The Engineering Projects

Traffic Light Simulation with D Flip Flop in Proteus

Hi Mentees! we hope you are doing great. Welcome to a super easy yet useful project based upon the simulation in Proteus. We are working on the Traffic Lights project that will work with the help of D Flip Flop. In this simple tutorial, you will be aware of the following concepts:

1. What are the Traffic Lights using D Flip Flop?
2. What is the role of D Flip Flop?
3. How does the circuit of D Flip Flop work in the Traffic Lights?
4. How can you simulate the circuit of Traffic Lights with D Flip Flop in Proteus?

In addition, you will find some important information about the Traffic Lights circuit in the DID YOU KNOW Sections. Let's start learning.

Traffic Lights with D Flip Flop

Who is not aware of the traffic lights? we all observe and use the Traffic lights on the road every day. But for the sake of the concepts, let's see the traffic lights technically.

"The Traffic Lights are the signaling devices that has an electronic circuit designed to control the flow of traffic at the roads by a specialized pattern of lights."

These traffic lights are positioned at road intersections ad pedestrian crossing and other positions where the traffic flow has to maintain. The Traffic Lights depends on an array of three lights with different colors that are connected electrically The whole system is packed into a metallic structure. The LEDs turn on and off with a special pattern that depends upon the circuit. Before moving forward, refresh the concepts of Traffic Light with the logical point of view. There are three lights in the Traffic Light Signals. These are:

1. Red
2. Amber
3. Green

The red light stays last for some moments. The circuit is designed so, we get the output from the Amber color light that coordinates with the red and green light and lasts for some time. In the end, we get only Green light. All these lights are formed as a result of the sequential logic of D Flip Flop and at the end, the output of two D Flip Flops are inserted into AND Gate. The output of the Green light depends upon the AND Gate and we found the light of green LED only when the output of both the D Flip Flops are HIGH.

Role of D Flip Flop in Traffic Lights

Have you ever thought about how does the traffic light blink at a specific time? We all follow the Traffic lights but today we'll learn that what does traffic light follows. The D Flip Flops are the logical circuits and we define the D Flip Flop as:

"The D Flip Flops a dual input is Flip Flop circuit that is designed to have the input at its D Terminal, regulates the signal with the clock edge pulses and shows the output at its two output terminals."

In the Traffic Lights, we use two D Flip Flops that are responsible for the switching of the lights in on or off conditions. The D Flip Flop is the combination of the S and R Flip Flops with an inverter with one terminal. but for  simplicity, we'll use the Integrated Circuit of D Flip Flop. Hence our circuit has only four components and we get a clean, easy and useful circuit that works automatically. The input Terminals are called CLK and D terminals whereas output terminals are denoted by Q and Q'.  The Truth Table for the D Flip Flop is given next:

Inputs		Output
CLK	D	Q	Q’
0	X	No Change
1	0	0	1
1	1	1	0

The X is called the don't care condition which means in this situation, the value of D does not matters. You can learn more about D Flip Flop in https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2021/01/d-type-flip-flop-circuit-diagrams-in-proteus.html section. The output of the D Flip Flop is connected with each LED in the Traffic lights and hence we observe the on/off situations of Traffic Lights.

Working of Traffic Lights circuit with D Flip Flop

The working of the Traffic Light starts with the change in the pulse of the clock.

1. The Q' output of the D Flip Flop 2 gives the power to the Red Light of the Traffic Light.
2. When the clock is low, there is no change in the Q' terminal of the 1st Flip Flop then the Amber light is off.
3. With the clock pulses, the Amber light of the Traffic Light turns on.
4. When the clock is high, we get the output inverse of the D Flip Flop.
5. The output Q of the D Flip Flop1 and the Q' of the D Flip Flop 2 is fed into AND Gate.
6. We know the AND Gate is HIGH only when both of its terminals are HIGH.
7.  This output of the AND Gate is connected with the Green Light of the Traffic Light.

Circuit Simulation of Traffic Lights in Proteus ISIS

For the simulation of Traffic Light in Proteus, simply follow the easy steps coming next.

Devices required for the Traffic Lights

1. D Flip Flop - DTFF
2. Traffic Lights
3. AND Gate
4. Clock pulses - DClock
5. Connecting wires

• Power up your Proteus software.
• Click the "P" button.

• Write the names of 1st three devices given above one by one and choose them.
• Get D Flip Flop twice, And Gate and Traffic Lights from the pick library and arrange them on the working area.
• Go to Generation mode(from the sidebar) >DClock and set it just on left side of the 1st D Flip Flop.

• Connect all the components with the help of connecting wires.
• Connect the Traffic Light's red light with the output of 1st D Flip Flop, the amber light with the D Flip Flop 2 and the green light with the output of AND Gate.

• Pop the play button.

Does your Traffic Lights are working well? great! if not, then check the connection again. if you face any problem then share with us. Consequently, today we learned about the logic behind the Traffic Lights. We learned that with the help of D Flip Flop, one can easily design a circuit just using four simple devices. We saw the working of the sequential on/off condition of the Traffic Lights. Stay with us for more interesting circuits.

H-Bridge Circuit with 2N2222 Transistor in Proteus

Hey Learners! Welcome to The Engineering Projects. We hope you are doing great. Our team is working on transistors and today, we'll design a circuit for using the 2N2222 Transistor. In this chapter you will learn:

1. What is H Bridge with 2N2222 Transistor?
2. How do the 2N2222 Transistor works?
3. What is the working of H Bridge?
4. How can we run the circuit of  H Bridge in Proteus using 2N2222 Transistor?

By the same token, you will also learn important information about the topic in DID YOU KNOW Sections.

Introduction to H-Bridge

In electronic circuits, the direction of quantities like the flow of current, EMF, Electric field lines matter a lot. The H Bridge is used to control such motors through its specialized circuitry. The H Bridge is defined as:

"The H Bridge is an elementary circuit that ends the Motors to rotate in forward or backward direction according to the will of the user."

In this way, there is no need for the two motors in many cases. Only one motor can be used to accomplish the task instead of two.

DID YOU KNOW???

The most common, easy and interesting application of the H Bridge is in the robotics. The H Bridge is used to run the motors of the robots that are required to move the robot in the forward and backward direction.

The circuit of the 2N2222 H Bridge allows the current from the Direct Current source to flow from the required direction only and hinders the flow from the other direction.

Why we need the H Bridge

The direction of the moving of a motor paly a vital role in the output of that motor. The reason behind this is, most electric motors operate due to torque produced as the combined effect of magnetic field and electric current through a wire winding. Hence, We always need some means through which we can control the direction of the Motor to get the output that is suitable for our present requirement.

Performance of 2N2222 Transistor in H Bridge

The 2N2222 Transistor works as a backbone in the circuit of the H Bridge. We use four 2N2222 Transistors in the circuit and they work as a couple. The diagonal Transistors work together as a couple and allow the flow of current through them. By the same token, the non-diagonal 2N2222 Transistors work as a couple. Let's have a look at what is 2N2222 Transistor:

"The 2N2222 Transistor is a type of Bipolar Junction Transistors or BJTs that is designed to be used in the low power amplifying or switching applications."

DID YO KNOW???

Motorola made many semiconductor companies and the 2N2222 is  part of a huge family of Devices and Transistors that were discussed in IRE Conventions in Motorola company.

Being a BJT Transistor, the 2N2222 allows the flow of current in only one direction. Thus, it is responsible for the rotation of the Motor as per requirement of the user. The 2N2222 transistor (just as other JTs) has three pins. These pins are called Emitter, Base and Collector. The arrow symbol just at the transistor symbolizes the Emitter. Being an NPN Transistor, the collector and emitter terminals of 2N2222 Transistor in H Bridge act reverse biased or are said to be left open when the base pin is held to the ground or when there is no current flow from the base. On the other hand, when the base gets the flow of current from the battery or other components of the circuit in the H Bridge, the circuit is said to be forward-biased. The gain of the 2N2222 Transistor in the H Bridge ranges from 110 to 800. The value of gain is responsible for the determination of the 2N2222 Transistor's amplification capacity in the H Bridge.

Working of H Bridge Circuit

When we look at the circuit of H Bridge we get the following points:

1. The Direct Current from the battery originates from the positive terminal of the battery (considering the conventional current) and passes through the switch.

1. The switch allows the current to pass through the pair of the 2N2222 Transistor that is to be used.
2. The resistors just before the Transistors perform the regulation of the current through the transistors.
3. In our case, the H Bridge works according to the table given below:

Switch	Flow of Current	Direction of Motor
Connected to A	From T4 to Motor then Motor to T1	Anti-Clockwise
Connected to B	From T2 to Motor then Motor to T3	ClockWise

Let's have a look at the working of the H Bridge in action in Proteus ISIS.

Circuit of H Bridge in Proteus ISIS

We are going to design the circuit of the H Bridge in the Proteus ISIS. But before this, let's have a look at the required devices for the circuit.

Required Devices for H Bridge

1. 2N2222 Transistor
2. Resistor
3. Motor
4. Cell
5. Switch
6. Connecting Wires

Now,  just follow these simple steps:

• Start your Proteus Software.
• Click at the "P" button and choose the required devices except for connecting wires one by one.
• Arrange for 2N2222 Transistors, four Resistors, motor, switch and cell on the working area.
• Change the orientation of two of these Transistors before setting on the screen by clicking the arrow sign given just above the "P" button.
• Left Click the motor>Rotate clock-wise to change the direction of the motor according to the image given next:

• Change the value of Cell and Motor to 6v by double taping them one after the other.

• Connect all the components according to the circuit given next:

• Double click at all the resistors and transistors one after the other and label them to identify them as different devices.
• Pop the simulation button.
• Change the orientation of switch and check the output.

Task

Change the value of the transistors around the motor and observe the rotation speed of the motor.  

Truss today we saw, what is H Bridge, what is the role of 2N2222 Transistor in the circuit of H Bridge, How does the circuit of H Bridge works and we implemented the H Bridge circuit using 2N2222 Transistor in Proteus ISIS. Stay with us with more tutorials.

What is Velocity? Definition, SI Unit, Examples & Applications

Hello everyone! I hope this article will find you in great health. Today, in this article, we will discuss in detail: What is velocity? We will take a look at what exactly velocity is, how it can be measured, what scale has System International (SI) defined to measure the velocity, how many forms of velocity do exist in our surroundings, and what are the real-life applications of this physical quantity?

I will let you guys know about how velocity is a regular part of our daily lives and how it behaves in the environment we are living in. To understand the basic concept we need to have a deeper look at its real-life examples. A detailed discussion on velocity to have a better understanding is provided in the next section. Let’s get started.

What is Velocity?

An earthly object can possibly have two states i.e. rest or motion. If an object is in motion, a numerical value called Speed is used to measure how fast or slow the object is moving? Speed is defined as the distance covered per unit of time. So, if an object covers a distance of 1 meter in 1 second, its speed will be 1m/s. As speed is a scalar quantity so it just gives the scalar information(about motion) and doesn't tell us anything about the direction of the movement i.e. object is moving towards north, south or may have a circular motion.

So, in order to completely define the motion of an object, an equivalent vector quantity of speed was introduced and named Velocity. Velocity, not only gives the numerical value(speed) but also tells the direction of the moving object. In simple words, speed plus direction is equal to velocity and as speed is distance per unit time, similarly velocity is displacement per unit time.

Now let's have a look at a proper definition of Velocity:

Velocity Definition

• The velocity of an object is defined as the displacement(covered by it) per unit time in a particular direction.
• If two objects are moving in the same direction at different speeds OR in different directions at the same speed, they will have different velocities.
• Two objects will have the same velocities, only if both are moving in the same direction with the same speed.

Let's have a look at the symbol of velocity:

Velocity Symbol

• Symbols are used to represent physical quantities as writing the full name is time-consuming and sometimes overwhelming.
• The symbol used to represent Velocity is "v"(small character).
• As it's a vector quantity, so its symbol is either written in bold or with an arrowhead at the top.
• Sometimes, v(t) is also used as a velocity symbol, where t shows the time span.
• The below figure shows the velocity symbol more clearly:

Now let's have a look at the mathematical formula for calculating the velocity of an object:

Velocity Formula

• Velocity is defined as displacement per unit time, so its formula is:

Velocity = Displacement / Time

v = d/t

As v & d are both vector quantities, so written in bold while t is a scalar quantity.

• If we are calculating the average velocity of an object, the velocity formula will be:

Average Velocity = Distance Covered / Total Time

?v = ?d/?t

?v = (d2 - d1) / (t2 - t1)

where t1 & t2 are initial and final time intervals and d1 and d2 are initial and final displacements of the object.

Now, let's drive the velocity unit from its formula:

Velocity Unit (SI)

• As Velocity formula is:

Velocity = Displacement / Time

where SI unit of displacement is the meter and that of time in seconds.

• So, the SI unit of velocity is:

Velocity = meter / second

• SI unit of velocity is normally written as m/s or ms^-1.
• Other velocity units are:
  1. ft/s
  2. mph
  3. km/h etc.

In the game of cricket, the velocity of the ball is usually not measured in SI units rather they measure it in either kilometer per hour or miles per hour.

Velocity Dimensions

• Since the unit of displacement(meter) shows the quantity of length so its dimension would be “L”.
• Similarly, when it comes to the “second” it shows the amount of time so its dimension will be “T”.
• Putting these dimensions in the velocity formula, we have.

Velocity Dimension = [L/T]

v = [LT^-1]

 

Few Velocity Terms

Depending upon various factors, velocity has been divided into multiple types as discussed below. Let’s read through them all.

Negative Velocity

• If an object is moving in a coordinated plane, then its velocity is measured from some fixed reference point.
• In such cases, if the object is moving away from the reference point, its velocity is termed as Negative Velocity.

Let's understand it with an example of a ball thrown upwards:

As we know, Earth's gravitational force pulls everything towards it. So, considering the earth as a reference point, when you throw a ball in the upward direction, it's moving away from its reference point(Earth's center). So, during its upward flight, the ball will have a negative velocity and thus is written with a negative sign.

Zero Velocity

• When an object is not covering any distance with respect to the varying time, it will be said to have Zero Velocity.

Let's continue that example of the ball moving upward:

As we have seen in the previous section, the ball will have a negative velocity while moving upward. But when it will reach the maximum height and rite before moving back in the downward direction, for an instance it will have a zero velocity, as it won't be moving either upward or downward.

Positive Velocity

• If the object is moving towards the reference point of its coordinate system, its velocity is termed as Positive Velocity.

Let's add some more in that ball example:

Once the ball reaches the maximum height, it will start moving back in the downward direction. Now, the ball is moving towards its reference point(Earth's Core) so it will be said to have positive velocity now.

Initial Velocity

• As moving objects have variable velocities over different periods of time, that's why velocity is normally measured in the rate of change(?v).
• So, the first velocity of the object, when it comes under observation is termed as Initial Velocity.
• The Initial Velocity is also termed as the velocity of an object at time t = 0.
• Initial velocity is denoted in Physics by the alphabetic letter "u" or "Vi".

Let's understand it with the same example:

We have seen the ball example thrown upward. If we consider both of its loops(moving upward and then downward), its initial velocity will be right where it left the hand of the thrower. It will have a maximum initial velocity as during the upward direction it will slow down and during the downward direction, it will lose some to friction. But if we only consider the second loop i.e. the ball has reached its maximum position and now it's moving downwards. So, in this scenario, the initial velocity of the ball will be 0. I hope it got cleared.

Initial Velocity Formulas:

• Using the equation of motion, we can easily derive different mathematical expressions for the initial velocity. The first equation of motion is,

v = u + at

• If we are provided with the time, final velocity, and acceleration, we can calculate the initial velocity using the formula given below.

u = v - at

The above expression shows when we multiply acceleration with the given time and subtract this product from the final velocity, it gives us the initial velocity.

• If a scenario comes where distance, final velocity, and acceleration are provided, we can find initial velocity from a mathematical expression given below:

u² = v² - 2aS

• In case, we have only time, distance and acceleration to find out the initial velocity, we can use the formula shown below.

u = S/t - (1/2) at

• If the final velocity, time, and distance are provided in the statement, an effective way to find out the initial velocity is given below.

u = 2(S/t) - v

 

where,

• u = initial velocity.
• v = final velocity.
• a = acceleration.
• t = time consumed.
• S = distance covered.

Final Velocity

• The velocity of a body at the end of the provided time is known as the Final Velocity.
• We can also define Final Velocity as the last velocity of the object while it's under consideration.
• The final velocity is usually denoted by “v” or “V_f”.

Final Velocity Formulas

• Using the equation of motion, the final velocity can be easily calculated with the formula given below, when we are provided with the initial velocity, acceleration, and time consumed:

v = u + at

or

V_f = V_i + at

• If the statement has asked us to calculate the final velocity and provided us with distance, initial velocity, and acceleration. We can use the below formula for quick calculations.

V_f² = V_i² + 2aS

Where,

• V_f = Final Velocity.
• V_i = Initial Velocity.
• S = Distance covered.

Let's understand the concept associated with the final velocity through a visual example.

A projectile motion of the ball thrown from one end is shown in the figure below. At time zero (t = 0), when a guy in a purple shirt throws a ball, the velocity of that ball at this time is considered initial velocity. After reaching a particular height, when the ball starts moving downwards and reaches at t = 8 seconds in the hands of a guy wearing a green shirt. At t = 8 seconds, the velocity of the ball is the final velocity. After this velocity, an object comes again into the stationary position.

Similarly, if you drop a ball from a specific height and allow it to move towards the ground as shown in the figure below. The moment you drop the ball, the velocity is called initial velocity. Whereas, the moment when the ball touches the ground, the velocity will be known as the final velocity.

Now let's have a look at different types of velocity in detail:

Types of Velocity

Depending on the type of object and its motion, we have numerous types of velocities, a few of them as discussed as follows:

Average Velocity

• When an object is moving in a specific direction, the ratio between the total displacement covered and total time consumed is known as the average velocity of that particular body in motion.
• It is denoted by “v” or "Vav".
• We can also define this quantity as the average rate at which the body changes its position from one point to another point.

Average velocity = total displacement covered / total time taken

• If we take the difference between the initial and final displacements and divide it by the difference of initial and final time, it will give us average velocity in return.

?v=?x/?t

?v = (x2-x1) / (t2-t1)

Where,

• x2=final displacement
• x1=initial displacement
• t2=final time
• t1=initial time

Average velocity cannot tell us how fast or slow an object is moving in a specific interval of time and for that, we have another type of velocity called Instantaneous velocity.

Instantaneous Velocity

• The velocity of an object at a particular instant is known as the instantaneous velocity of that object.
• In other words, the velocity of a moving body at a specific point is its instantaneous velocity at that point.
• Instantaneous velocity is similar to average velocity but we need to narrow the time intervals i.e. time approaches to 0.
• It is denoted by “Vinst”.
• If any subject has a fixed velocity over a specific time period then its instantaneous and average velocity will be the same.

By applying a limit “t” approaches zero on the average velocity provides us with the instantaneous velocity as shown in the formula given below.

V_inst = Lim _{t -> 0} (?d/?t)

Take a look at the figure below, the velocity at point “p” depicts the instantaneous velocity of a moving body.

The figure below shows the relation between average and instantaneous velocity. The velocity is represented by the red line and has been divided into several segments. The position is displayed on the y-axis whereas the x-axis shows the time consumed. In the first interval, Jack has covered 3 miles in the first 6 minutes. In the second interval, Jack stopped for 9 minutes. Whereas, in the third interval, Jack covered another 5 miles in 15 minutes. If we divide the total displacement covered by Jack by the total time consumed during the whole travel, it will give us an average velocity.

Constant Velocity

• If a body is traveling at the same speed for a long time and is not changing direction, then its velocity will be considered as Constant Velocity for that particular interval of time.
• In other words, it can be said that a body will have a constant velocity if it is moving at a constant speed along the straight line. This straight line can be represented by the formula given below.

x=xo+vt

Where,

xo=position of the body at t=0

• An object can have a constant velocity if it is moving in the presence of very little or no friction. Less friction allows that object to move freely just like in ice hockey where a hockey puck slides on the ice as shown in the figure below.
• If an object is moving with a constant velocity, it will have zero acceleration because acceleration is the rate of change of velocity per unit time.

a=dv/dt=0 v=constant

This scenario can be visualized through a velocity-time graph as shown in the figure below. You can see a straight line for each time interval depicting the velocity is constant throughout with “0” acceleration.

Variable Velocity

• If the velocity of an object is changing in either direction or magnitude or both, it is said to have a Variable Velocity.
• If an object is in a motion and is covering unequal distances for every equal interval of time, we can say it is moving with a variable velocity.
• In simple words, variable velocity is a type of velocity that changes with time.

Let's understand this from a real-life example.

For instance, if a fan installed in your room is rotating at a continuous speed, its velocity will be variable because its direction gets changed every time.

Orbital Velocity

• The velocity required to make an object overcome its gravitational force and rotate within an orbit is called orbital velocity.
• The movement of satellites around the earth and the movement of stars around the sun are the best examples of orbital velocity.
• It is denoted by “Vorbit” and for Earth, its mathematical formula is:

Vorbit=GMR

Where,

• G=gravitational constant=6.6710-11m3kg-1s-2
• M= mass of the planet
• R=radius

Escape Velocity

• Escape velocity is the type of minimum velocity required for an object to escape from the gravitational force of a massive body (moon, earth, etc.) and to move out somewhere in space.
• Escape velocity increases with an increase in the mass of a body.
• It is denoted by “ve” and depends upon various parameters including the mass of the planet and radius.
• We can calculate it using the mathematical expression given below.

ve=2GMr

Where,

• G=gravitational constant.
• M=mass of the planet.
• r=radius.

Angular Velocity

• The rate of velocity at which a body rotates around a particular point or center in a given amount of time is called angular velocity.
• It can also be defined as the angular speed at which a body rotates along a specific direction.
• Angular velocity is denoted by omega “?”.

Angular Velocity Unit

• System International has assigned this quantity with a unit known as radians per second.
• This quantity can also be measured in many other units as well depending on the requirements and they include:
  1. degrees per second
  2. degrees per hour

Let's have a look at how to find the angular velocity of a moving object?

Angular Velocity Formula

To calculate this quantity, a formula is given below.

?=??/?t

Or,

?=v/r

Where,

• v=linear velocity
• r=radius
• ?=angular velocity

Conversion of Angular Velocity into Rotational Velocity

• When we measure angular velocity in either revolution per minute or rotations per unit time, it becomes rotational velocity.

The direction of motion of an object moving with angular velocity is always perpendicular to a plane of rotation. It can be measured using the right-hand rule. The whole concept is shown in the figure below.

 

Linear Velocity

• As it is very clear from the name of this quantity, when an object moves along a straight line in a single direction, its velocity will be a linear velocity.
• It is simply denoted by the alphabetic letter “v”.

The above figure shows that the linear velocity is dependent on the two different parameters i.e., distance covered and the time consumed to cover that particular distance.

Let's have a look at how to find linear velocity?

Linear Velocity Formula

It can be calculated using the below mathematical expression.

velocity=distance/time

v=S/t

As we know,

S=r?

Putting this value in the above formula we have,

v=r?/t

The linear velocity can also be represented in terms of an angular velocity as given below.

v=r?

Terminal Velocity

• A steady speed that an object achieves when falling through the liquid or gas is known as its terminal velocity.
• In other words, we can describe this quantity as the constant vertical velocity of an object.
• It can also be defined as the highest velocity maintained by a body that is falling through the liquid
• It is denoted in Physics by “vt”.

Factors Involved in Terminal Velocity

• This quantity is dependent on multiple factors e.g.,
  1. the mass of the object
  2. drag coefficient, acceleration
  3. projected area
  4. fluid density.

Terminal Velocity Formula

• Terminal velocity can be calculated using a mathematical expression given below:

vt=2mgACd

Where,

• vt=terminal velocity
• g=gravitational acceleration=9.8 ms-2
• m=falling object's mass
• Cd=drag coefficient
• A=projected area
• ?=fluid density

Uniform Velocity

• A scenario when a moving body is covering the equal displacement in equal internal in a fixed direction is said to have a uniform velocity.
• It is a stable velocity that does not change in multiple intervals of the time consumed and direction remains the same too.

Let's understand with an example.

• A motorbike traveling with a speed of 20 kilometers per hour towards the east has uniform velocity.
• Uniform velocity can be easily visualized on the distance-time graph as shown in the figure below.

Non Uniform Velocity

• A body that covers unequal displacement in equal time intervals is said to have non-uniform velocity.
• In this case, either direction of motion or both rate of motion and direction can be changed for an object in motion.

Let's understand this with a visual example.

The track of a car moving with non-uniform velocity is shown in the below figure. Unequal displacements covered in equal intervals of time can clearly be seen from the velocity-time graph.

Relative Velocity

• Relative velocity is the vector difference between the velocities of two different objects.
• It can also be defined as the velocity of an object with respect to an observer who is at rest.

Let's understand the overall scenario with an example.

For instance, the air is causing some hindrance in the airplane’s track or a boat is traveling through the river whose water is flowing at a particular rate. In such cases, to observe the complete motion of the object, we need to consider the effect of the medium affecting the motion of a moving body. By doing so, we measure the relative velocity of that moving object as well as the medium’s velocity affecting its motion

Let's have a look at another example to have a better understanding of relative velocity.

Finding Relative Velocity

• The relative velocity of an object “x” relative to the object “y” can be expressed as shown below.

Vxy=Vx-Vy

• Similarly, the relative velocity of an object “y” relative to the object “x” is given below.

Vyx=Vy-Vx

• Taking a look at the above equations, we can develop it as:

Vxy=-Vyx

• The above equation shows that both relative velocities are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.

|Vxy|=|Vyx|

• In the first case, the observer is moving in the rightwards and the ball was thrown by a girl is moving in the same direction and the person dragging that girl is traveling in the same direction as well. Therefore, all these quantities are positive.
• In the second case, the girl is throwing the ball in opposite direction to the direction in which the observer is moving. That is why the signs of the velocities are negative for both the observer as well as the ball.

Now, let's have a look at what parameters creates a difference between speed and velocity.

Difference Between Velocity and Speed

It has been proved through various research studies that most of the time people get confused when it comes to speed and velocity. They mostly get confused in implementing their concepts separately in different scenarios as and when needed.

Basic Difference

If I tell you the very basic difference between these two quantities, they are just as different as distance and displacements are.

• Speed is the rate of change of distance with respect to the time consumed in covering that particular distance.
• Whereas, velocity is the rate of change of displacement (shortest distance) covered by a moving object in a specific direction per unit of time.

Let's have a look at some more points to understand the difference effectively.

• Speed depicts that how fast an object has the ability to move. An object at a stationary position always has zero speed. The speed needs no direction to be defined.
• It is a necessity for someone to consider the direction in which a body is moving if one is going to describe the velocity.

Therefore, keeping in mind the above points, it can be said that a direction creates a major difference between speed and velocity.

• The quantity that doesn’t require direction to be measured is known as the scalar quantity and it only needs magnitude to be defined. Therefore, speed falls into the category of scalar quantities.
• The quantities that need direction and cannot be defined without it are known as the vector quantities. Therefore, velocity belongs to the family of vector quantities.

Let's understand through an example.

For instance, 30 kilometers per hour is the speed of a moving vehicle whereas 30 kilometers per hour east shows the velocity of the same vehicle.

• It is very simple to calculate the speed of any moving object compared to calculating the velocity of the same object.
• Average speed is the ratio between distance traveled and the time taken.
• Whereas, the average velocity is the ratio between the change in position (?S) and the change in time (?t) consumed.

Findings

• In the light of the above discussion, we can say that the speed with the direction forms a velocity.
• In order to provide a much better understanding of speed and velocity and their basic differences are listed in the table shown below.

Parameters	Speed	Velocity
Definition	The rate at which a body covers a particular distance is commonly known as speed.	The rate at which a body changes its position in a specific direction is called velocity.
Magnitude	Speed is always positive and it cannot be either negative or zero.	Velocity can be positive, zero, and negative depending upon the direction in which an object is moving.
Quantity Type	Speed does not need any direction for its description so, it is a scalar quantity.	Velocity cannot be described without direction so it is a vector quantity.
Change in Direction	Change in direction does not matter when calculating average speed.	Every change in direction changes the velocity.
Formula	s=distancetime=dt	s=change in positionchange in time=st
SI Units	Meter per second (m/s)	Meter per second (m/s)

Examples of Velocity

A few examples of velocity from real-life are presented to clear your concepts related to it if there still exists any confusion.

• Suppose, you go to your school to maintain your studies on a daily basis. The school is situated to the west of your home. Here, you can observe that you always go towards the west from the starting point which means you go in a particular direction that depicts velocity. Your speed could be high or low.
• In the game of cricket, when a ball is thrown by the baller towards a batsman is also a great example of velocity from our daily life because it follows a single direction.
• The way the moon revolves around the earth and the earth moves around the sun is another example of velocity from nature because of its single direction.
• The ceiling fan rotating in your home during summers also belongs to the family of velocity due to its either clockwise or anti-clockwise rotation.
• The movement of the train from one city to another also follows a specific track in a single direction.
• A revolution of a launched satellite around the earth.
• Water coming from the tap when you open it.
• The flow of the river (it depicts variable velocity).
• Anyone doing morning walk or running.

Final Words

This is all from today’s article. I have tried my level best to explain to you each and everything associated with the velocity. I have focused in detail on its basic concept, various forms, unit assigned by System International, and visual examples where needed. Moreover, I have provided you with a couple of examples captured from real life so that you can have a better understanding of velocity.

I hope you have enjoyed the content and are well aware of this topic now. If you are looking for more similar information, stay tuned because I have a lot more to share with you guys in the upcoming days. In case you have any concerns, you can ask me in the comments. I will surely try to help you out as much as I can. For now, I am signing off. Take good care of yourself and stay blessed always.

Thank You!

Real estate management: The Need for Routine Repair and Maintenance

As an investor or manager in the real estate industry, it is imperative to care for the property. Whether you are leasing or living on the property, it is essential to be proactive in repair and maintenance. Lack of routine inspection can lead to unprecedented expenses for landlords and homeowners. Read on to find out ways to prevent system failures and increase their service life, in turn.

It is an Extensive Activity

For proper care and maintenance of real estate, it is critical to understand the property. However, it would be best if you had qualified personnel take a look at the place to give a professional opinion. There are different types of MRO (maintenance, repair, and operations) to improve real estate management. Businesses need to keep up with the industry trends to know what a CMMS is and ways it can improve business processes. It does not matter what industry the venture operates in. The systems can be customized to fit your business needs.

Being proactive in the approach entails engaging in both preventive and continuous maintenance. Here are tips that can help real estate managers and homeowners increase the property’s service life;

Conduct a Home Inspection

Regular inspection of the systems in real estate can help identify a problem before disaster strikes. The harsh weather conditions play a significant role in the need for routine repair and maintenance. Whenever the season changes, have a home inspection to determine the damage. It will also help in planning for the next season and acting accordingly. However, without inspecting the systems, you will discover the problem when the damage is already done. It is also costly to replace a whole system in a building than to repair minor issues as it is detected.

Preventive Maintenance Techniques

For you to protect the property from degradation, it is critical to engage in preventive maintenance activities. It is beneficial when real estate managers and homeowners undertake the initiative of preventing severe damage to building systems.

Some of the best practices in real estate management are;

HVAC System care

Purchasing an HVAC system is costly. Replacing the components is expensive as it might require you to order the parts. However, we can prevent some of the challenges through routine repair and maintenance. The practice will also ensure the system is performing as per the manufacturer’s specifications. You will be using the system across all seasons, and it is critical to make the care more frequent. The malfunction of such equipment will depend on the amount of time they are in operation. 

Environmental Management

Trees suffer when snow accumulates on them. The parts become weak and will fall off if there is no action taken. On the other hand, there is a risk to the property when the trees fall as it may cause damage. So, it is critical to maintain the environment and identify any risks that nature poses to the property.

Proofing Leakages

One of the most undetectable problems always waiting to explode in modern buildings is leakages on the roofing system. It is essential to clean the gutters to ensure water is flowing through the roofing system. If the roof is susceptible to water, it is important to consider changing the whole system and use a material that prevents water from leaking.

When water gets into the roof, molds will likely start to form. On the other hand, water may damage the ceiling and may make it fall. Proofing for leakages will prevent the eventualities. The inspection activity can help detect impending challenges on the roofing system and prompt immediate action.

Manage the Repair and Maintenance Expenses

When purchasing property, the initial cost is known as capital investment. However, it is essential to monitor the subsequent costs arising from repair and maintenance needs. Ensure to record all the expenses either on paper or on a computer. 

Follow the insights in this read to manage a real estate property better.

12V to 220V Step Up Inverter using transformer in Proteus

Hey learners! Welcome to another exciting electrical experiment in Proteus. At the present day, we'll perform the inversion of voltage. For this purpose, we will use the implementation of Transformer as Step-up Transformer. Prior to start, let's have the basic information about the 12V to 220V Step up inverter using Transformer in Proteus. In this tutorial, we'll learn:

1. What is a 12V to 220V inverter?
2. What is the function of the transformer in the 12V to 220V inverter?
3. How can we implement the Step up inverter using a Transformer in Proteus?
4. What are some applications of the 12V to 220V inverter?

Moreover, there will be some useful pieces of information in DID YOU KNOW sections.;

12V to 220V inverter

In electronic appliances, the circuitry is designed so, that the appliance can work in a specific range of Voltage, Frequency and power etc. If these quantities are not supplied using these parameters, then the Appliance does not work ideally. For example, if the given voltage to a bulb is less than its voltage range it may be lightened dim. or if the voltage is given more than the range of the bulb, the circuitry of the bulb may be damaged or even it may burst. In such a case, the invertors are used that inverts the voltage (or other electrical quantities according to type) into the suitable range is used. Therefore, the 12V to 220V inverter can be defined as:

"An invertor is the electrical circuit that converts the 12V Direct current into 220V Alternating current and alters supplied voltage range into required range."

By using the 12V to 220V inverter the electrical or electronic circuits, we can use the electrical circuits that work on the 220V even when the supply from the source is 12V.

DID YOU KNOW??????????????

"The Inverters play a life saving role in the appliances that have a sensitive circuit to voltage and current. Even the High voltage more than the range of the device can burn the circuit so badly that it may require to change the whole circuitry or the motherboard of the device."

 

Working of 12V to 220V invertor

in the process of 12V to 220V inversion, three major process takes place:

1. Supply
2. Conversion
3. Transformation

We use simple circuitry to perform each task. Based upon the functionality, we use three devices in the circuit of 12V to 220V inverter. These are:

1. Battery
2. Transistor
3. Transformer

Role of Battery in 12V to 220V Transformer

It is obvious that every circuit requires some sort of energy to perform the required function. In 12V to 220V Inverter, we use a 12V battery that will be supplied to whole components. The 12V battery performs the "Supply" process in the 12V to 220V Inverter.

Role of Transistor in 12V to 220V Inverter

The process of conversion of direct current into alternating current requires a mechanism that allows just the positive side of the sinusoidal wave of the Alternating current to pass through it and hence one can get only one side of the output wave of current. In the case of low and medium applications, power Transistors are used. The reason behind this logic is, the Transistors:

• are Less in cost.
• have low output Impedance.
• Allow most of the power to pass through it.

We know that the Transistor work as a switch. the two type regions of the characteristic graph of the Transistor are used in this experiment. Saturation region: In this region the transistor is biased. The collector-Emitter and the Collector-base junctions are forward biased. The collector has the minimum voltage and the collector current is maximum. Cut-off Region: In this region, the Transistor does not allow the current to pass through it.

Role of Transformer in 12V to 220V Inverter

The Transformer is the mechanical device used o transform the voltages from its input to its output. It has two sides that have coils around them. In our experiment, we use the Step-up Transformer that is introduced as:

"The type of Transformer that is used to convert the low voltage and high current supplied to its input to the high voltage and low current at its output is called the step up Transformer."

Hence the voltage from the Transistor that is rectified and has the direction only on one side is fed at its input. The Transformer transforms the low voltage into the high voltage. In this way, we get a high voltage. The ability of the transform to amplify the voltage depends upon the number of turns of the coil on its terminals.

DID YOU KNOW???

"If you get a transformer that have the same mechanical structure but it has the numbers of turns in primary coil grater than the secondary coil then it is called the step down Transformer. "

Implementation of 12V to 220V inverter using Transformer

At the present moment, we'll use all our concepts given above to design the circuit for the 12V to 220V Inverter. Just follow the simple steps given next.

• Power up your Proteus circuit.
• Choose the material given below.

Material Required

1. 3WATT68R (This resistor works at the 68R resistance automatically.)
2. Battery
3. Lamp
4. MJ-2925
5. Trans-2P3S (Step-up Transformer)

• Click at the components one after the other and arrange the components one after the other at the working area.
• Left-click at the Battery and choose "Rotate 180 degree".
• The screen should look like this:

• Change the values of some of the components by following the table given next:

Devices	Values
Battery	12V
Bulb	240V
Bulb Resistance	100k
Transformer Primary Inductance	100H
Transformer Total Secondary Inductance	1.1H

 

• Connect the elements with the help of the diagram given below:

• Simulate the circuit by clicking at "Play" button given on the lower-left corner of the screen.

You will observe that the bulb is light although it is set as a 220V device and the supplied voltage is just 12V.

Applications of 12V to 220V Inverter using Transformer

1. To charge the small batteries of vehicles such as cars.
2. Low power Alternating Current Motors.
3. Solar Power system.
4. Uninterrupted Power Supplies (UPS).
5. Reaction power controllers.
6. Adapted power Filters.

Adjustable speed Alternating Current Motor Drivers. Consequently, we saw about an electrical circuit today that converts the 12V from its input to 220V at its output using the Transformer. This experiment has many interesting applications. Stay with us for more experiments.

Pulse Width Modulation using 555 Timer in Proteus

Hello Engineers! Welcome to the board. We hope you are having a good day. In this tutorial, we teach you about Pulse Width Modulation. We'll discuss some important points about the topic. Let's have a look at the Topics of the tutorial:

1. What is Pulse Width Modulation?
2. What is 555 Timer?
3. how does 555 Timer is used in the Pulse Width modulation circuit?
4. How do we design the circuit of Pulse Width Modulation in Proteus ISIS?

In addition, you will have some useful information bout Pulse Width Modulator in DID YOU KNOW section.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	555 Timer	Amazon	Buy Now
2	LEDs	Amazon	Buy Now
3	Resistor	Amazon	Buy Now

Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse width Modulation is a useful technique in the world of Modern Electronics. Let's have a look at the information about Pulse Width Modulation.

Abbreviation of Pulse Width Modulation

The Abbreviation of the Pulse Width Modulation technique is PWM.

Definition of Pulse Width Modulation

We define the pulse Width Modulation as:

"The Pulse Width Modulation is the technique  in the electronics to control the power given to the analogue devices through which the average power delivered by the electrical signal is reduced due to division of the signals into discrete parts."

The Pulse Width Modulation is important to the inertial load devices such as motors because in these devices the change is slow due to their inertial ability and the Pulse Width Modulator has enough time to control the device.

Example of PWM

We know that in the bulb that we use in our daily life, the AC Power changes its direction from positive to negative cycle and vise versa. The frequency through which the cycle change decides the brightness of the bulb. Consider the example of the circuit in which the LED is connected to the power. The Power connection lightens the LED. When the switch between the power source and the bulb is close, the power is transmitted to the bulb and the brightness is observed. The opening and the closing of the switch can be controlled through the Pulse Width Modulation. The more is the duty cycle of the Pulse width, the more rapidly it opens and closes the switch and hence the brightness of the bulb is more and vise versa. hence we can conclude that by controlling the pulse width we are controlling the opening and closing of the switch and through which we are controlling the brightness of the bulb.  

DID YOU KNOW????????????

"The Pulse Width Modulation technique is also called as the Pulse Duration Modulation or PDM. It is because this technique works with the duration of the cycle of the circuit. "

555 Timer in Pulse Width Modulation

Prior to start the work of 555 Timer in Pulse Width Modulator, we must clear some important concepts about the 555 Timer device. Let's have a glance on the points.

Definition of 555 Timer

The 555 Timer was termed as the SE NE555 Timers. Another Type of the 555 Timer is SE555 Timer. These were first invented by "Signetic Corporation" . We define the 555 Timer as:

"The 555 Timer is an 8 pin Integrated Circuit that generates accurate timing pulse. The designing of the 555 timer is done by collectively arranging the electrical and electronic components such as resistors, transistors, diodes and Flip Flops."

These are monolithic Timing circuits that are designed to provide stable time delay and oscillations. These are highly reliable and low in cost.

Pin out of 555 Timer

There are 8 pins of 555 Timer and each pin has its own function and operation. For the best concept, we have designed a table for each pin given below:

Pin Number	Pin Name	Description
1	Ground	This pin is labeled as GND and used to supply the 0 voltage.
2	Trigger	When the Time interval starts, the output remains low when this pin is high and vise versa.
3	Output	This is the output pin.
4	Reset	This pin overrides the Trigger pin and that overrides the Threshold. It is connected with Vcc if not used.
5	Control	It controls the Pulse Width and the level of threshold and Trigger.
6	Threshold	Hen the voltage is applied at this pin, it acts in the contrast to the voltage.
7	Discharge	This pin is an open-collector output. During the intervals, this pin is used to discharge the capacitor.
8	Supply	This is the power supply pin. The input of power is taken against the Ground pin.

DID YOU KNWO???????????

"We use the counter instrument in the Proteus to count the Pulse Width Modulation of the circuit using 555 Timer."

Implementation of PWM using 555 Timer in Proteus ISIS

To implement the Pulse Width Modulation using 555 Timer, we are using the simulation in Proteus ISIS. To Implement the 555 Timer PWM  just follow the simple steps given next:

• Fire up your Proteus Software.
• Choose the following components:

1. 555 Timer
2. 1N4148 Diode
3. 3005P-1-502 Variable Resistor
4. DC Power Supply
5. Resistor
6. Counter
7. Oscilloscope

• Fix first five components from the "Pick Library" at the working area.
• Change the values of Resistor, Capacitors and variable Resistors according to the table given below:

  Component	Values
  Resistor	1k ohm
  Variable Resistor	50k ohm
  Capacitor 1	10nf
  Capacitor?	1uF
  DC Power source	10V

   

• Go to Terminal mode>Ground and set it at the end of the circuit.
• Connect the components through the connecting wires according to the image given next:

• To get the counting of the output, go to virtual Instrument Mode and choose the counter.
• Go to Virtual instrument Mode and select the Oscilloscope.
• Connect the counter with any terminal of the Oscilloscope.
• Join both the instruments with pin 3 of 555 Timer.

• Pop the play button and simulate the circuit.
• Change the values of voltages and the frequency according to need.
• We observe that the Oscilloscope shows us the width as:

Thus, Today we saw what is the pule Width Modulation, learned some important concepts about the 555 Timer, got some important concepts about Pulse Width Modulation using the 555 Timer and saw the simulation by the mean of Proteus ISIS. If you found it useful, give us your important feedback in the comment section.

Metal Detector using 555 Timer in Proteus

Hello Pupils! I welcome you to the board. I hope you are fine. In today's tutorial, we will design a project Metal Detector using 555 Timer in Proteus ISIS. All of us perceive the situations when at the public places such as on airports or in shopping malls where sharp metallic objects such as a knife or illegal guns or even a nail cutter are not allowed, there are walkthrough gates at every entrance so that any person with the forbidden material when passes through the gate, the alarming buzzer automatically switched on. This happened because the walkthrough gates have the Metal Detector circuit in them that works immediately when such a situation occurs. In this session, we'll learn:

1. What are Metal Detectors?
2. How does the 555 Timer collaborate with the circuit of Metal Detector?
3. How does the circuit of the 555 Timer Metal Detector works?
4. How can we implement the circuit of 555 Timer Metal Detector in Proteus?

In addition, you will also have some useful pieces of information in DID YOU KNOW Sections.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	555 Timer	Amazon	Buy Now
2	LEDs	Amazon	Buy Now
3	Resistor	Amazon	Buy Now

NE555 Timer Metal Detectors

Metal Detectors became the one of the necessary devices for many public Places either it is park or bank, airport or any supermarket. It is because they play a vital role in the maintenance of security. Most of the metal detectors We define the Metal Detector as:

"The Metal detectors are the specialized NE555 Timer gadgets that detect the presence of the metals when the metals enters in the range of Metal Detector Circuits."

The NE555 Timer Metal Detectors does not only have the application i the field of security but they are also used in a variety of situations. The NE555 Timer Metal Detector can be categorized into three basic Families:

1. Very Low Frequency Detectors.
2. Pulse Induction Detectors.
3. Metal Detectors for specific Purpose.

DID YOU KNOW??????????????????????

"1960 was the year in which the 1st Metal Detector was established using simple devices in industrial and Mineral Prospecting. "

There are many kinds of NE555 Timer Metal Detectors that are used for different operations some of them are listed below:

1. Diagnostic Purposes.
2. Detecting myriad of foreign objects.
3. Finding the presence of bullets.
4. Detecting the intraocular metallic fragments.
5. Finding Swallowed coins.

Working of NE555 Timer Metal Detector

When we talk about the working of the NE555 Timer Metal Detector, we must have a clear idea about the following concepts:

1. Inductance
2. NE555 Timer operational system

Inductance in NE555 Timer Metal Detector

Let's recall the idea of Inductance that we are learning from our physics class:

"The Inductance, in electromagnetism and electronics, is the ability of a conductor of electricity to negate the change in the electric current that is flowing through it. This flow of electric current produces a magnetic field around that electrical conductor."

In the NE555 Timer Metal Detector circuit, we use an inductor that senses the presence of the Metal near to it. More close a Metal Detector to it, the more electric field lines are produced and hence the speaker gives the sound more loudly indicating the distance between the NE555 Timer Metal Detector and the metal's distance. We denote the Inductance through "L". Hence the formula to find the Inductance through any Conductor can be find through: Inductance= Magnetic Flux of Current/Current.

DID YOU KNOW ???

"There are some Metal Detectors that are used to find the treasure or ancient metals underground. They are so powerful that they can detect the Metal many feet away.  Thus, many people have a life changing search due to these useful instruments."

NE555 Timer

NE555 Timers belongs to the Family of 555 Timers Integrated Circuits. These are highly utilitarian circuits that are considered as one of the most used Integrated Circuits in the world of Electronics. We introduce the NE555 Timer as:

"NE555 Timer Circuit is the widely used Integrated Circuit having 8 pins and used to have the output that have a uniform pulses that can be set according to need."

The 555 Timers are used to have a variety of pulses that depends upon the arrangement of the devices connected to their Pins. There are three kinds of NE555 Timer modes:

1. Monostable Mode.
2. Astable Mode.
3. Bistable Mode.

Operations in the NE555 Timer Metal Detector Circuit

• When we examine the Circuit of NE555 Timer Metal Detector, we find these operations:
• The power of all the components is the Direct current that is provided by the battery.
• This power enters the NE555 Timer circuit that produces the uniform Timer-based Pulse at its output pin.
• This Pulse enters the resistor that controls the flow of current through the main Metal Detector circuit.
• The Resistor passes this current to the Inductor. The Inductance of the inductor is the basic criteria of distance measurement.
• As in Proteus, it is not possible to show the Movement of a Metal, so the value of the inductance represents the number of electric field lines around the NE555 Timer Metal Detector circuit. More is the Inductance, more numbers of lines passing through the inductor and hence it is assumed that metal is more near to the circuit. 
• The DC current then passes through the speaker according to the strength of the electric field lines and hence we found the faint or hard sound.

[PostWiidget4]

Circuit design of 555 Timer Metal Detector in Proteus

• Power up your Proteus Software.
• Choose the following components from the Pick Library button "P".

Components Required

1. NE555 Timer
2. Inductor
3. Capacitor
4. Resistor
5. Speaker

• Take all the Components from the left section and arrange all of them on working screen according to the diagram given below:

 

• Now, Change the values of some of the components one after the other by double clicking the components.
• Inductor= 150mH, Capacitor 1=2.2uF,Capacitor 2=2.2uF,Capacitor 3 10uF, Resistor= 47k Ohm, Battery=9V.
•  Connect the circuit components with the help of connecting wire so our circuit look like this:

• As soon as the Circuit is simulated by hitting the Play button, the user sense a sound or buzzer from the circuit.
• If you heard it then cool, otherwise look at your circuit once again.

Task

Change the value of inductor to 300micro Farad and more to hear the louder sound.

Hence today, we saw what are NE555 Timer Metal Detector, How do they are classified, how does the circuit of 555 Metal detector works and how can we design its circuit using simple devices in Proteus ISIS. Stay with us for more projects.

Police Siren Project using 555 Timer in Proteus

Hey Geeks! Welcome to The Engineering Projects. We hope you are having a reproductive day. We know that sirens are the special sounds that are the symbol that something unusual is occurring or about to occur. You may have experienced the Siren of the Walkthrough Gates at the airport when a person having the knife or other forbidden material pass through it. Or you have heard the Siren of the ambulance and seen that all the traffic gives the way to the ambulance when they hear the special Siren of the Ambulance. The same is the case with the police Siren. The Police sirens are the special sound and it is set with the help of 555 Timer Integrated Circuit. You will learn how can one design a Police siren using the 555 Timer circuit in this tutorial. Let's have a quick list of the topics that will be clear in our tutorial.

1. What is the 555 Timer Police Siren?
2. What are the 555 Timer and its modes?
3. How does the circuit of 555 Timer police Timer Circuit works?
4. How can you design the circuit of 555 Timer Police Siren in Proteus?

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	555 Timer	Amazon	Buy Now
2	LEDs	Amazon	Buy Now
3	Resistor	Amazon	Buy Now

555 Timer Police Siren

The Police Siren we have seen many times in real life as well as in Television shows and Movies are made of the special arrangement of the 555 Timer. The Siren has a loud voice that can be heard at a distance of many feet. This Project has a very simple yet amazing arrangement of some basic electronic devices. The heart of Police Siren is the 555 Timer integrated circuit. In the police siren, two 555 timers are used. This is a Multi-functional chip that is widely used in different types of the industrial as well as household applications. If we look at the configuration of 555 Timer Integrated Circuit then we can generate a table just as shown next:

Pin Number	Attachments
1	Ground
2	Trigger
3	Output
4	Reset
5	Control
6	Threshold
7	Discharge
8	Vcc

Technically, The 555 Timer works in 3 modes:

• Monostable Mode
• Astable Mode
• Multistable Mode

Monostable Multivibrator Mode in 555 Timer

This mode of the 555 Timer contains a single stable state that can be used to get only one single output pulse of a specific width that may be high or low by applying an external trigger pulse. In this circuit, the 555 Timer uses only one resistor but two capacitors.

Astable Mode in 555 Timer

As the name shows, the Astable mode does not have any stable state. The Astable mode of 555 Timer has 2 quasi-steady states that change from one state to another one after the other. In this way, the 555 Timer in this state, alters the output from high to low and vise versa after the time settled by the user. It uses two capacitors and two resistors connected with the specific pins in a specific manner.

Bistable Mode of 555 Timer

In this mode of 555 Timer, the pins are connected with two resistors, one capacitor and two switches. The switches turn the state of 555 Timer to high and low and thus we obtained the high and low output waves at a time.

Working of the 555 Timer Police Siren

The working of the 555 Timer Police Siren starts from the Direct Current power supply that is supplied to pins 8 of the 555 Timer.

1. Both of these 555 Timers are in the Astable mode that means their pulse output changes continuously.
2. The 555 Timer at the left produces a pulse that is fed into the right 555 Timer as an input.
3. The values of Resistors control the width of the pulses.
4. The capacitors connected with the 555 Timers charge and discharge without any interval.
5.  At the end, this DC power supply enters the speaker with a continuously varying pulses of the current and produces a special sound.
6. If you want to change the output voice, you can change the values of Resistors and capacitors.

Circuit design of 555 Timer Police Siren in Proteus

To design this circuit, simply follow these step given next as it is.

• Start the Proteus Software.
• Choose the required devices from the pick library by clicking the "P" button and writing the names of the devices.

Required Components fpr 555 Timer Police Siren:

1. NE555 Timer (We'll use 2 ICs)
2. Diode
3. Resistor
4. Direct current power supply
5. Speaker
6. Capacitor

• Get the 555 Timer from the library and arrange it at the working area.
• Repeat the step above.
• Choose Resistor, capacitor, Diode and speaker and arrange them on the screen.
• Change the alignment of 4 resistors and diode by left click on screen> Rotate Clockwise and set the whole circuit as shown in the figure:
• Go to Generation Mode>DC and fix it at above the working area.

DID YOU KNOW ???

"If you have the Proteus 8 software, then you can have a real time Siren sound by choosing the Speaker and a piano symbol with it."

• Label the Components by double-clicking it because Proteus throws an error for the duplicate devices.
• Double click the components mentioned below and change their values according to the table given next:

Device	Value
R2	68k Ohm
R3	68K Ohm
R4	8.2K Ohm
R5	8.2K Ohm
C1	100uF
C2	100nF
C3	0.01uF
C4	10uF
Vcc	4V

 

• Go to Terminal Mode>Ground and Set the Ground terminal just below the circuit.

•  Join the 555 Timer's pins with the components as described above in the 555 Timer section.

• Pop the Play button and simulate the circuit.

Task

Now, change the values of capacitor and resistor in different sequence to have the different voices as an output.

Have you heard the siren? If yes then cool. Yet, if no, then look at the circuit deeply and fix the mistake. Truss, today we saw that what is the Police Siren, how does the 555 Timer circuit works, what is the working mechanism of the 555 Timer Police Siren, how does we design the circuit of 555 Timer Police Siren in the Proteus. If you found it useful, give us feedback. If you faced any difficulty, share with us i the comment section. Stay with us with more Proteus Projects.

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Digital Counter using 4026 IC in Proteus ISIS.

Hello Mentees! Welcome to the board. We hope you are doing great. We are working on another interesting yet easy Project in the Proteus ISIS and that is Digital Counter using 4026 IC in the Proteus. Counters are used in thousands of electronic experiments as well as in our daily life. Who is not5 familiar with Digital Watches and calculators. At the same token, the counters are used in the digital display microwave ovens and many household appliances as well. In this session you will find the answers to the following questions:

1. What is 4026 IC?
2. What are Digital counters using 4026 IC?
3. How does Digital Counter using 4026 IC works?
4. How does we design the circuit of the Digital Counter circuit using 4026 IC in Proteus ISIS?
5. How can you convert this Circuit from 1 digit counter to many Digit Counter using 4026 IC?

In addition, you will also have some interesting chunks of information about the topic in DID YOU KNOW sections.

What is 4026 IC in Digital Counters

Integrated Circuits play a vital role in the field of circuits and electronics. These are the combination of different fundamental devices in very specific yet functional ways. The 4026 belongs to the family of the Integrated Circuits in the series of 4000. The 4026 IC is introduced as:

"The 4026 is CMOS seven Segment counter  integrated Circuit that is the designed in decade Based and counts in the decimal digits and consist of total 16 pins." 

The output of the 4026 digital counter is usually fed into a 7 segment display Light Emitting Diode that shows the counter output of the 4026 IC Counter. Being an IC, the pins of the 4026 Digital counter IC are very specific. By looking at the block diagram of 4026 IC Counter, we can generate a table that shows us the proper configuration of the 4026 IC.

Pin Number	Pin Name	Description of the Pin
1	Clock (CLK)	With each positive clock Pulse, it increments the counter.
2	CI (Clock Inhibit)	It is the Active high. When high, the counter freezes. When low, the clock pulse increments 7 segments.
3	DE (Display Enable)	Chip will ON when this is high and vise versa.
4	DEO (Display Enable Out)	Chaining 4026s.
5	CO (Carry Out)	It completes a single cycle after every 10 clock input cycles. It is used to change the clock manner of 1 counter into a multi counter.
6	F	This Pin is connected to ‘f’ of the 7 segment.
7	G	This pin is connected to ‘g’ of the 7 segment.
8	VSS	It is the Ground PIN
9	D	It is Connected to ‘d’ of the 7 segment.
10	A	It connects with the  ‘a’ Pin of the 7 segment.
11	E	It Connects the ‘e’ of the 7 segment with it.
12	B	It Connects to the  ‘b’ of the 7 segment.
13	C	It is Connected to ‘c’ of the 7 segment.
14	UCS ( Un-gated C-Segment)	It is an output for the seven-segment's C input that is not affected by the input of  DE . When the count is 2, it is high.
15	RST (Reset)	Reset the counter to 0 when HIGH. Hence it is Active High.
16	VDD	Power supply PIN

In out experiment, we'll set all these pins according to our requirements to get the desired output. but some of the points here are pending to discuss. You may noticed the functioning of 6, 7, 9 to 13 pins of 4026 IC Counter. Let's have a look what does we mean by the description.

Seven Segment Display with 4026 IC Counter

This is the electronic device that is used to show the output of the counters such as 4026 IC. We define the Seven Segment Display as:

"The Seven Segment Display is a collection of 8 Light Emitting Diodes in a rectangular fashion that is an output device used to display the outcomes of different counters." 

For the convenience of connections, each LED of the Seven Segment Display is named i alphabetically and hence each pin of Seven Segment Display is connected with pins of 4026 IC Counter. 

Working of 4026 IC Digital Counter

1. The Simulation of the circuit starts with the pulse generation at the Clock Pulse. These Pulses enters the BC547 MOSFET that regulates the pulses.
2. The LED Connected to the BC547 MOSFET blink and we get the idea about the speed of the Pulse Generation.
3. The Pulse enters the 4026 IC Counter and the counter Passes these pulses to the seven segment Display device.
4. Each pulse from the 4026 IC power ups the respected LED of the seven segment display in a specific manner that we always get the digit as a result.
5. The power is then Grounded connected to the seven segment display terminal.
6. The output can be reset to the initial state with the button. This button is connected to the reset terminal of 4026 IC.

DID YOU KNOW ???

"You may skip the part of MOSFET and LED in the circuit but in some cases, when the error of the pulse occure, it may be difficult to examine whether the Pulses speed is low or there is another issue with the circuit."

Circuit Design of Digital Counter using 4026 IC in Proteus

• Fire up your Proteus Software.
• Choose the first five devices given next from the Pick Library.

Material Required:

1. Seven Segment Cathod LED
2. Resistors
3. 4026 IC Counter
4. MOSFET BC547
5. Button
6. Clock Pulse
7. Led
8. Ground Terminal
9. Power Terminal

• Arrange the material taken from the Pick Library at the working screen with the help of following image:

• Go to generation mode and choose "Clock Pulse" then arrange it just after the left most resistor at the screen.
• Go to Terminal Mode and get  "Power" terminal. You will use three Power Terminals.
• Attach power Terminal with pin 3 of 4026 IC Counter, with the MOSFET.
• Get a ground terminal from terminal mode and attach it with the lower pin of seven segment display.

Repeat the above step for the pin 2 of the 4026 IC Counter.Tip of circuit

"Why don't you try different colors of the seven Segment Display from the Proteus Pick Library of your choice? You have to change the names of the components by double clicking it and changing the label because Proteus does not recognize the components with the same names and through an error."

• Change the values of the Components by double tapping them with the cursor.

Component	Value
Resistor 1 to 8	220 Ohms
Resistor 9	10k
Frequency of Clock Pulse	1 Hz

• Connect all the components with the help of connecting wires. Be careful with connection and follow the image below:

• Hit the play button to simulate the circuit.

Two Digit Counter using 4026 IC

If you want to make a two Digit counter, simply select the 4026 IC and Seven Segment Display>left click>click "block copy".

• Paste this block at the screen.
• Manage both the Seven Segment Displays side by side.
• Change the names of the Resistors and  4026 IC to resist the duplication.
• Connect the Pin 5 of 1st 4026 IC with the Pin 1 of the 2nd 4026 IC.
• Connect Pin 15 of 2nd 4026 IC with the button given above.
• Pop the Play button again and observe the result.

Result

1. When the Frequency of the Clock Pulse is 1. The Digital counter 4026 IC shows us the value from zero to one in normal speed.
2. Clicking the button resets the 4026 IC Digital Counter to the initial value, i.e, zero and starts the cycle.
3. Changing the value of clock pulse to 10 will increase the digits changing the speed of the seven segment Display output.
4. In two digits 4024 IC Counter, we can count the values till 99.
5. One can make the 3, 4 and so on digit counter using the same method.

Consequently, we learned an Interesting Circuit today, we saw what are the 4026 IC counter and with the combination of Seven Segment display and Transistor , how can we design a Digital counter circuit in the Proteus. Stay connected for other interesting circuits on The Engineering Projects.