The Engineering Projects

Lets see what happens

Arduino UNO Library for Proteus V2.0

Update: Here's the latest version of this library: Arduino UNO Library for Proteus(V3.0).

Hello friends! I hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. Today, I am going to share an update to our previously designed Proteus Library for Arduino UNO. You should also have a look at its previous version i.e. Arduino UNO Library for Proteus(V1.0). We have been receiving many suggestions & bug reports from engineers(mostly students) about our Proteus libraries, so we have thought to upgrade them for better performance. It's the first one getting upgraded and this month, we will be sharing a lot more. It is the more advanced, small-sized and refined version of the previous model.

I’ve given the link below to download this library and shared details on How to use it in your Proteus software to simulate Arduino Uno. If you don’t have Proteus installed on your PC, check this article detailing how to download and install Proteus software.

Before we move further, let’s have a brief look at what is Arduino UNO:

What is Arduino UNO?

Introduced by Arduino.cc, Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the Atmega328 microcontroller and is used in embedded projects.
Apart from USB, the board can be powered up using a battery or AC to DC adapter.
The current version of Arduino UNO comes with a USB interface, 6 analog input pins, and 14 I/O digital ports that are employed to develop connections with external electronic circuits.
Out of 14 I/O ports, 6 pins can be used for PWM output.

This was a little insight into Arduino Uno. Let’s now have a look at how to download the Arduino Uno library and use it in your Proteus software. Let’s jump right in.

Arduino Library for Proteus V2.0

Initially, you need to download the Arduino UNO Library for Proteus V2.0 by clicking the below button:

Arduino UNO Library for Proteus V2.0

Extract this zip file and open the folder named "Proteus Library Files".
Inside this folder, you will find these two files:
- ArduinoUNO2TEP.dll
- ArduinoUNO2TEP.idx

Place these files in the libraries folder of your Proteus software.

Note:

If you are having problems with adding a library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then you should read How to add new Library in Proteus 8 Professional.
If you haven’t bought your Arduino UNO yet, then you can buy it from this reliable source:

If you want to read its technical specifications, features and pinout then you should have a look at Introduction to Arduino UNO.

Now open the Proteus software and search for the Arduino Uno, as shown in the below figure:

Select Arduino Uno V2.0 and click OK, it will be added in your components box.
Now place Arduino UNO anywhere on your proteus workspace and it will appear as shown in the below figure:

You’ve successfully placed the Arduino Uno board in the proteus workspace.
Now, we have to upload the hex file to run our board.
To upload the hex file, double-click on the Arduino Uno board.
As you double-click, it will open the Edit Properties Panel, as shown in the following image:

In this panel, you can see different properties of the Uno board.
You need to click on the textbox named “Upload Hex File” to upload the hex file of your Arduino code.
You should have a look at how to get hex file from Arduino software, if you don't know already.
Upload the hex file of your code and click OK.

The clock frequency of the Arduino board is 16MHz by default, as shown in the Properties Panel.

Now let's design a simulation using this Arduino UNO board so that you get a clear insight on how to use it in proteus.

Comparison with Old Proteus Library (V2.0 vs V1.0)

The following figure shows the comparison between version 1 Arduino Uno Board (V1) and version 2 Arduino Uno Board (V2).

You can see in the above figure that the V2 Arduino Uno board is more compact and small-sized as compared to the V1 Arduino Uno board.

Arduino UNO LCD Interfacing

I have added this simulation file and its Arduino Code in the zip file, which you downloaded at the start.
You can run that simulation but I would suggest you design it on your own, as you will make mistakes during the process & obviously will learn better.
Now, I will interface a 20x4 LCD with the Arduino Uno board.
To interface this LCD display, design the circuit as shown below:

I’ve connected the data pins of LCD with 8,9,10 & 11 pins of Arduino Uno, while Enable & Reset are connected to Pin 12 & 13 respectively.
Next, we need to upload the code to compile the Arduino code present in the zip file and get the Hex File.
Upload that Hex File in your Arduino UNO Properties panel, as we did in the previous section.
Now, click on the RUN button and if everything's fine, you will get results as shown in below figure:

Summary

Download Arduino UNO Library Files.
Place Files from "Proteus Library Files"(Folder) in the Library folder of Proteus software.
Search for Arduino UNO in Proteus.
Place it in the workspace.
Open the Properties panel & upload the HEX File.
Design your circuit & run the simulation.

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve enjoyed reading this article. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’m happy and willing to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content tailored to your needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

What is Chemistry? Definition, Branches, Books and Scientists

Hello Friends! I hope you all are doing well. Today, I am going to share with you a very basic and detailed tutorial on What is Chemistry? We will also discuss Chemistry types, popular Chemistry books, famous Chemists and their great inventions in the field of Chemistry etc. When you hear the word Chemistry, you may think, it is only concerned to the study of chemicals, dangerous substances etc. But let me surprise you, Chemistry is also known as the Central Science means it is the insight study of almost everything around us. I just remembered very comprehensive Chemistry definition by American Chemical Society, “Everything you touch, see, smell and hear involves Chemistry and chemicals”. Scientist divided Physical sciences in 5 major disciplines in the 19th century.

Chemistry.
Physics
Astronomy.
Meteorology.
Geology.

What is Chemistry?

Chemistry is one of the most vital & fundamental branches of science, concerned with the deep study of matter, its properties, composition (chemical) and use. And you must know that everything around us is matter. It means Chemistry involves in our everyday life task, from cooking to cleaning. Chemistry is actually the mixture of physics and biology. Because of its fundamentally understanding with the basic and applied scientific disciplines. Now, let’s have a look at the proper definition of Chemistry.

Chemistry Definition

Chemistry deals with the study of elements (i.e. atoms, molecules, compounds, ions etc.) and their chemical composition, characteristics, structure, and chemical reactions.
Chemistry also studies the chemical interaction (bonding) between elements, atoms and molecules. It studies the reasons of bonding and their effects.
Further, chemistry is also concerned with the energies released or abosrbed by different molecules.

Why is Chemistry important?

Chemical reactions are taking places every second around us. From the digestion food to making of food from plants, everything is happening due to chemical reactions. Our whole body is made up of chemical compounds. And it is Chemistry, concerned to study these reactions for our betterment. Let’s discuss the most common examples:
The creams and sunscreens, we used in our daily life to protect our skin form UV radiation from sun, are made of organic and inorganic compounds, and directly related to Chemistry.
The process of photosynthesis is a chemical reaction; plants use water, carbon dioxide and sunlight to prepare food.
The detergents we are using for hygienic purpose are also examples of emulsion, which is also chemical reaction. The soaps are made from the chemical process call saponification.

Chemistry Branches

On the base of the studying matters, changes and types of the systems, Chemistry is sub-divided into the following categories. Let’s discuss branches of Chemistry briefly for better understanding.

1. Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry is the field of study, mainly focuses on the characteristics study about carbon atom. Including the experimental study on the structure and composition of other atoms such as oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H) etc.

2. Inorganic Chemistry

Inorganic Chemistry is the branch of Chemistry, not focused on the study of carbon. But you know carbon is essential atom in many inorganic compounds. Therefore, there has been investigated another field of study is organometallic Chemistry, a mixture study between organic and inorganic Chemistry.

3. Analytical Chemistry

This branch of Chemistry is the insight study of elements in mixture form. Its main focus is to identify and analyze these materials. It invents the materials & methods to analyze these material. As well as discovered the separation techniques.

4. Physical Chemistry

The physical Chemistry is the branch of Chemistry to deeply examine the behavior of atoms, elements, chemicals, compounds and molecules, and proposed the fundamental laws of Chemistry.

5. Environmental Chemistry

It is basically the study of environmental chemical and their composition.

6. Bio-chemistry

This branch of Chemistry mainly focuses on discovering the inner information during the examination of biological systems using chemical laws. It also provides the revelation of the link between the functional properties and structure of biological systems.

7. Nuclear Chemistry

It is the type of Chemistry, concentrated in the experimental study about the radioactive elements, their reactions and properties. Simply, this field is all related with the study of radioactivity.

8. Biophysical Chemistry

It is the sub-discipline of Chemistry, basically deals with the biological macromolecules and their properties.

9. Polymer Chemistry

It is the field of Chemistry, fundamentally related on the study of formation of chemical, properties, and structure of macromolecules & polymers.

Chemistry top concerns

Chemistry also provides insight to the chemical bonds and formation of their interaction with each other. It studies the chemical bonding through which atoms are linked. There are 2 types of chemical bonds:

Covalent bonds (also named as primary chemical bond).
Metallic bonds.
Ionic bonds.

Above are the primary bonds, whereas the secondary chemical bonds are:

Hydrogen bonds.
Van der Waals force.

Relationship of Chemistry with Other Areas of Science

Due to the immense areas of concerns in the universe, science sub-divided into the following areas, mainly focus on the universal aspects. The primary three categories under science are discussed below:

1. The Formal Sciences

Also named as “language of science”. Because of its main focus on the studying of languages. For example, the logic and math are the example of this area of science.

2. The Natural Sciences

This category involves the experimental study about occurring of natural phenomena in the universe. Physics, Biology and Chemistry are lying under this discipline.

3. The Social Sciences

The social sciences studying the human nature and behavior as well as their relation with the societies. The main disciplines falls under this category are: Psychology, economy and sociology. Have a look on below picture; it will help you to understand the relationship of branch chemistry with other disciples of science.

Chemistry books

Chemistry is one of my favorite subjects. Now I am going to share some famous and best reading text-books of Chemistry. You can download or buy these books, I am sure it will be worth reading Chemistry books.

1. An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological

It is a precise and easy Chemistry book to understand written by Karen C. Timberlake. As form the name of book, you have got an idea about the content of this book. This book of Chemistry is all about the organic area of Chemistry as well the biological Chemistry. This book has revealed the relation of Chemistry with health and environment.

2. A Molecular Approach (4th Edition)

This is the book of Chemistry, many institutes loved to recommend to their students. The written by if this book is Nivaldo J. Tro. It is generally a well written book, and got very fame. The written by explained about the data interpretation and analyses. It gives the digital and analytical experience to students.

3. Chemistry For Dummies

Let’s talk about another impressive Chemistry book written by John T. Moore. This book explains all the chemical reaction happening in the formation of soap, oil and soda. This book provides insight study of chemical methods, techniques, basic principles and fundamental concepts of Chemistry. The language used also very simple and easy to understand for students.

Few other Chemistry books

Some other famous Chemistry Books are:

Popular Books of Chemistry
No.	Book Name	Author
1	Napoleon's Buttons: How 17 Molecules Changed History	Penny Le Couteur
2	The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe	Theodore Gray
3	The Poisoner's Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in Jazz Age New York	Deborah Blum
4	Uncle Tungsten	Oliver Sacks
5	General Chemistry	Linus Pauling
6	A Chemical History of a Candle	Michael Faraday
7	A Short History of Nearly Everything	Bill Bryson
8	The 13th Element: The Sordid Tale of Murder, Fire, and Phosphorus	John Emsley
9	Blue Dreams: The Science and the Story of the Drugs that Changed Our Minds	Lauren Slater
10	The Disappearing Spoon: And Other True Tales of Madness, Love, and the History of the World from the Periodic Table of the Elements	Sam Kean
11	Molecules: The Elements and the Architecture of Everything	Theodore Gray
12	Chemistry of Space	David E. Newton
13	Periodic Tales: The Curious Lives of the Elements	Hugh Aldersey-Williams
14	Ingredients: A Visual Exploration of 75 Additives & 25 Food Products	Steve Ettlinger
15	The Alchemy of Air: A Jewish Genius, a Doomed Tycoon, and the Scientific Discovery That Fed the World but Fueled the Rise of Hitler	Thomas Hager
16	Theo Gray's Mad Science: Experiments You Can Do at Home - But Probably Shouldn't	Theodore Gray
17	The Double Helix	James D. Watson
18	Oxygen: The Molecule That Made the World	Nick Lane
19	Connecting the Drops: A Citizens' Guide to Protecting Water Resources	Karen Schneller-McDonald
20	Uranium: War, Energy and the Rock That Shaped the World	Tom Zoellner
21	Choked: Life and Breath in the Age of Air Pollution	Beth Gardiner
22	What Einstein Told His Cook: Kitchen Science Explained	Robert L. Wolke
23	Bottled Lightning: Superbatteries, Electric Cars, and the New Lithium Economy	Seth Fletcher
24	Strange Chemistry: The Stories Your Chemistry Teacher Wouldn't Tell You	Steven Farmer
25	The Electric Life of Michael Faraday	Alan W. Hirshfeld

Popular Chemists of All Times

There is a long list of famous scientist whom contributed the field of Chemistry. Let’s have a look of top chemists and their achievements below:

Famous Chemists
No.	Chemists Name	Achievement
1.	Amedeo Avogadro	First time give the idea about elements can exist in molecular form, as well as individual form. Also give Avogadro’s law.
2.	Jacob Berzelius	He is the founder of measurement of atomic weights of chemicals. He also revealed new elements i.e. thorium, cerium &. selenium
3.	Niels Bohr	He discovered the theory of quantum mechanics when he observed electrons orbiting around the shell.
4.	Robert Boyle	He founded the two sub-fields of chemistry, named as alchemy and mysticism. He also discovered many elements, defined them. He invented the Boyle’s law also known as first gas law.
5.	Lawrence Bragg	He invented the position of different atoms using x-ray diffraction in solids.
6.	Hennig Brand	He founded the elements, phosphorus. And was the first scientist in chemistry history, discovered the chemical element.
7.	Georg Brandt	He is the first Chemists who discovered the new metal ‘cobalt’. He proposed the theories for people of making gold.
8.	Robert Bunsen	He invented the following elements (cesium & rubidium). He also discovered the zinc & carbon batteries, he was the inventor of flash positioning. He also proposed hoe the geysers works.
10.	Marie Curie	He invented the radium and polonium elements. He gives s important information about radioactivity and radioactive elements. He first time performed the tumour treatment using radiations.
11.	John Dalton	He gives the Dalton’s theory, considered as the base of Chemistry. Moreover, discovered Gay-Lussac’s law with respect to volume, temp & pressure of gas.
12.	Democritus	He proposed the atomic theory about the motion interaction of tiny particles. He did search and study on the starts and their milky appearance.
13.	Empedocles	He gives the natural sciences theories, invented four elements.
14.	Michael Faraday	He invented the electromagnetic induction. More he discovered the Faradays law, link between the magnetism & light. He also explains the first room temp of a gas. And discovered benzene.
15.	Rosalind Franklin	He gives the experimental data about the DNA structure. He also discovered the two forms of DNA.
16.	Willard Gibbs	He invented the vector concept and modern science. He also focused on chemical thermodynamics.
17.	George de Hevesy	He discovered 72 elements. He also invented pioneered isotopes to find the chemicals process as well as biological one. He discovered about animals and plant utilization of chemical elements as nutrients.
18.	Fred Hoyle	He invented the naturally founded elements. And set them on the periodic table.

Few remarkable Chemists

Here's the list of few other remarkable Chemists:

Natalie Ahn, American.
English Chemist, A. Aikin.
H. C. Allen, American.
German Chemist, R. Abegg.
German Chemist, F. Accum.
American expert, J. Alexander.
Swedish Chemist, S. Arrhenius.
American Chemist, P. Agre.
American Chemist, A. Almutairi.
American Chemist, H. Burton Adkins.
Kuwaiti Chemist, F. Al-Kharafi.
American Chemist, L. A. Cohen.
American Chemist, E. Lucille Allen.
S. Altman won Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
V.Ashby, American.
Fr. W.Aston won Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
G. L. Anderson, American.
Australian Chemist, A. Albert.
B. Christian won Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
American Chemist, A. J. Arduengo.
American Chemist, B. Askins.
German chemists, G. Agricola.
Dutch Chemist, A. Eduard van Arkel.
Physical English Chemist, J. Albery.
Brazilian Chemist, O. A. Ceva Antunes.
American N. Chemist, L. B. Asprey.
Italian Chemist, A. Angeli.
Johan August A., Swedish Chemist.
German Chemist, K. Alder.
Swedish Chemist, Ka.Aurivillius.
English Chemist, F. Abel.

I hope this article will be helpful for you all to understand the basics of chemistry, its branches, importance, and famous books & chemists of all times. Try to read the refer books above for more knowledge, those are really worth reading.

What is Raspberry Pi Pico? Pinout, Specs, Projects & Datasheet

Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. In this post today, we’ll study What is Raspberry Pi Pico? We’ll also detail Raspberry Pi Pico Pinout, Specs, Projects & Datasheet. Raspberry Pi Pico is a little different from other modules introduced by Raspberry Pi Foundation. This unit is similar to Arduino Nano and is called a microcontroller board that incorporates a powerful RP2040 chip. This is different from other single-board computers that fall under the Raspberry Pi series. It is not a computer but a microcontroller board. I suggest you buckle up as I’ll explain Raspberry Pi Pico in detail. Let’s get started.

What is Raspberry Pi Pico?

Raspberry Pi Pico is a microcontroller board (released on 21 Jan 2021) mainly developed for robotics and embedded applications. Unlike other Raspberry Pi modules, this board is not a full computer.
Pico is the most economical board among other Raspberry Pi modules. At the time of writing this article, you can get this device in only $4 which is a cost-effective solution to your electronic needs.
This tiny board incorporates 26 GPIO pins that you can configure either as an input or as output. Moreover, RP2040 is added to the board that is considered as the first in-house microcontroller introduced by Raspberry Pi.

Mostly the RP2040 microcontroller pins are taken to the user IO pins on the right and left edge of the module. While four RP2040 IO are employed for internal functions i.e. on-board Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS), driving an LED, power control, and sensing the system voltages.

Dual-core Arm Cortex-M0+ processor is added to the board that comes with flexible clock frequency up to 133 MHz. This frequency is required for the synchronization of all internal functions. The SRAM of this unit is 264KB and flash memory is 2MB that is employed to store different files.
Pico board comes with an on-board buck-boost SMPS that can produce the desired 3.3 volts (to power RP2040 and external circuitry) through a range of input voltages (~1.8 to 5.5V).
This way you can power the module with different flexible sources including 3 AA cells in series and lithium-Ion cell. Furthermore, you can easily integrate battery chargers with the Pico power chain.
This module comes with different communication protocols including 2x I2C, 2x SPI, and 2x UART which are employed to develop the connection with the external devices. Moreover, there are 16 controllable PWM channels and three 12-bit ADC incorporated on the board.
The MicroPython is the official language supported for this module, however, you can also write codes in C or C++, but the former is officially recommended.
As mentioned earlier this unit is more like a microcontroller board, it lacks Ethernet and HDMI that are included in other Pi modules like Raspberry Pi 4.
There is one micro-USB port included in this module. Moreover, there is no wireless or Bluetooth added to this module.
Know that, header pins can be soldered to the Pico module that you can use in a breadboard.

Raspberry Pi Pico Pinout

The following figure shows the Raspberry Pi Pico pinout.

Raspberry Pi Pico Pin Description

Hope you’ve got a brief intro to the Raspberry Pi Pico. This section is reserved for the description of each pin incorporated into this single-board computer.

Power and Ground in RPi Pico

This board comes with four types of power pins.

PIN40 VBUS (USB input voltage, typically 5V)

PIN39 VSYS (used to the power system, can be in range 1.8V-5.5V)
PIN36 3V3 offers 3.3V

Total eight ground pins on board that provide 0V.

GPIO Pins in Raspberry Pi Pico

There are 26 multifunction GPIO pins employed for connection with external devices. These pins are used either as general-purpose input or general-purpose output pins. Moreover, there are 3 analog inputs among these GPIO pins.

SPI Pins in Raspberry Pi Pico

There are two SPI (serial peripheral interface) communication protocols are included in this Raspberry Pi Pico module. This protocol is used to develop the communication between the controller and other peripheral devices like shift registers and sensors.

There are two pins for SPI communication… i.e. MOSI (master output slave input) and MISO (master input slave output). This communication protocol falls under master-slave communication protocol.

I2C Pins in Raspberry Pi Pico

There are two I2C communication protocols included in this module. This protocol contains two pins SDL and SCL.

The SCL is the serial clock line that guarantees the synchronization of data transfer over the I2C bus while the SDL, on the other hand, is the serial data pin that contains the data while.

UART Pins in Raspberry Pi Pico

The Raspberry Pi Pico contains two UART serial communication protocols. The UART serial port carries two pins Rx and Tx.
The Rx is the receiving pin that guarantees the receiving of serial data and the Tx is the transmission pin that ensures the transmission of serial data.

Raspberry Pi Pico Datasheet

Before applying this module to your electrical project, it’s wise to read the Raspberry Pi Pico datasheet. The datasheet explains the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the Raspberry Pi Pico datasheet.

Raspberry Pi Pico Specs

The following are the Raspberry Pi Pico specs.

21 mm × 51 mm form factor
Comes with 26 multifunction GPIO pins, including 3 analog inputs
Features Dual-core Arm Cortex-M0+ processor, the flexible clock running up to 133 MHz
The on-chop SRAM is 264KB
Low-power sleep and dormant modes
Operating temperature range -20°C to +85°C
RP2040 microcontroller chip designed by Raspberry Pi in the UK
Features 2 × SPI controllers, 2 × UART, 2 × I2C protocols, 16 × PWM channels
Can support input power 1.8–5.5V DC
Contains 1 × USB 1.1 controller and PHY, with host and device support
On-board QSPI Flash is 2MB
Drag-and-drop programming using mass storage over USB
8 × Programmable I/O (PIO) state machines for custom peripheral support
Accurate on-chip clock
Accelerated integer and floating-point libraries on-chip
The castellated module allows soldering directly to carrier boards
Temperature sensor

Raspberry Pi Pico vs Arduino

Before the arrival of Arduino Pi Pico, there was a stark difference between Raspberry Pi and Arduino modules. The former is a single-board computer that can perform some typical functions like a regular computer while the latter is a module based on a microcontroller that uses one program at a time.
However, with the inception of Raspberry Pi Pico in 2021 that incorporates RP2040 SoC, which is a microcontroller, the difference between these two modules is not extensive anymore. Because like Arduino, Raspberry Pi Pico is a board based on a microcontroller.
Both Arduino and Raspberry Pi Pico units are introduced for the embedded system and automation applications that don’t involve human interference once the module is interfaced with the electronic circuitry. You can use Pico alone or with the combination with Arduino modules to develop different projects related to Artificial Intelligence.

Million of Arduino Units have been sold since its inception in 2005. The Pico is recently introduced in the market by Raspberry Pi Foundation and the response it earned from the targeted audience is amazing. Both modules are different in terms of power consumption, value, functionality, and price.
The Pico module supports the MicroPython language while the code for Arduino boards is written in Arduino.IDE software.

There is another difference between Pico and Arduino boards that the former comes unsoldered while the latter comes pre-soldered except DIP Arduino boards like Nano 33 IoT and Arduino Nano Every. This is, however, not a big deal as you can solder your pins to the Pico board with the soldering iron.
So which one to use… Pico or Arduino?
Pico stays ahead of Arduino in terms of ease of use, price, documentation, and an amazing selection of GPIO pins. At $4 you’ll get the tiny module that you can use for your microcontroller projects.

Raspberry Pi Pico Applications

The following are the Raspberry Pi Pico Applications.

Arduino Metal Detector
Real-Time Face Detection
Medical Instruments
Android Applications
GSM Based Projects
Industrial Automation
Virtual Reality Applications
Embedded Systems
Home Automation and Defense Systems
Automation and Robotics

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve enjoyed reading this article. If you have any questions you can pop your comment in the section below. I’m happy and willing to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we. They help us produce quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading this article.

What is IGBT? Full Form, Pinout, Meaning, Symbol & Working

Departments:

Softwares:

Proteus

Hi Guys! Hope you’re well. In this post today, we’ll cover What is IGBT? We’ll also discuss IGBT Full Form, Pinout, Meaning, Symbol & Working.

BJT (bipolar junction transistor) and MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) are commonly used electronic switches that we’ve already studied in detail. These devices are useful when you deal with low-current applications, however, when it comes to high-current applications, these devices don’t work as expected. This is where the IGBT transistor comes in handy. This device is a combination of both BJT and MOSFET and stands fit for high-current applications. In this post, we’ll cover What is IGBT in detail. Let’s get started:

1. What is IGBT?

IGBT is a three-pin device made of semiconductor material and is used for fast-switching applications. It comes with input characteristics of the MOSFETs and output characteristics of the BJT.

IGBT Full Form

IGBT stands for Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor.

IGBT Symbol

The following figure shows the IGBT symbol.

You can see from the symbol that IGBT is a combination of both MOSFET and BJT.

IGBT Pinout

The following figure shows the IGBT Pinout.

IGBT Meaning

The Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor comes with the insulated gate from the MOSFET at the input with the conventional bipolar transistor at the output. The emitter and collector terminals are the conduction pins of the IGBT. While the gate terminal at the input is the control terminal. The conduction is controlled by the gate terminal.

The insulated gate bipolar transistor comes with current and voltage ratings similar to that of the bipolar junction transistors… when IGBT is used as a static controlled switch. But what makes IGBT a simpler device compared to BJT is the inclusion of an isolated gate terminal from the MOSFET. The IGBT consumes less power in the presence of an isolated gate terminal.

2. IGBT Working

Like MOSFETs, IGBT is a voltage-controlled device which means the only small voltage is required at the gate terminal to initiate the conduction process. IGBT can switch current from collector to emitter terminal which means it can switch in the forward direction only.

The following figure shows the IGBT switching circuit. In this case, a small voltage is applied at the gate terminal which results in the switching of the motor from a positive supply. The resistor is included to control the current passing through the motor.
The graph below shows the IGBT input characteristics. It is a graph between the voltage applied at the gate terminal vs current passing through the collector terminal.

No current will flow through the IGBT when there is no voltage applied at the gate pin. In this case, the transistor will remain turned off. However, when voltage is applied at the gate terminal, the current will remain zero for a little while. When the voltage exceeds the threshold voltage, the device will start conducting and current will flow from collector to emitter terminal.
The graph below shows the IGBT output characteristics. This is a graph between the voltage at the collector and emitter terminals vs current passing through the collector terminal.

This graph contains three stages. The first one is the cut-off region when there is no voltage applied at the gate terminal. At this stage, the transistor will remain turned off and there will be no current flowing through the transistor.
When the voltage at the gate terminal increases, and if it stays below the threshold voltage, it will result in the small leakage current flowing through the device but the device will remain in the cut off region.
However, when the applied voltage at the gate terminal exceeds the threshold voltage the device will move to the active region and in this case, a significant current will flow from collector to emitter terminal.
At this stage, applied voltage and resulting current will be directly proportional to each other. More voltage will result in more current flow at the collector terminal.

3. IGBT Modules

IGBT is used in a range of electronic switching applications where both BJT and MOSFET fail to deliver the desired results in high current applications. This hybrid combination of two transistors features voltage-controlled characteristics like MOSFETs and conduction and switching characteristics like BJT. The IGBT devices are divided into two main types.

Non-Punch Through IGBT [NPT-IGBT]
Punch Through [PT-IGBT]

Let’s discuss them one by one.

1. Non-Punch Through IGBT [NPT-IGBT]

These IGBTs are also called symmetrical devices. The IGBT transistors that come with an n+ buffer layer are called Punch Through-IGBT (PT-IGBT)
They are called symmetrical devices because both reverse and forward breakdown voltages are the same in this case. They are more thermally stable and more rugged in short-circuit failure mode.

Moreover, the changing temperature won’t have a significant effect on turn-off loss i.e. it remains unchanged with temperature. And the P-layer (collector side) is highly doped in Non-Punch Through IGBT.
They are developed with less expensive diffusion process technology, making them ideal choices for AC circuits. Plus, the structure of NPT ensures the bidirectional blocking capability in these devices. The N base is thick in this case.

2. Punch Through [PT-IGBT]

These IGBTs are also called asymmetrical devices. They are called asymmetrical because here forward breakdown voltage is more than the reverse breakdown voltage.
These devices are less thermally stable and less rugged in short-circuit failure mode. And in this case, turn-off loss is directly proportional to temperature, it increases significantly with the increase in temperature.
These IGBTs are manufactured using an expensive N-epitaxial water process. They contain a thin N base and the PT structure comes with lower reverse blocking capability.
They are widely used in DC circuits where the voltage support in the reverse direction is not needed by the device.

4. IGBT vs MOSFET

Both IGBT and MOSFETs are transistors and voltage-controlled devices but they are different in terms of composition and performance.
IGBT is composed of collector, emitter, and gate pins, whereas MOSFET, on the other hand, is made of the drain, source, and gate terminals. IGBT is better than MOSFETs in terms of performance.
IGBT needs an extra freewheeling diode to drive the current in a reverse direction. The inclusion of this freewheeling diode makes this device the best pick for high voltage applications.

IGBT is preferred for high voltage (more than 1000V), low frequency (Less than 20 kHz), small or narrow load or line variations; high operating temperature; low duty cycle, and, more than 5kw output power rating applications.
MOSFET, on the other hand, is preferred for large duty cycles, wide load or line variations, high frequency (more than 200KHz), and low voltage (Less than 250V) applications.
After the MOSFET, the IGBT is widely employed in electronic devices. The IGBT covers 27% of the power transistor market.
The greater power gain and lower input losses of IGBT make this device preferable over both MOSFETs and BJT. You’ll find high-voltage and high-current bipolar transistors in the market, but they come with one drawback.
Their switching speed is not so good, they take time to switch the devices. Similarly, MOSFETs alone have high switching speeds, no doubt. But high-current and high-voltage MOSFET components are too expensive compared to IGBT.

5. IGBT Inverter

The IGBT transistors are employed in VFD (variable frequency drive) inverter modules as the high power electronic switch due to the following reasons.

It carries a high current-carrying capacity. Some IGBT devices come with a maximum rated collector current Ic (max) of around 100A. And if this fails to meet the requirement, two or more IGBTs can be combined to meet the purpose.
IGBTs come with the open circuit rated collector voltage up to 1.6kV. This explains there are devices preferable for functions off rectified three and single phase mains… ranging from 110Vac to 690Vac.

An IGBT contains a high impedance gate terminal which projects it is technically simple to control the device by controlling the gate terminal.

The low conduction losses of the IGBT ensure a low on-state voltage.
Recall, the IGBT carries a fast switching speed. This means you can achieve high switching frequencies with reduced switching losses that play a key role in motor noise and harmonic reduction.
The IGBT carries a wide Reverse Bias Safe Operating Area (RBSOA) that explains it is comparatively secured against load short circuits.

Know that the properties mentioned above may affect each other. An IGBT, for example, often comes with a very fast switching speed that guarantees higher on-state saturation voltage - that is a property of the manufacturing method. So this sets the trade-off between conduction losses and switching losses. This explains that for a large high-power VFD, you may require to pick slower devices with quite low saturation voltage, to minimize the total losses. Moreover, you can reduce switching losses by working with a lower modulation frequency.

6. IGBT Applications

The combination of high switching speed like MOSFETs and low conduction loss like BJT will result in developing the optimal solid-state of IGBT, making it a suitable pick for a range of applications. The following are the IGBT applications.

Used in AC and DC motor drives
Employed in Unregulated Power Supply (UPS)
Used in Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS)
Used in electric cars and plasma physics
Employed in traction motor control and induction heating
Incorporated in inverters, converters, and power supplies

That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. If you have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below. I’m happy and willing to assist you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback around the content we share so we keep coming back with quality content tailored to your needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Hot Engineering Developments in Additive Manufacturing

By 2027, the global additive manufacturing market is predicted to surpass USD 26.68 billion, showcasing an impressive growth rate of 14.4 percent, according to Reports and Data. As more benefits of additive manufacturing come to light like its flexible design and shorter production cycles, the industry has been tipped to be on the fast track to widespread adoption. Industries like the aerospace, medical, and automotive industries have all embraced 3D printing and the use of metals like alloy, titanium, and more recently, copper, to manufacture innovative and high-performance parts. This has also caused a spike in interest in the engineering sector, with more people pursuing an engineering degree. With the industry set to take off in the coming months, companies are investing more time, money, and resources into finding ways to expand the use of metals in additive manufacturing- starting with these recent notable developments.

Precision Metal Additive Technology

A few days ago, Mantle remerged onto the market with its new True-shape 3D printing technology aimed at reducing the manufacturing time in the tooling sector. The company has great success with its mould and additive technology so far. According to a global appliance manufacturer, the use of a Mantle mould resulted in 67 percent fewer costs and a 70 percent reduction in production time. It is hoped that the new Trushape hybrid metal printing technology will yield the same results for the tooling industry by reducing the time between developing and procuring tools using flowable metal paste such as steel.

3D Printing And Additives In Metal Fabrication

Additive manufacturing is also being used in sheet metal fabrication. Different grades of titanium metal sheet have been used in additive manufacturing by many industries including the aerospace industry for rotors and compressors, along with the medical industry for the manufacturing of orthopedic implants. A few years ago, automotive manufacturer General Motors also garnered a lot of interest when it unveiled a 3D printed seat bracket, made from stainless steel. This kick-started a conversation on how useful and feasible additive manufacturing would be in some industries such as automotive manufacturing. Some manufacturers have chosen to go ahead with exploring its use. This year, the Bugatti Bolide will hit the market and includes 3D printed titanium and carbon fiber throughout its body. Competitor, Chevrolet already uses 75 printed parts in its Corvette models but its use in the industry remains questionable when it comes to mass production. Additive Manufacturing Suppliers Continue To Extend Their Metal Offerings To Include Copper. Traditionally, additive manufacturing systems were limited to the use of metals such as bronze, steel, and titanium. However, a leading supplier of additive manufacturing systems, Digital Metal, announced the addition of copper to its range of material offerings. The addition of pure copper bodes well for those in the electronics, engine manufacturing, and copper alloys industry, thanks to its proven heat conductivity and antibacterial properties. The copper additive market has been rapidly expanding in recent months, thanks to increased demand. The thermal induction properties of copper and design freedom that additive manufacturing provides, means this new addition has the potential to be widely adopted across both automotive and aerospace industries.

Industrialization Of Additive Manufacturing

In the past years, the use of additive manufacturing has been mainly aimed at the development of prototypes or customized machinery parts. For instance, NASA’s Rapid Analysis and Manufacturing Propulsion Technology (RAMPT) initiative rely on the use of additive manufacturing and 3D printing to print customized rocket parts using metal powder and blown powder directed energy deposition. Time and cost roadblocks have hindered the increased industrialization of AD across many other industries. Now, with projections from Siemens and other companies estimating that additive manufacturing will become 50 percent cheaper and 400 percent faster by 2023, companies are exploring potential partnerships to achieve industrialization. Emerging partnerships like the recent collaboration between AMEXCI and SLM Solutions, are driving the widespread adoption of additive manufacturing in the industrial arena. According to the agreement, AMEXCI will evaluate the use of SLM’s NXG XII 600 for industrialized series production. The exploration of SLM Solution’s SLM500, the first quad laser system on the market, is also expected with the companies set to consider how the machine can help in the rapid production of metal parts. With the market for additive manufacturing materials and printing set to surpass $25 billion by 2022, it comes as no surprise that industries are moving towards exploring associated operating models. These developments in the additive manufacturing and engineering industries are just a glimpse of the progress that is set to come shortly. With more being discovered about the potential of metals and additive manufacturing every day, there are ample opportunities for both companies and individuals in the engineering sector.

What is Raspberry Pi 4? Pinout, Specs, Projects & Datasheet

Hi Folks! I welcome you on board. Today, I am sharing the 2nd tutorial in the Raspberry Pi 4 learning series. In this post today, we’ll cover What is Raspberry Pi 4? Raspberry Pi 4 Pinout, Specs, Projects, Datasheet etc.

Raspberry Pi 4 is a tiny dual-display single-board computer, developed by Raspberry Pi Foundation. This foundation has introduced a series of Raspberry Pi boards to teach computer basics in schools. With Raspberry Pi 4, you can control two monitors at once. Moreover, it is incorporated with a quad-core processor that is powerful and comes with more speed compared to its predecessors. I suggest you read this post till the end as I’ll cover Raspberry Pi 4 in detail. Let’s get started.

What is Raspberry Pi 4?

Raspberry Pi 4 is a dual-display, single-board computer (introduced on 24th June 2019) and is widely used in automation and robotics. It is highly economical and has a leg over previous modules in terms of speed and performance.
This module is tiny, robust, and can fit into difficult-to-reach places. It is laced with GPIO pins and can be employed for several typical computer operations i.e. surfing the web, writing programs, computing complex equations etc.
Raspberry Pi 4 features Gigabit Ethernet, coupled with Bluetooth(BLE) and onboard wireless networking.
This device comes with a powerful and efficient 1.5GHz quad-core processor which is considered the brain of this device. It features everything needed to process input/output and store information.

The CPU clock frequency of this machine is 1.5GHz which plays a key role in the synchronization of internal functions.
This module is available with variants of RAM including 1GB, 2GB, 4GB and 8GB which you can select based on your requirements. The RAM temporarily stores the information and with the removal of the power supply from the module, this memory is also wiped off, the reason it is called volatile memory.
Two mini HDMI ports are available on the board. These ports are employed for transmitting audio and video signal between devices.
This machine supports different communication protocols including I2C, SPI, and UART which are used to lay out the communication with external devices.
Raspberry Pi 4 comes with three USB ports out of which one is a USB-C power port used to power up the module. While others are USB 2.0 and USB 3.0 ports .
In these USB ports, you can connect external peripheral devices like mice, webcams, and keyboards for additional functionality.
Using this tiny computer you can make a range of embedded projects. Just connect this module with the computer through the USB port and start playing with it as you like better.
Raspberry Pi 4 is normally used in Robotics, IoT and Embedded Projects.

Raspberry Pi 4 Pinout

The following figure represents the Raspberry Pi 4 pinout:

Raspberry Pi 4 Pin Description

This was the little intro to the Raspberry Pi 4. In this section, we’ll cover the description of each pin incorporated into this tiny module.

Power and Ground in RPi4

This board comes with three types of power pins.

5V
3V3 (3.3V)
Ground (0V)

For example, if you have PIR or humidity sensors, you can use these power pins to power up those sensors.

GPIO Pins in Raspberry Pi 4

GPIO pins are general-purpose input/output pins that are used for connection with external devices. These pins can be configured to either general-purpose input or general-purpose output pins or as one of up to six special settings those functions are pin-dependent.

External labels (from GPIO2 to GPIO27) come with the Broadcom (BCM) naming convention. This convention is useful when you are going to program with Python libraries.
Internal labels (from 1 to 40) project the Board naming convention. This convention is useful when BCM is not supported. It is used with some programming libraries.

SPI Pins in Raspberry Pi 4

This Raspberry Pi 4 module comes with SPI (serial peripheral interface) communication protocol. This is the type of communication protocol that is used for master-slave communication.
It is employed to layout the communication between the controller and other peripheral devices like shift registers and sensors. Two Pins are used for SPI communication… i.e. MOSI (master output slave input) and MISO (master input slave output)

The data synchronization is done by using a clock (SCLK at GPIO11) from the master (RPi) and the data is conveyed to the SPI component from the module using the MOSI pin. If the component needs to reply to our module, then it sends back data through the MISO pin.

I2C Pins in Raspberry Pi 4

This RPi4 module is incorporated with the I2C communication protocol. That comes with two pins SDL and SCL.
The SCL is the serial clock line that ensures the synchronization of data transfer over the I2C bus and the SDL is the serial data pin that carries the data while. This communication protocol requires master-slave roles between the devices.

UART Pins in Raspberry Pi 4

This board also features UART serial communication protocol. The UART serial port comes with two pins Rx and Tx.
The Tx is the transmission pin that is used for the transmission of serial data and Rx is the receiving pin that guarantees the receiving of serial data.

Raspberry Pi 4 Datasheet

Before incorporating this device into your project, it’s wise to scan through the Raspberry Pi 4 datasheet. The datasheet comes with the main characteristics of the device. You can download the Raspberry Pi 4 datasheet by clicking the link below.

Raspberry Pi 4 Specs

The following are the specs of Raspberry Pi 4.

Comes with Broadcom BCM2711, Quad-core Cortex-A72 (ARM v8) 64-bit SoC 1.5GHz processor
4 GHz and 5.0 GHz IEEE 802.11ac wireless, Bluetooth 5.0, BLE
Carries Gigabit Ethernet to connect computers in physical space
RAM is available with different memories. Pick from 2GB, 4GB, or 8GB LPDDR4-3200 SDRAM (depending on model)
2-lane MIPI DSI display port
2-lane MIPI CSI camera port
One USB 3.0 port; One USB 2.0 port and One USB-C power port.
2 × micro-HDMI ports that can support a 4K display

4-pole stereo audio and composite video port
H264 (1080p60 decode, 1080p30 encode), H.265 (4kp60 decode)
OpenGL ES 3.0 graphics
Raspberry Pi standard 40-pin GPIO header (which is compatible with previous modules)
Contains a Micro-SD card slot for loading the operating system and data storage
5V DC via GPIO header (minimum 3A*)
Power over Ethernet (PoE) enabled (requires separate PoE HAT)
Operating temperature: 0 – 50 degrees C ambient
5V DC via USB-C connector (minimum 3A*)

Difference between Raspberry Pi Zero and Raspberry Pi 4

You’ll find a range of tiny computers in the Raspberry series. They are used to develop embedded systems and automation projects.
Raspberry Pi Zero is the earlier version of the Raspberry Pi series that was introduced in Nov 2015. This machine is incorporated with a single-core 1GHz processor with no Ethernet and WiFi modules on the board. Moreover, there is only one mini HDMI port available on the board. And the RAM of this module is 512MB.
While Raspberry Pi 4 is the advanced version of the Raspberry Pi series and was introduced in June 2019. It is better in terms of speed and performance compared to the Pi Zero module.

RPi4 features a quad-core dual display processor with a CPU clock speed of 1.5GHz. Plus, it also incorporates an Ethernet port which is the traditional way to connect devices in a wired local area network (LAN) or wide area network (WAN), allowing devices to communicate with each other via a protocol. An Ethernet is a physical wire on which the data is transmitted.
Raspberry Pi 4 comes with two HDMI ports that can support two 4K displays. Plus, the RAM of this module comes in variant i.e. pick from 1GB, 2GB, and 4GB LPDDR4.

Raspberry Pi 4 Applications

The following are the Raspberry Pi 4 Applications.

Used in making a portable game console
Employed in-network Ad-blocker
Used in Airplay speaker
Used in wearable timelapse camera
Incorporated in-home network music system
Used in embedded system IoT projects
Employed in making guitar pedal
Used in making FPV robot
Incorporated in WiFi security camera

That’s all for today. This was all about the Raspberry Pi 4 module. If you have any questions you can pop your comment in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share so we keep producing quality content tailored to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading this post.

What is Physics? Definition, Branches, Books and Scientists

Hello Friends! I hope you all are doing well. Today, I am going to give you a very basic and detailed tutorial on What is Physics? We will also discuss Physics branches, popular Physics books, famous physicians, great inventions in the field of Physics etc. When I was thinking of writing this tutorial on Physics, the first thing came to my mind was "Big Bang Theory" (the TV show, not the event itself). Sheldon was a Physicist & in season finale, he won Nobel Prize in Physics for super asymmetry. In the 19th century, scientists have divided Physical Sciences in 5 major sections:

Physics.
Chemistry.
Metorology.
Astronomy.
Geology.

Physics is considered as the most important branch of Science & mainly focuses on energy & matter. Let's discuss in detail: What is Physics?

What is Physics?

Fundamentaly, this universe is divided into 3 main categories, named as:

Extremely-Large matter: It involves planets, galaxies etc.
Extremely-Small matter: It involves micro-structures i.e. electrons, neutrons, protons etc.
Middle-Sized matter: It involves wide range of matter ranging from small objects to Earth itself.

Physics is all about this middle-sized matter & their energies. In physics, we analyse all naturally occuring processes/laws and their effects on matter i.e. motion laws, space & time quantum, forces holding objects together, transmission of energy, physical properties, compositions of different matter etc. So, now let's have a look at a proper Physics Definition:

Physics Definition

Physics(originated from Latin word Physica means ‘natural thing’) is a field of science, mainly focuses on matter & energy and the relationship between them.
It provides the mathematical formulas for all natural activities happening on our planet earth.
Physcics involves the study of all natural laws defined for matters or forces i.e. heat, light, magnetism, sound, nuclear etc.
Physics is considered as the most fundamental branch of science and is divided into numerous sub-branches.
Physics has also provided many fundamental laws which formulated the basis of other science branches.

Physics Overlapping

Physics has also overlapped with other fundamental branches of science & formulated new advanced branches, few of them are:
- BioPhysics.
- AstroPhysics.
- Physical Chemistry.
- Health Physics.

Now, let's answer this question: Why is Physics important?

Why is Physics important?

Plysics plays an important role in improving our everyday life. If we look around, we will find application of Physics in almost every thing. Our transport system is the foremost application of Physics as it involves inertial laws, thermodynamics knowledge, vehicle's structure etc. We have seen a rapid growth in science which has become possible mainly because of Physics. Let's have a look at few important daily life fields using Physics Laws:

Transportantion vehicles.
Irrigation systems.
Home appliances.
Communication systems.
Measuing Instruments.
Medical Equipments.
Weather Forcasting.
Defensive Systems.
Nuclear Energy.
Space Travel.

Branches of Physics

As we have discussed, physics deals with middle-sized matter so its applications range from a simple tyre to nuclear energy and thus it is further divided into several branches. Few of Physics branches are as follows:

1. Mechanics

It deals with motion of objects, why & how is motion produced in different objects and what are the effects of different types of motions.

2. Thermodynamics

It deals with heat energy, how is heat transffered from one object to another and effects generated by heat.

3. Sound

It studies the physcial behavior of sound energy, how is it produced, travelled and transformed.

4. Light (Optics)

It studies the physical behavior of Light energy, how is it produced, travelled and transformed.

5. Electricity & Magnetism

It studies the physical behavior of electrical charges i.e. either moving or at rest, alongwith its relationship with magnetism.

6. Atomic Physics

It deals with the study of physical structure & activities of atoms.

7. Nuclear Physics

It deals with the study of nuclei & the energy it releases under different circumstances.

8. GeoPhysics

It studies the structure, behavior, forces etc. related to Earth.

9. Biophysics

It is the deep experimental study of biological problems using laws of physics.
One of the outstanding and remarkable discoveries happened under this branch is the DNA structure by James Watson.

10. Astrophysics

It deals with the study of universe i.e. planet, galaxies, and stars using laws of physics.

Other Physics Branches

Few other physics branches are as follows:

Cosmology
Plasma Physics
Condensed Matter
General physics
Optics & Lasers
Mathematical Physics
Nonlinear Dynamics.
Quantum Mechanics
Mathematical Methods
Statistical Mechanics and Entropy
Numerical Methods or Simulations
Classical Mechanics
Nuclear Physics
Atomic Physics
Astronomy
Special Relativity
Fluid Dynamics
General Relativity

Popular Books of Physics

Although numerous books have been publised, discussed difference aspects of Physics or Physicists. Here I have mentioned two of my favorite Physics books:

1. What is Real?

What is Real? This Physics book tells the gripping stories about the ideology and the courage of physicists, who stand up for the truth.

2. For the Love of physics

This book provides the wide range of information about different energies and its forms.

Few other Physics Books

Some other famous physics books are listed below:

You have changed my life.
The Feynman Lectures on Physics.
Physics of the Impossible.
Seven Brief Lessons on Physics.
The Physics of Time.
Relativity: The Special and the General Theory.
Astrophysics for People in a Hurry.
The Universe in a Nutshell.
The Strange Theory of Light and Matter.
A Brief History of Time.

Greatest Physics Scientists(Physicists) of all Times

Physics has evolved with time. There's a long list of real world heroes, who have made Physics their passion and because of their fruitful efforts, today we have lucuries in our lives. Let's have a look at few of world's greatest physicists:

Greatest Physics Scientists(Physicists) of all Times
No.	Physicist Name	Achievement
1	Albert Einstein	Theory of Relativity(E=mc²), Quantum light theory, Avogadro's Number etc.
2	Isaac Newton	Laws of motion, Gravitational force etc.
3	Nikola Tesla	Worked mostly in Electrical Energy.
4	William Gilbert	Proposed that Earth is a giant magnet.
5	Willbrod Snell	Laws of refraction i.e. Snell's Laws.
6	Galileo Galilei	worked in astrophysics.
7	Blaise Pascal	Famous for Pascal's Laws.
8	Daniel Bernoulli	Famous for Bernoulli's Theorem. (Fluid Flow)
9	Christiaan	Famous for Hagen’s Principle. (Geometrical Theory for Light)
10	Benjamin Franklin	He discovered electrical charges.
11	Leonard Euler	Worked in Fluid dynamics, Lunar Theory, Mechanics etc.
12	Henry Cavendish	Worked in GeoPhysics.
12	Joseph Louis	Worked in Mechanics.
12	Robert Milikan	Worked on charges & cosmic rays etc.
12	C. Wilson	worked in GeoPhysics.

Few remarkable Physicists

Here's the list of few other remarkable physicists:

Sir O. Richardson
L. Ernest Rutherford
Guglielmo Marconi
Johannes Stark
S. Chandrasekhara Raman
C. Glover Barkla
Albert Einstein
Otto Hahn
Max von Laue
P. A. Carruthers
James Franck
V. Franz Hess
Peter Debye
Niels Bohr
D. J. Thouless
Gustav Hertz
Erwin Schrödinger
Otto Stern
K. M. Georg Siegbahn
P. Williams Bridgman
J. Baptiste Perrin
G. A. Baym
Stanley J. Brodsky
Haim Harari
K. S. Thorne
Francesco Iachello
Gabriele Veneziano
Chris Quigg
Howard Georgi
J. Dirk Walecka
Nathan Isgur
Edward Witten
R. Charles Merkle
O. Wallace Greenberg
K. Eric Drexler
Nathan Seiberg
Stephen Wolfram
John N. Bahcall
Stanley Mandelstam
Peter Higgs
A. Arima
Joel Lebowitz
J. P. Schiffer
T. A. Witten
Kenneth Fowler
Tullio Regge
M. S. Dresselhaus
Daniel Kleppner
Jeffrey Goldstone
Ludvig Faddeev
J.D. Bjorken

I hope this article will help to understand the basics of physics & its importance in our everyday life. If you have any questions/suggestions, please use the comments section below. Thanks for reading. Have a good day. :)

What is Raspberry Pi Zero? Pinout, Specs, Projects & Datasheet

Hi Friends! Hope you’re well. In this post today, we’ll discuss What is Raspberry Pi Zero? We’ll also cover Raspberry Pi Zero Pinout, Specs, Projects & Datasheet. Developed by Raspberry Pi Foundation, Raspberry Pi Zero is a tiny single-board computer, initially introduced to teach basic computers in schools. Later, it rose to popularity due to its low cost and open source design. Now it is widely used in robotics and embedded systems to develop IoT projects. This device is among the bestselling British single-board computers. I suggest you read this post all the way through as I’ll cover Raspberry Pi Zero in detail. Let’s get started.

What is Raspberry Pi Zero?

Raspberry Pi Zero(released in Nov 2015, by Raspberry Pi Foundation) is a single-board mini computer, mainly used to design embedded systems based IoT projects. The economical price, small-size and open-source design of this module makes it a suitable pick for applications ie. weather monitoring, motion-sensing camera, tiny power supply-sized computers and much more.
The Pi Zero module carries mini connectors containing 40-pin GPIO, making this device compact, robust and flexible. It is a credit card-sized computer that contains multiple I/O pins and can be used for various typical computer operations including writing programs, surfing the web, and document writing.

This tiny module contains a 1GHz single-core CPU which is the brain of this module. Basic arithmetic, logic, and input and output operations are performed by the CPU which executes the instruction consisting of a computer program.

The clock frequency of this computer is 400MHz which is required for the synchronization of all the internal functions. There is no WiFi or Ethernet connection available on the board.
This module contains 512MB of RAM used to store running programs. It is a volatile memory which means the data stored in this memory will be lost when power is removed from the device.
The board comes with a Micro USB OTG port that allows data to be read in the absence of a computer and the Micro USB power is used to power up the module.
The mini HDMI port is incorporated on the board that is used for transmitting audio and video signal between devices. The board features a CSI camera connector which is used to connect the external camera with the module.
Different communication protocols like SPI, I2C, and UART are included in the module. Using these communication protocols, you can develop communication with external devices.
This module contains a micro SD card that offers initial storage for the different files and operating systems. This storage can be extended using USB-connected peripherals. With an SD card, you leverage enhanced storage with ease.
Raspberry Zero contains a single USB 2.0 port that is directly connected to the module. Using this USB port, you can attach external peripheral devices like mice, keyboards, and webcams for additional functionality.
Moreover, simply plug this module into the computer using the USB port and start playing with it. This will give you a feel like you’re operating a microcomputer with all typical functions as a regular desktop computer.

Raspberry Pi Zero Pinout

As I have metioned earlier, Raspberry Pi Zero has 40 GPIO Pins. The following figure shows the Raspberry Pi Zero pinout:

Raspberry Pi Zero Pin Description

Hope you’ve got a brief insight into the Raspberry Pi Zero. This section is dedicated to the description of pins incorporated into this tiny module.

Power and Ground Pins in RPi0

Raspberry Pi Zero Pinout has 3 voltage levels available, which are:

5V
3.3V
0V (Ground/GND)

So, if you are working on simple sensors i.e. humidity, PIR etc. then you can power them up using these power pins of Raspberry Pi Zero quite easily.

GPIO Pins in Raspberry Pi Zero

GPIO pins are general-purpose input/output pins that can handle external devices.
These pins are used to get/send commands/data to/from exrernal devices. (I hope you understood it :D )
You can configure these pins to either general-purpose output or general-purpose input pins or as one of up to six special settings those functions are pin-dependent.

External labels (from GPIO2 to GPIO27) represent the Broadcom (BCM) naming convention. This convention comes in handy when programming with Python libraries.
Internal labels (from 1 to 40) represent the Board naming convention. This comes in handy when BCM is not supported. It is used with some programming libraries.

SPI Pins in Raspberry Pi Zero

The board contains one SPI communication protocol. SPI stands for a serial peripheral interface that supports master-slave communication. It is used to develop communication between the controller and other peripheral devices like sensors and shift registers. It comes with two Pins… MISO (master input slave output) and MOSI (master output slave input) for the SPI communication.

Synchronization of data is carried out by using a clock (SCLK at GPIO11) from the master (RPi) and the information is delivered to the SPI component from the module using the MOSI pin. If the component requires to reply to our module, then it sends back data using the MISO pin.

I2C Pins in Raspberry Pi Zero

This module comes with one I2C communication protocol. It contains two pins SDL and SCL. The SDL is the serial data pin that carries the data while SCL is the serial clock line that ensures the synchronization of data transfer over the I2C bus. This communication protocol needs master-slave roles between the two parts.

UART Pins in Raspberry Pi Zero

There is one UART serial communication protocol incorporated on the board. The UART serial port comes with two pins Rx and Tx. The Rx is the receiving pin that ensures the receiving of serial data while Tx is the transmission pin that is used for the transmission of serial data.

Raspberry Pi Zero Datasheet

It is wise to go through the datasheet of the module before incorporating it into your electrical project. The datasheet features the main characteristics of the device. Click the link below to download the Raspberry Pi Zero datasheet.

Raspberry Pi Zero Specs

Raspberry Pi Zero is half the size compared to model A+. This tiny module can easily fit into an electrical project of any size.

The following are the technical specs of Raspberry Pi Zero.

Contains a 1GHz single-core BCM 2835 SOC CPU which is the brain of this module
Comes with 512MB RAM used to store running programs
Mini HDMI port used for transmitting audio and video signal between devices
Micro USB OTG port that allows data to be read in the absence of computer
Micro USB power to power up the module

CSI camera connector (v1.3 only)
Composite video and reset headers
HAT-compatible 40-pin header
Supports communication like SPI, I2C, and UART

How to Choose the Right Raspberry Pi

Choosing the right Raspberry Pi is like choosing the computer. In either case, you’ll list the requirements for accomplishing different tasks. More often than not, your requirements fall in the following list.

Speed: The system’s processing power.
I/O: How many I/O pins the module supports.
Memory: How much memory RAM and ROM or HD space your system would require.
Cost: The cost of the module.
Size and weight: The weight and size of the module as per your requirement.

Speed is the key factor when it comes to choosing your computing system. More speed ensures more work is done in less time. The computers belong to this Pi series are more efficient and robust than microcontroller devices like PIC, Atmel, or Arduino boards.

Similarly, memory is crucial when it comes to running large programs. Pick the RAM with more memory if you require large programs to run. The Raspberry Pi A computer comes with RAM that ranges between 256MB and 512MB of RAM. And the Pi 2 and 3B contain 1GB of RAM that is shared with the GPU. Make a final decision after analyzing the different functions you want to achieve with the Pi module.
If you want to perform typical office tasks, like sending emails and writing a document, then a desktop PC or Laptop would be the best pick.
Raspberry Pi modules are normally employed where there is a need for I/O. The Raspberry Pi A and B modules are suitable picks for attaching to external circuits and devices since they carry pin headers. The 1 A has 8 GPIO, while the +1 A and B computers have 17 GPIO.

Raspberry Pi Zero Applications

The following are the Raspberry Pi Zero Applications.

Used in embedded system IoT projects
Used in making a portable game console
Incorporated home network music system
Employed in network Ad-blocker
Used in Airplay speaker
Employed in making guitar pedal
Used in making FPV robot
Incorporated in WiFi security camera
Used in wearable timelapse camera

That’s all for today. Hope you find this article helpful. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share. They help us produce quality content based on your needs and requirements. You can approach me in the section below if you need help regarding Raspberry Pi Zero. I’m happy and willing to assist you the best way I can. Thank you for reading the article.

Master's Degree List

Hello Friends! I hope you are doing well. Today I am going to discuss Master degree list. There are many Master's degree programs offered by different institutes. A master's degree is an academic degree offered by many universities all over the world. It normally requires a bachelor's degree to continue study for a master's degree. This degree provides theoretical and practical knowledge in the chosen field, evaluation techniques, analysis, professional attitude, and problem-solving skills. Here, I will discuss the Master degree list, popular master's degrees of 2021, top reasons why you must have master degree, the scope of master degree, and top universities that offer master's degrees.

Master degree list

A Master's degree is the advanced study in the specialized field after getting a bachelor's degree. Usually, students get a master's degree to learn more advanced skills and experience to get a bright future. Most of the companies required a master's degree for the qualification of getting a job. Nowadays it has become a must to get a master's degree. Usually, it takes two to three years to finish depends on the programs.

Types of Masters degree

The master's degree is divided into the following types.

Master in Business, the major include finance, accounting, marketing, human resources.
Master in Engineering.
Master in Law.
Master in Medical.
Master in Social Science.
Master in Arts.

However, there are many fields under these types. Here are some popular master degrees:

Master in Business administration or also known as MBA.
Master in computer science.
Master in structural engineering.
Master in electronics and communication.
Master in Mechanical engineering.
Mater in Medicine.
Master of surgery.
Master in chemistry.
Master in Physics.
Master in Zoology.
Master in Mathematics.
Master of Arts in English.
Master of Arts in Economics.
Master of Arts in History.
Master of Arts in Political Science.
Master in Biostatistician.
Master in Business Operations Manager.
Master in Marketing Manager.
Master in Sales Manager.
Master in Data Analyst.
Master in Database Administrator.
Master in Nurse Anesthetist..
Master of law ( criminal law).
Master of law ( intellectual property right).
Master of law (constitutional law).
master of law (corporate law).
Master of Commerce (Finance).
Master of Commerce (computer applications).
Master of Commerce( accounting).
Master of Veterinary science.
Master in Pharmacy( pharmaceutical).
Master in pharmacy ( pharmaceutical chemistry).
Master in pharmacy (pharmaceutical analysis).
Master in pharmacy ( quality assurance).
Master in genetics and plant breeding.
Master in horticulture.
Master in agriculture.
Master in plant pathology.
Master in Journalism.
Master in Mass communication.
Master of Architecture.
Master of hotel management.
master in fashion designing.
Master in physical education.

Top reasons of why you must have a Master degree?

Career progression

The great benefit of earning a master's degree is to get a job at a higher position or get a promotion. For example in a sector like management and leadership, you must have a master's degree to qualify. now many companies need employees that have master's degrees. The fact is, according to the research 74 % of employers get master's degree training and companies love to hire them. Moreover, the sector like healthcare and education, master's degree graduates get more chances for such types of jobs and promotions.

More specialized knowledge and experience

Further, a master's degree gives you more advanced and skillful knowledge as well the chance of practical experience in the related field. You have more chances to become an expert in your field. you will improve your credibility and experience by working in the industry. You have to focus on the specific field area you have chosen, that will going to help you in your future. Additionally, a master's degree also develops your personality.

Enhanced the earning

Getting a master's degree will also increase your pay. About $65,400 annually you can earn by having a bachelor's degree. But will master degree about $80,200 annually you are going to earn. It is a 23% increase the income annually by just having a master's degree. So in short, having a master's degree is really worth it. Nowadays, the gap in the income between bachelor and master degree holders has increased a lot. And students continue to study after bachelor in the same university to get a master's degree. According to a study, in some majors such as education, biology, life sciences the employees are earning 63% more than the bachelor degree holder employees. And in the field like medical and healthcare, 137% more earning than bachelor ones. So overall you can say that employees earn 2.27 million dollars with a bachelor's degree and 3.65 million dollars with a master's degree. so it is a huge gap. This is a noticeable difference. This is the reason the master's degree really getting popular. and considered very useful for all the fields.

Lifelong learning

Getting a master's degree additionally is a lifelong experience. You will gain deep knowledge that will help to research ability, writing and analysis skills as well as communication skills, that will help you in your future for all the aspects of life. Not only to get a job but you will get befits in everyday life task. You can solve difficult challenging, and difficult projects. You will get deep knowledge that will prepare you for the future. Moreover, Americans about 73% considered that it is a lifelong learning process, and they participate in the everyday activities to enhance it lifelong experience. The master degree list will help in choosing your major. Nowadays, getting a master's degree has become easier. If you are part-time, you have the chance to complete a master's degree online. It is very convenient now. Many universities has many master's degree list programs online. So you don't have to worry now about the time.

Improved professional network

Whether you take master's degree classes online or on campus, still you going to improve your professional network. The industries accept the online degree the same as the campus degree. With the master's degree, you will get connected to many companies and industries. This will increase your professional network. You have to chance to study as the leading professor of industry and many other valuable net worlds.

Top Master Degrees that are highest paid in 2021

Master in Business Administration

A master's degree in MBA is a popular and high-demand degree for many companies. The jobs for an MBA holder degree is really the top listed highest paid job. The annual pay is about $115,000, which will make this degree more attractive for students. if you also have an interest in a business-related field, then you must choose the degree. The top ranked career jobs available for this degree are:

IT Manager

According to yo the US news report, this is the 2nd-highest-paid profession after a master's degree. The main focus of IT managers in planning, organizing, coordinate, and guiding the computer system work. The annual pay is about $146,360. The growth rate of IT managers is 11 %. No doubt, you can enter this profession after a bachelor's degree, but the promotion and pay will be an increase if you get an MBA degree. Because you will have become an expert in technology after your MBA degree. The online master degree programs are ideal for those who want to get degree as well as carry on their job. Further, many universities has online master degree available in IT as well.

Marketing Manager

MBA in marketing actually is also one o the great choice for a bright career. They focus to make marketing strategies for the company and how to execute these plans. They are essential for every firm. Without them, no firm can grow in the market. The annual pay for this job is about $135,900. The Growth rate is faster than many other professionals and that is 8 %. Marketing managers will be responsible for the planning, production of products, and its marketing.

Sales Manager

The profession of a sales manager is also a good choice. You must have good communication skills for this job and an MBA degree of course. Usually, the sales manager is responsible for the whole sales team, their organization, and the initiative process. They get really high pay along with other good packages. The annual pay is about $126,640. The growth rate for this job is 5 %.

Business Operations Manager

These are also the positions available in many famous companies. They have the responsibility to organize the meeting of goal. Further, they also work with the human resources department, budgeting, management of complex projects, and many more task. For this, they must have good leadership qualities and communication skills to help the departments. The salary is $100,930 annually noted and the growth rate is like 7 % faster than the average. This is ranked as top of master degree list. You will learn about the business plans, processes, and integration of business function and technology. Moreover, it also provides the knowledge of analyzing, deigning, and developing IT systems.

Master in Healthcare

This degree provides the fundamental about the health care management, and focus on analytical approach in this industry. This is actually the popular field of study nowadays, and the number of professionals in this field increasing. The annual pay is $100,980, and the growth rate is 18%. After a master's degree in health administration, you can find a lot of jobs in the fields like hospitals, nursing homes, community organizations, private health care, and many more.

Master of Science in Nursing

A master degree (nursing) is also a unique and most desired field. It is fit for the students who want to go into the medical field. These also have high pay among many other medical professions. You also select the role such as physicians, surgeons, and psychiatrists. This has become the most demanding degree in the field of health care. The master's degree in nursing will give you deep knowledge along with the practical experience to deal with patients. This is also a serious job. Because a single mistake can be a risk of life for others. These are further divided into the following fields:

Nurse Anesthetist

These are the certified nurses who get specialized in the following: anesthesiology, an inspection of drugs, as well as inhaled gases in which patients are admitted. The estimated salary is $167,950 annually. And the growth rate has increased a lot that is 17 %.

Nurse Practitioner

Next is the Nurse Practitioner. They are responsible for many works such as clinical duties, prevention of many diseases, and health management. They get high-quality training about health care firm, and they conducted the research and use these studies to their clinical duties. The annual pay is about $115,800. And the growth rate is 26%.

Master of Engineering Management

Master ( engineering field) is also included in the highest-paid professions. They get the main and basic skills in the related field in bachelor but learn the practical skills in master degree. Some of the famous engineering fields are:

Architectural Engineering

The main duties of this job are to work for architecture companies. They design, direct, and coordinate for many technical goals. They are hired for many projects. The annual salary is about $144,830, and the growth rate is 3 %. it is a little slower.

Petroleum Engineering

This is also the sub-branch of engineering. They get jobs in the industries as well as in government sectors. Further, they work in a risky environment, therefore in the master's degree. Moreover, they get the practical experience to deal with such factors. And, they are also high in demand. Their subfields are chemical engineering, bioengineering, environmental engineering, and industrial engineering. The annual pay is about $137,720. The growth rate is 3 %.

The engineers of this fieldwork with the gas and oil, so they must have the best practice in extracting these natural resources from the earth. These all skills, they learn from a master's degree in this field.

MA in Political Science

The Master of Arts (political science) is also a great career opportunity for many students. They get the knowledge of the political field. If you select this degree you will learn about the law, economics, sociology, and psychology. After this degree, you can work for any political party or can develop your own. The annual pay is about $122,220, and the growth rate is 5 %.

Master of Science in Computer Science

A master's degree in computer science is also a special degree that gives modern knowledge in technology. They are hired by famous Microsoft companies to build and make innovative computer devices or windows. Additionally, they get the key knowledge about the software. Moreover, they know how to do programming. Further, the salary is about $105,590.

The scope of a Master degree

Are you still thinking that a master's degree is worth it? I have explained the popular master's degree programs and their annual salary. You get a variety of advantages with the master's degree that will not only enhance your salary as well as also develop your skills. It allows students to get experience in their field and provide them the opportunity to work for industries. Have a look to master degree list, and you can find your field of interest. The scope of a master's degree also increases because of its convenience to do an online degree. Many students now can earn a master's degree in ten related field online.

Top list of universities offer master degrees

University of Oxford

The University of Oxford provides almost 350 courses for graduates in various disciplines. The master programs taught courses as well as provide research for full time. Moreover, they also offer courses part-time. If you want to study at this university, go to the website and find the departments in which you want to graduate. Or for a general point of view, you can look at the master's degree list, I have mentioned earlier. Every college provides a thriving experience and deep knowledge in a specific field. In master studies, you will have a supervisor that will teach you the research work. You have to complete the assigned projects and coursework to get the degree.

Harvard University

This university also offers a master of arts as well as the Master of Science degree. The Master of Arts programs are offered full time and 32 credits have to complete in a duration of 1-2 years. The master of sciences also offers for part-time students and the duration of courses is 2 years. Moreover, they also offer a master of engineering (64 credits).

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

It is also the top-ranked university. Total faculties are 1095. It has about 692 international students. it offers many postgraduate courses including biology, chemistry, biological engineering, geological sciences, social science, physics, astronomy, mathematics, and chemical engineering. Other popular universities offering master programs are:

University of Pennsylvania.
Yale University.
University of California.
University of California.
University of Chicago.
ETH Zurich.
Princeton University.
Duke University.
University of Toronto.
Tsinghua University.
University of Michigan.
Johns Hopkins University.
Cornell University.
Columbia University.
Peking University.
University of Edinburgh.
University College London.
King's College London.
National University of Singapore.
Northwestern University.
Technical University of Munich.
University of Washington.
London School of Economics.
Imperial College London.
University of Cambridge.
University of British Columbia.
University of California.
Karolinska Institute.
University of Tokyo.
Carnegie Mellon University.
The University of Texas at Austin.
McGill University.
The University of Illinois.
University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Nanyang Technological University.
New York University.
KU Leuven.
University of Melbourne.
Paris Science set Lettres.
University of Heidelberg.
University of Hong Kong.
Georgia Institute of Technology.

I hope this article will help you to get master degree list, popular master degree programs and their salaries, scope of master degree and the top universities offer master degrees.

Boost Converter using MOSFET IRFZ44N in Proteus

Departments:

Softwares:

Proteus

Hello Learner! Welcome to another exciting experiment at The Engineering Projects. We hope you are having a great day. In this lecture, we'll seek information about the Boost Converter Circuit from scratch to result in quick and easy steps. So, if you don't know about the experiment then don't worry because every Expert was once a Beginner. We'll talk about the following topics:

What is IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter?
What is the brief introduction of components of circuit?
How can we implement the IRFZ44N MOSFET to design circuit of Boost Converter?

You will know some useful information about the topic in the DID YOU KNOW sections.

IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter

During the experimentation of electronic circuits, we often face the situation when we have to amplify the voltage signals or voltage power. For example, when we need the 12V in the experiment but we have just 9V battery or any such case. There are many ways to tackle such condition but it requires a lot of energy and steps. But when we search our solution in the world of Switched Mode DC-DC Converters, we find a very easy and simple solution of our problem in the form of IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter. NOTE: One can make the BOOST Converter using one of many MOSFETs but we have focus on IRFZ44N due to its best result. Prior to start the experiment, it is compulsory to have some basic information about the circuit. We define the IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter as:

The Boost Converter is the Electronic device that uses a MOSFET (IRFZ44N MOSFET in our case) to convert it's Low input DC Power into High output DC power.

The IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter is a switched-mode power supply and this is consist of at least two semi-conductor device and minimum one energy storage element.

DID YOU KNOW????????????????
We call IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter as Switched Mode Devices because basically, they are the semi-conductor Switches that turns their condition On and Off very rapidly.

Components of IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter

Throughout the experiment, we'll use the components that will convert the low level Voltages into High Level Voltages. A brief introduction of the components is given next:

IRFZ44N MOSFET

The IRFZ44N Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor Field Effect Transistor is used as a switch in the IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter. The main reason behind this is one can change its conductivity by changing its Gate Voltage and hence we can use it as a switch. This is one of the key procedure to amplify the voltages in the IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter.

Inductor

We all know an inductor is a passive two- terminal magnetic storage device that stores the energy due to its coiled shape. Due to its storage capability, it resists the sudden change of current in the IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter. In this way, it work as a stabilizer in the circuit and play an important role.

Diode

A diode is a reverse biased component of the IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter. It is designed in such a way that it allow the flow of current only in one direction. Hence, in the IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter the Diode allow the flow of current from inductor to the capacitor in only in the condition when it is forward biased.

Capacitor

A capacitor is a device that stores the energy in the form of charges. In IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter when the Switch is turned off, the diode does not allow the flow of current through the capacitor. This is the condition when the stores energy in the form of charges from capacitor is used and the capacitor then works as the source of energy in IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter.

Output graph

Before this we saw the components that we'll use in the formation of circuit, but we require other components as well to examine the result and working. We examine the result through an output device that shows us the result in the form of graph. For our experiment, we'll use analogue analysis graph for the output.

IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter simulation in Proteus ISIS

Fasten your seatbelts because we are going to perform the experiment in Proteus using all the concepts given above.

Material Required

Capacitor
Inductor
DC Power source (Vsource)
Diode
Resistor
IRFZ44N MOSFET
Voltage Probe
Ground Terminal

Procedure:

Press the “P” button and select the first six components one after the other.
Arrange the selected Material one after the other according to the given diagram.

Go to Terminal Mode>Ground and set the Ground Terminal with the Vsource.
Connect all the components through wires.

Go to Generation Mode>pulse and attach the pulse generator with the Drain of the IRFZ44NS MOSFET.
Set the values of the Pulse Generator as shown in figure:

Double click the components one after the other and set the values of components according to the table given below:

Component	Value
Capacitor ( both)	100uF
Inductor	39uH
Voltage	4V
Resistance	15 ohm

The Circuit should look like the image given below:

Connect a Voltage Probe just above the Resistor R.
Go to Graph mode>Analogue and set a Analogue graph window just below the Circuit.
Drag the Voltage Probe and drop it just at the Analogue analysis Graph.
Left Click the Graph>edit Properties and set the value of stop time as 10m.
Left Click the Graph>add trace and add the value of the probe.
Again left click the Graph and simulate it. you will find result.

So, today we saw what is IRFZ44N MOSFET Boost Converter, how its components work and how can we implement it in the Proteus ISIS. Stay connected with us for more easy, useful and interesting electronic tutorials about Proteus. Stay updated and blessed.

Syed Zain Nasir

I am Syed Zain Nasir, the founder of <a href=https://www.TheEngineeringProjects.com/>The Engineering Projects</a> (TEP). I am a programmer since 2009 before that I just search things, make small projects and now I am sharing my knowledge through this platform.I also work as a freelancer and did many projects related to programming and electrical circuitry. <a href=https://plus.google.com/+SyedZainNasir/>My Google Profile+</a>

Next pH Sensor Library for Proteus »

Previous « Introduction to Nucleo Development Board