
• A wireless router is used to develop the connection with the devices. The 802.11ax is the newly introduced WiFi standard in 2019 that determines how your WiFi network behaves like the speed of the data transfer and the frequency used.

4. Z-wave

• Z-wave is the wireless technology that operates on low power and doesn’t interfere with your WiFi network.
• Using this technology, you can connect your smart devices with the internet and control them from the distance. It uses low-energy radio waves, giving you wireless control over home appliances.

5. Cellular

• For long-range communication, cellular technologies can be used for IoT networks like GSM, and 3G/4G. Companies are working to integrate 5G in their cellular devices that ensure a faster network with more capacity.
• The 5G technology works on improving the frequencies on which cellular technologies will transfer information.

6. LoraWAN

• The LoRaWAN is a wide area (LPWA) and low power networking protocol introduced to connect battery-operated 'things' wirelessly to the internet.
• The transmit range of this network is more than 10km, typically ranges between 15 to 20Km.

7. NFC

• NFC stands for Near Field Communication, is a low data rate, short-range IoT technology that allows safe and secure communication between IoT devices.

• Again, this technology uses a radio frequency field with a frequency of 13.56 MHz. NFC technology is mainly introduced to exchange information between two electronic devices by using a simple touch gesture.

4. How big is IoT?

• The IoT technology is not limited to smartphones and laptops only. It is slowly and steadily sneaking into almost every field of our regular life including healthcare, smart cities, connected cars, smart homes, connected wearables, and whatnot.
• The number of connected devices is increasing every day, paving a way for a fully automated world in near future. IoT devices are connecting our physical world with the digital world, improving the productivity and quality of our life.
• According to techjury, almost 35 billion devices will be installed throughout the world by 2021. Smart units like smart refrigerators and thermostats are the most searched topics on Google nowadays and are planning to give us never seen before experience.
• IDC, Tech Analyst Company, has estimated that almost 41.6 billion IoT devices will be connected by 2025. According to a Cisco report, IoT technology is going to produce $14.4 trillion in the next decade across all industries. Yes, you’ve guessed it right, IoT will bring a change, nobody can imagine.

5. IoT Projects

The following IoT project list is particularly useful for students, who are beginners and planning to get a hands-on experience with this IoT technology. So if you’re looking for IoT project ideas for your final year project, this list would suffice.

1. Smart Agriculture System

• The smart agriculture system project stays at the top of the list. Since the current trajectory of the smart agriculture system demands making the farming process automatic with minimum human interference.
• Using IoT technology, you can handle your crops right from the comfort of your home using a smartphone.
• Schedule fertilizer spray on the crops and monitor soil moisture from a distance. Moreover, you can check the weather conditions and plan your farming process accordingly.

2. Air Pollution Monitoring System

• An air pollution monitoring system is used to monitor the pollution level in the atmosphere.
• Sophisticated sensors are incorporated in the system that measures five components in the air including carbon monoxide, ozone layer, nitrous oxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter.
• Apart from temperature and humidity sensors, a gas sensor is also included in the system that identifies the presence of flammable dangerous gages in the air.

3. Smart Alarm Clock

• A smart alarm clock is a remarkable addition to IoT technology.
• This unit not only wakes you up but also comes with other features including a text-to-speech synthesizer, voice command option, audio amplifier volume control, and automatic brightness adjustment. Moreover, you can also include customized features to your smart clock.

4. Facial Recognition System

• A facial recognition system plays a key role to follow security protocols. It is an IoT system that recognizes the human face through technology.
• This system monitors the geometry of your face using deep learning algorithms and compares it with the known faces in the database.
• The facial recognition market stood at $4 billion in 2017 but is predicted to increase to $7.7 billion by 2022.

5. Smart Garage Door

• Build a garage door and control it with IoT technology. Yes, this is possible. You don’t need to install bulky chains to open and close your door. Integrate your smartphone with an IoT network, and control your garage door on the fly.
• The smart notification option in this system keeps you notified about the current status of the door if it is open or close.
• Raspberry Pi is used in this project where you’ll create a webserver with Raspberry Pi and control the garage door with your smartphone.

6. Smart Cradle System

• The smart cradle system allows parents to keep an eye on their infants. This system includes a voice detecting mechanism through which the cry of the child is monitored.
• Moreover, a surveillance camera is connected to the cradle that can check up on the activities of infants and can inform parents by sending the footage of their kids.
• Plus, many sensors are incorporated into this system that monitors the humidity and temperature of the cradle and sends alerts if the baby sheet needs replacement.

7. Home Automation System

• Home automation system ensures the automatic functioning of home appliances and electronic devices, thereby helping you control them from a distance.
• Home automation system consists of sensors and a WiFi connection that allows you to manage household objects from your IoT device that can either be smartphone, tablet, or PC.
• Now, locking the doors, turning on lights, and controlling the home appliances is just one click away.

6. IoT Applications

On a large scale, the following are the real-time applications of the IoT network.

1. Smart Home

• With the concept of IoT sparked in recent years, Smart home is the most used keyword searched on Google and it is said that soon, keeping a smart home will become as common as keeping a smartphone.
• A smart home is a location that uses IoT technology to monitor and control your home from a distance. You can, for example, lock and unlock the doors in your absence.
• Don’t you worry if you forget to turn off the air conditioner upon leaving your home, with IoT technology you can turn off the AC with the flick of a thumb.
• Smart home units are purposely designed for a specific purpose and companies like Ecobee, Nest and Ring are making incredible strides to offer an unprecedented experience to the targeted audience.

2. Smart Cities

• Like smart homes, smart cities are another unique concept based on IoT technology.
• In a smart city, pretty much everything will be connected through the internet be it, energy management system, transportation system, smart surveillance, water distribution, or environmental monitoring.
• The entire city will be roped with sensors to get data from the surroundings and with the internet to process that data, offering cost-effective solutions to the users.

3. Manufacturing

• Manufacturing machinery embedded with sensors provides data from the equipment failure to the manufacturer on which they can decide if the equipment requires proactive maintenance.
• Sensors can typically monitor the duration when the production process is compromised.
• The sensor alerts ensure the safety of equipment and bring a competitive advantage over others, helping businesses to minimize the production costs, and improve the business model on data-driven insights.

4. Healthcare

• The Healthcare industry is widely dependent on the IoT asset-monitoring system. Nurses and medical staff often require the exact location of an available wheelchair.
• The wheelchairs embedded with IoT sensors can help locate the patients, incredibly decreasing costs and cutting down the useless doctors’ visits. IoT offers accurate informational data with minimized waste and automated workflows, reducing the risk of error.
• The remote connection between doctors and patients over the internet is possible with IoT.
• Even in this pandemic, doctors don’t necessarily have to visit the patient in person, and can examine the patient over the internet without physical human intervention.

5. Smart Parking

• It is hard to locate the place for car parking in crowded cities. This is where smart parking comes in handy. The IoT devices count the number of cars entering the specific facility and the number of cars leaving out.
• Moreover, you’ll be notified of the exact location of your car so you can come back to the same location without getting lost.

6. Waste Management

• Waste management is a hectic task to handle by municipal corporations of big cities. Since the management tools are not properly sanitized and the route covered by the trucks is not always properly planned.
• IoT devices installed in the waste collection area often help waster collectors check the availability of trucks, handle the efficiency of the entire process and evaluate the capacity of the waste dumps.

7. Motion Detection

• Motion detection technology is another remarkable facility that falls under Internet of Things examples. Using this technology you can detect human activity in certain areas.
• This is often helpful in high-security areas where only authorized persons are allowed in specific premises. Motion detection is carried out by IR sensors and IoT cameras.

8. Transformation and Logistics

• The automotive industry can get massive advantages with the use of IoT technology. Sensors embedded in automotive vehicles can detect the impending failure of vehicles and inform the drivers about the parts that need replacement. The informational data collected through IoT applications can help car owners keep their cars up and running.
• Thanks to IoT sensors, now the ships, trains, and trucks responsible for inventory can be re-scheduled based on the driver availability, vehicle availability, and weather conditions. The sensors can be installed on the inventory itself to monitor the temperature of the surrounding environment and track-and-trace products accordingly.
• The pharmaceutical and beverage industries often come with temperature-sensitive inventory that monitors the rise and fall of temperature and sends alerts to re-examine the surrounding temperature.

9. Noise Monitoring

• Noise monitoring is another application of IoT that keeps the noise within control limits. Some factories produce an incredibly loud noise, affecting everyday life throughout the day.
• Such premises are incorporated with sensors that monitor the noise produced by the factory and send an alert in case the noise goes higher than the threshold limit.
• Noise monitoring IoT devices are also installed inside homes that monitor your voice, indicating your presence inside the room and adjusting the room lights accordingly.

10. Ensures General Safety

• IoT technology trends guarantee general safety across all industries. Employees working in dangerous environments like gas fields, power, and chemical plants often need alerts about the happening of a disastrous event.
• When they are equipped with IoT-based sensors, they can be informed about the hazardous event, consequently triggering the backup plan to rescue them.
• Even IoT ensures the safety of your homes. You can incorporate a security system with the internet that gives permission to the authorized people inside and locks up everything upon leaving the house.

7. IoT Companies

This section is dedicated to detail the popular IoT companies worldwide.

1. Softeq

• Introduced in 1997, Softeq is a software company that offers full-stack development services related to mobile, web, embedded software, desktop apps, and hardware.
• Included with 300+ employees, Softeq is also famous for providing IoT solutions and IoT application development under a single roof. The headquarter of this company is based in Houston, Texas, USA.

2. ScienceSoft

• Founded in 1989, ScienceSoft offers IoT services to a range of departments including retail, healthcare, manufacturing, telecom, oil and gas, and transportation.
• Moreover, it also provides IoT consulting that covers architecture design, strategic IoT planning, and tech stack selection.
• Plus, it also offers managed IoT services that include troubleshooting, technical support, and security and cloud management.

3. Oxagile

• Located in New York, USA, Oxagile offers comprehensive IoT services including software development, IoT consulting, integration, hardware prototyping, and continuous enhancement.
• It was founded in 2005, and more than 350+ employees are working in this company.
• Moreover, it is equipped with professional staff that offers expertise in big data, computer vision, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity.

4. Style Lab

• Founded in 2006, Style Lab is an IoT software company that provides services for web frontend reporting, backend infrastructure, and mobile applications.
• Famous for software development, Style Lab offers solutions for smart homes, healthcare IoT and industrial IoT.

5. HQ Software Industrial IoT Company

• HQ software is dedicated to offering services like mobile app development, software re-engineering, IoT consulting, and software development.
• It offers a range of IoT solutions to companies like IoT automotive, IoT healthcare, Industrial IoT, and Smart homes. It was founded in 2001 and almost 100 employees work here.

6. PTC

• Founded in 1985, PTC provides detailed IoT solutions to industries including manufacturing, automotive, defense, and life sciences.
• They help their customers get impressive results through CAD solutions, industrial IoT, and augmented reality.

7. Cisco

• Founded in 1984, Cisco is famous for designing, manufacturing, and selling networking products. They offer a range of services to companies including datacenter, collaboration, security, mobility, and wireless.
• Its IoT solutions include IoT data management, IoT gateways, IoT networking, IoT security, and IoT operation management.

8. IoT Gateway

An IoT gateway acts as a central hub for IoT devices and manages the communication between the internet, sensors, users, and applications. IoT gateway is a hardware unit that contains application software for performing important tasks. It plays a key role in making a connection between destinations and different data sources. An IoT gateway can perform the following tasks:

• Buffering, Data caching, and streaming
• Layout device to device communication

• Ensures security between the connected devices
• Can perform system diagnostic
• Can do basic data analytics and data visualization
• Guarantees data aggregation

An IoT smart gateway is an important link that delivers edge computing power to field technicians. Its main purpose is to capture sensed information and build a connection with external networks. IoT gateway offers a route for different communication technologies and processes the information before sending it. Most IoT devices can perform data aggregation. Sensors installed in your car, for example, can perform data aggregation and send this data to the IoT gateway before sending it to the Al analysis cloud service.

9. IoT Future Research

• Before I document IoT future predictions, know that the sensing and actuation ability of IoT devices are not limited to public spaces only, but also stretch into apartments and homes where people can use security, entertainment, health, and energy apps to make their lives responsive and easy.
• Gone are days when you had to learn programming skills to build a new app, now running and installing new apps is as common as plugging a toaster into the electric board. Using these apps, a range of tasks can be managed on the go including ordering food online, handling fitness routines, monitoring heart rate, or even getting health suggestions about your medical problems.

• The future of the internet of things is massive and will be going to change the way we interact and communicate with others.
• A smart city comes with scores of systems including water, sewerage, waste management, transportation, buildings, and utilities of different kinds, and so forth. To achieve the convenience and sustainability of cities, it’s important to keep the operations of such systems organized and well-planned, and IoT can play a key role to get there.
• Moreover, the parts of these systems have to be integrated horizontally to produce new applications where data is analyzed throughout the system. Because these systems carry their informational data and semantics where each of them works independently, it is challenging to develop new applications that keep working with them and can decode the data present in these systems
• Exporting data with semantic annotations is one way to address this issue. This will incredibly ease the task of collecting data from different sources and constantly comprehending them, which leads to the making of new applications.

Conclusion

• From agriculture, industrial machinery, and healthcare, to transportation, smart homes, and smart cities, IoT technology is slowly sneaking into everywhere.
• The IoT technology is mainly introduced to bridge the gap between the physical and digital world. Anything that can connect with the internet can be converted into an IoT device. Currently, there are more IoT devices connected worldwide than human beings on the planet earth and this figure is drastically increasing every day.
• Using this technology, you can make your homes safe and secure, improve your health, and keep an eye on your infants from anywhere in the world.
• With the recent advancement in IoT technology, electronic devices and sensors are becoming cheaper, giving you the ability to automate your everyday life with easy to install and cost-effective technology.
• The IoT technology detailed in this article is just the tip of the iceberg because most companies making incredible leaps in IoT technology are at the trial stage with IoT. But this is certain if companies continue to work with IoT network with the recent pace, and as the number of connected devices will continue to grow, you’ll witness soon your environment will be occupied with smart products.

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve enjoyed reading this article. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’m happy and willing to assist you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

What is Electronic Engineering? Branches, Scope, Jobs, Salary and Courses

Hello Friends! I hope you are doing well. Today, we are going to discuss a very comprehensive branch of engineering named "Electronic Engineering". We will cover the following content: Branches' of Electronic Engineering, electronic engineering vs electrical engineering, electronic engineering jobs, electronic engineering salary, electronic engineering courses, electronic engineering degree, final year project ideas of electronic engineering and top electronic engineers & their contribution. Trust me; this is going to be very informative. So let's get started! Electronics engineering is actually a sub-field of electrical engineering, but a broad field itself and further divided into various sub-fields such as analog electronics, consumer electronics, digital electronics embedded electronic systems and power electronics. Don't worry, we will also discuss these branches of electronic engineering briefly in this article. But here, let's start from the very basic what is Electronic Engineering?

What is Electronic Engineering?

• Electronic Engineering(sub-branch of Electrical Engineering) deals with the designing & developing of electronics circuits/systems using electronics components i.e. semiconductors(transistors, diodes etc.), integrated chips(ULN2003, CD4050 etc.), logic gates etc.
• Although Electronics Engineering was initially derived from Electrical Engineering but it has quickly established itself as Major Engineering Branch.
• Now-a-days, new engineering branches are getting derived from Electronics engineering i.e. Embedded Systems.
• Electronics has revolutionized technology as electronics devices are small-sized and highly efficient.

History of Electronics Engineering

After the revolution of Electrical Engineering, world was introduced with electrical devices i.e. radio, printers, televisions etc. The manufacturing process of these electrical devices was normally divided into three sections, which were:

1. Mechanical: The designing of mechanical box to encapsulate everything.
2. Electrical: Designing of electrical power supply circuits, which normally involved transformers, capacitors, inductors etc.
3. Electronics: Designing of electronic circuits to perform smart operations i.e. turning power on/off, controlling IR remote etc.

Initially, these electronics circuit designing was the job of electrical engineers but later on, it seemed necessary to consider it as a separate branch and eventually around 1950 electronics engineering emerged as a new engineering field. Now-a-days, electronics engineering is enlisted in almost every engineering university.

Electronic engineering VS electrical engineering

As I mentioned in above section, Electrical engineering deals with the power management i.e. grid station, transmission lines, power generation, power conversions(AC to DC or vice versa) etc. So, in simple words, everything involved with electricity supply comes under electrical engineering. It could be a power supply to a simple computer or designing of a power grid itself. While Electronics engineering deals with the designing of smart circuits or kits, specifically designed for performing smart fixed operations. Let's understand the difference with the example of a simple general purpose computer/laptop, it's power supply is designed by an electrical engineer while its circuits/chips(i.e. RAM, ROM, processor etc.) are designed by electronics engineer.

Branches of Electronic Engineering

There are many branches of electronic engineering. In this section, I will discuss them briefly for your better understanding.

1. Signal processing

This branch of electronic engineering deals with the evaluation and analysis of signals. There are two kinds of signals; analog and digital. In analog signaling, the main concern is amplification of audio signals using different equipment. Whereas, digital signaling involves the checking and correction of error in the system.

2. Telecommunications engineering

It mainly focuses on the proper transmission systems of information using different communication devices (e.g. transceiver). They usually work on the strength of signals, make them strong enough to communicate well without any hindrance. This is also known as electronics and telecommunication engineering, deals with IT, computer and networking. They also find jobs in the air and space companies to get information. They are also responsible for checking aircraft communication n and navigation system proper functioning before the flight. Their works are in various firms and organization involve in air and space.

3. Electromagnetics

This branch provides insight study about the wireless and wired signals transmission channels.  Such as the key focuses are on electromagnetic waves, Transmission Lines and Waveguides, Antennas, their types and uses with microwave and radio frequency waves.

4. Control engineering

This branch of electronic engineering has broad uses in airplane companies and automation industries.

5. Instrumentation engineering

These engineers work on the designing and manufacturing of physical quantity measurement devices. Such as temperature measurement, pressure, flow, etc. They have a very deep understanding of physics principles.

6. Computer engineering

This is one of the key branch of electronic engineering, mainly working on complex computer systems. They also design novel computer software and hardware and enhance the use of computers in the industries.

Electronics engineering jobs

Today, Electronics engineering is considered one of the most rewarding career choices. Their main responsibilities are to design, develop, maintain, and properly install electrical devices in specific industries (commercial industries, medical field, or military). Further, they analyze what the customer needs, and then calculate the cost and efficiency to fulfil the plan. They are responsible for communication signals and lighting systems in businesses, homes or other firms. They gets hired from different fields for example:

• Electronics design and development.
• Telecommunications.
• Automation industries.
• Consumer products electronic engineering
• Medical electronics.
• Manufacturing engineering.
• Broadcast.
• Research & development.
• Aeronautical electronics.
• Defense electronic engineering.

Electronics engineer salary

The demand for electronic engineers holding an academic electronic engineering degree from well-known institutes has increased a lot in the market. Let’s me tell you the estimated annual salary of the most common job of electronic engineering

• The annual salary for Instruments manufacturing, navigational, electromedical, measuring and control systems electronic engineers is $114,260.
• Those electronic engineers working under federal government projects (e.g. postal service) are paying an annual salary of $112,870.
• Further, the annual salary of electronic engineers responsible for the manufacturing of semiconductors and many other electronic components is $106,240.
• Electronic engineers in telecommunication systems are earning an annual salary of about $98,600.

So this is all about the most electronic engineer’s jobs and salaries. I hope you have understood very well the branches of electronic engineers and their scope in the market. This will be going to help you in your future.

Electronics engineering courses

Now you are well aware that every university has its own curriculum, but there are some major subjects taught by every electronic engineer to get an electronic engineering degree. I have enlisted below; have a look.

Mathematics	Electronic Communication
Physics	Electronics Engineering
Electrical Engineering	Electronic Measurements
Digital Systems	Applied Communication Skills
Applied Communication Skills	Electronic Communication
Computer and Programming Skills	Design Project
EDL	Radio Engineering
Applied Calculus	Microwave Communication
Introduction to Electronics	Software Engineering
Electrical Engineering	Management
Digital Systems	Electronic Applications
Applied Communication Skills	Industrial El
Digital Communication	Power Electronics

Electronic Engineering projects

If you are a student of electronic engineering and want to get the degree, you must be thinking about your final year project ideas. Do you? A good and unique final year project can help you a lot in your future as well. So, here are some suggestions and top discussed issues in the field of electronic engineering. I really want to share these ideas with you for your help in your final year project to earn an electronic engineering degree.

• You can design a more efficient solar system for home use
• Robotic Arm for those who are interested in automation
• Developed any smart energy projects
• Digital signaling processors using python
• Novel designing of circuits or integrated circuits
• Innovation in the traffic lighting system
• Design & developed weather monitoring equipment
• The tracking system in the vehicle
• Automated home appliances
• Radar communication system
• The invention of high dimensional smart cameras.

Thus, these are the latest project ideas for you. I hope you have got an idea for your final year project for electronics engineering. Let me tell you another important thing here. What are the main steps you have to follow in developing your final year project successfully?

• First; you have to design the initial concept of what you think
• Developed this design
• Testing of this initial developed design
• If it is efficient then start developing the final design
• If not, then after trial make suitable changes in your design
• Final design testing and analysis
• Introduced it into the market and check the popularity

Top universities offer an Electronic Engineering degree

There are so many universes offering electronic engineering degrees all over the world. I am going to enlist some top universities below. Check it out!

Harvard University	Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech)
University of Oxford	Washington University in St Louis
Stanford University	Wuhan University
Massachusetts Institute of Technology	Texas A&M University
University of California, Berkeley	Macau University of Science and Technology
University of Cambridge	Politecnico di Milano
California Institute of Technology	University of Waterloo
Princeton University	Harbin Institute of Technology
ETH Zurich	Aalborg University
Peking University	National University of Singapore

Best Electronic Engineering Books of all Times

1. Next Generation HALT and HASS

HALT (highly accelerated life test) AND HASS (highly accelerated stress screen) are the novel paradigm methodology-based techniques to check the reliability of electronic devices. The author explains these equines in this book. So if you want to work on these techniques, I strongly recommend this book.

2. Integration of Renewable Sources of Energy

This is the all-time challenging task in electric engineering to develop energy from renewable sources. Now novels techniques have been using such as bounds and leaps in generating energy from fossil fuel or nuclear energy sources. This book is all about understanding with practicing techniques related to renewable energy sources.

3. Digital Electronics, Volume 3

If you are working on developing a digital electronic device for your final year project, this is a must-read book for you. It teaches you all the basic guides about electronic equipment designing and basic principles to developing them. The author provides insight into the circuit and its types such as a combinational logic circuit as well as a sequential logic circuit. So I found these books on electronic engineering most interesting. But there are so many other books I want to recommend here. These books can provide you complete guidance during your electronic engineering degree.

• Elements of Power Electronics.
• Portable Electronics Product Design & Development.
• Low-Power Electronics Design.
• Handbook for Electronics Engineering Technicians.
• Advanced Electric Drive Vehicles.
• Design of Brushless Permanent-Magnet Motors.
• Integrated Electronics.
• Electrical and Electronics Reference Manual for the Electrical and Computer PE Exam.
• Basic Electronics.
• Learning the Art of Electronics.
• Electronic Design Automation for Integrated Circuits Handbook.
• A Dictionary of Electronics and Electrical Engineering.
• Electrical and Electronic Principles and Technology.
• Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems and Smart Grid.

Popular Electronic Engineers & their Contribution

To understand any branch of engineering, you must know about the popular engineers and their contribution in that field. That's why, I think its important to tell you about some top electronic engineers and their inventions here.

1	William Gilbert	He was one of the popular English scientists during the time of Queen Elizabeth. He completely changes the word electrics through his ideas. He did great work on static electricity and magnetism. He was the first who invented the term electric force and magnetic poles.
2	Benjamin Franklin	He is considered the master of electricity, has remarkable contributions to electricity. He proved that electricity and lighting are the same through experimental work on it. He also invented the lighting rod. Discovered the law of conservation and positive & negative charges identification.
3	Luigi Galvani	He has a great contribution to the field of bio electromagnetism. He did an incredible experiment with a dead frog’s leg muscles and work on signals and electrical patterns from nerves, tissues and muscles.
4	Charles-Augustin de Coulomb	He discovered two famous theories about the attractive and repulsive forces between charged bodies. He also explains the inverse square law as well as worked on conductors & dielectrics.
5	Alessandro Volta	He had great inventions in electronics engineering branch, discovered a reliable battery. Explains electromagnetism and the uses of electricity.

Some other popular electronic engineers are:

Lawrence A. Hyland	Caroline Haslett
Kees Schouhamer Immink	Oliver Heaviside
Konrad Zuse	Oskar Heil
Fleeming Jenkin	Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
Kristina M. Johnson	Hertzian waves
Johann Dirry	Peter Cooper Hewitt
James Clarke Maxwell	William Hewlett
Edith Clarke	Godfrey Hounsfield
Michael Faraday	Edwin J. Houston
Steve Wozniak	John Hopkinson

I hope this article will help you to get deep understand about electronic engineering, its branches, jobs & salaries, popular electronic engineering books and famous electronic engineers of all times. Moreover, I have also shared some ideas about final year project of electronic engineering. So check it out. Good Luck!