The Engineering Projects

What is a Bluetooth Module? Types, Working, and Applications

Hi students! I hope you are having a productive day. Technology is all about sharing information through different means to utilize it in a better way, and today, we are discussing an important and basic one of that has been the trend for years and has made the devices live and connected. Our motto is to discuss the basic concepts of the Bluetooth module, but we’ll try to keep things simple, to the point, and informative so you have the best knowledge.

In today’s article, we are going to study Bluetooth and its modules in detail. We’ll learn about the basic introduction of these modules and study their types in detail. We’ll see different modules with their applications and also discuss the use of particular types of modules in different fields of life. In the end, we’ll examine the workings of these modules and see how we will see these modules in the future. Let’s start learning the first point:

Bluetooth Module Introduction

The Bluetooth mechanism is one of the earliest wireless technologies that has revolutionized the communication process on devices. This technology works only in the equipment that was designed to do so during the manufacturing and design process, and the modules fit into the internal structure. In modern digital communication, Bluetooth modules are vital components and are incorporated into several devices to provide the easy transfer of data from one device to another. These modules are introduced as:

"A Bluetooth module is a specialized chip that is designed to wirelessly connect two compatible devices for communication, and it does it using its low energy wave feature."

These modules act as the interface between the microcontroller and the devices. The scope of these modules is not just limited to smartphones and laptops but also includes multiple types of devices, such as watches and households that use Bluetooth modules to share data. For instance, the air conditioners at home have Bluetooth modules to share details about temperature and other parameters. This not only shares the data but also contributes to controlling the devices without any physical connection with them.

Examples of Bluetooth Modules

Before moving on to the types and other details, I want to share the modules' names and their applications, which will help you understand the workings of these modules.

The new models of these modules are frequently released every year, but some important models that are extensively used are mentioned in the table given below:

Bluetooth Modules’ Types

The reason why Bluetooth modules are used on multiple types of devices is because of their versatility. The popularity of these modules has encouraged designers to create different types, and out of these, the most important ones are mentioned here:

Bluetooth Classic Module

The first Bluetooth classic module was developed in the late 1990s and soon operated on 79 channels. The Bluetooth Classic was formally known as the Bluetooth or Bluetooth EDR. It is an older networking standard that was designed according to IEEE 802.15.1. Although it was an amazing module at the time, with time, it has enhanced its capability and scope; therefore, it is still used in devices. The features of this module are listed below:

Bluetooth Classic Features

It has a high data rate and can transfer up to 3 Mbps, which makes it suitable for applications that require a high bandwidth rate. This rate is significantly higher than some other modules, such as the Bluetooth LE. 

It is operated from a long distance in ideal conditions because it has a range of 330 feet, which is 100 meters. This is the plus point of using this module multiple devices can be occupied in this long range. 

This module can ignore the interference of different devices and create a connection with the required device, which makes it a good choice.

Bluetooth Classic Applications

Based on its features, the Bluetooth Classic can be used in different applications, such as:

• Bluetooth Classic in Audio Streaming

Audio streaming is the most prominent example of the Bluetooth Classic because of the structure of this module. It works on different profiles that decide the features of the connection. For audio streaming, the relevant profiles are mentioned here:

1. Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP): This profile is responsible for high-quality audio streaming from one device to another. Hence, when this feature is required, the A2DP profile of the Bluetooth module is active. 

2. Audio/Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP): This profile is active when playback functions such as play, pause, and skip are required by the source device.
   

• Bluetooth Classic for File Transfer

This mode of Bluetooth is also used to share files, such as images, videos, audio files, etc., from the source device to the destination. For this, it uses the Object Push Profile (OPP) profile, which is specifically designed for simple file transfers. This is a more user-friendly way of sharing files than using wires.

• Bluetooth Classic for Serial Communication

For serial communication, the Bluetooth Classic uses another profile named Serial Port Profile (SPP). This profile facilitates the emulation of the serial port of a device using Bluetooth. In this way, the device establishes the connection wirelessly through a virtual serial link. This profile is usually active when serial communication is required for data sharing between two computers or other embedded devices. This is a useful feature in different cases where flexibility is required for data sharing.  

• Bluetooth Classic in Wireless Peripherals

Bluetooth does not only share data wirelessly, but it also helps to connect peripherals without any physical connection. This is a big relief because multiple peripherals not only create a messy look but there is always the risk of wire damage as well. Connecting peripherals like mice, keyboards, speakers, etc. are more reliable and energy efficient.

This type of connection is widely adopted and has contributed to the elimination of the need for cumbersome cables. As a result, the connection is more convenient and enables a clutter-free environment. Hence, Bluetooth Classic is extensively used in the updated peripherals, therefore providing convenience. 

• Bluetooth Classic in Mobile Printing

Mobile printing is a trending application of Bluetooth Classic that establishes connections with devices such as smartphones, tablets, and other Bluetooth-enabled devices. On-the-go printing is a convenient way to effortlessly send printing jobs from mobile devices to Bluetooth-enabled printing devices. This application is being used at different scales, either for personal use or for professional applications.

Bluetooth Low Energy

Bluetooth Low Energy is also known as BLE, and this version operates on 40 channels only. This is a relatively flexible version of its predecessors. It's a power-conservative module for the personal area network (PAN). It uses radio waves in the 2.4 GHz band and consumes a minimal amount of electricity; therefore, it is suitable for devices that require a continuous Bluetooth connection. 

It supports the broadcasting of mesh technology and is essential for creating large-scale networks. This module is designed to keep the periodic, short bursts of long-range radio connections in mind and, therefore, has a great scope in the field of battery-oriented devices. 

Bluetooth Low Energy Features

Here are some other important features of this module:

• It is designed to work in devices that run continuously for months and even years; therefore, it consumes much less energy than other modules and is considered ideal for devices such as wearables and other compact devices.
• It is only suitable for PANs and has a relatively low range of 30 meters (in ideal condition), which is lower than the previous case (Bluetooth Classic).
• As it is designed for battery-oriented devices, therefore, it can make the connection instantly. This feature helps it consume less energy because of the low-range connections.
• This module can transmit a small amount of data, such as the reading of the sensor, notifications, and other configuration settings. The duty of this module is to send the data at a rate of only 1 Mbps, which is less than the Bluetooth Classic, but it is enough for the applications for which it is designed.

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Applications

Here is a list of the basic applications where the BLE is extensively used:

• It transmits data from the fitness trackers and wearables and provides information like heart rate, number of steps users have taken, etc. Because of their low power consumption and small size, these modules are extensively used to connect Bluetooth-enabled devices with wearables and allow the monitoring of health metrics such as heart rate, steps taken, and distances covered. 

• It is a popular way for data sharing between smart home devices, such as thermostats and air conditioners. Here, it is useful because of the quick connection and low power usage, so it may provide the information from these devices to the user consistently. In this way, it provides a reliable connection to check the home climate and, therefore, helps in its regulation.

• BLE beacons effectively transmit location information for indoor navigation and proximity marketing. The efficient data transmission capabilities to nearby devices help the BLE stand out in the first position among other options for data sharing in this regard. 

• It is used in medical devices and sensors. With the advancement of technology, large and bulky devices are converted into smaller and more efficient ones, and the connection of these devices with the computer is now easy because of the advanced Bluetooth modules. It is employed in wearable devices that allow the medical staff to send the health parameters to the computer, where the printing of the report and detailed examination can be done. 

Dual Mode Bluetooth

Dual-mode Bluetooth is a versatile Bluetooth chip that has the functionalities of both (BLE and Bluetooth Classic) and offers the advantages of both of these. It incorporates features like the wide range of 3 Mbps at 100 meters and the low power consumption and small data pack that make it ideal for a great number of applications.

This module has made the applications simpler; before this, separate modules were used to get such features. It not only makes the design simple and small but is also more cost-friendly the user simply has to switch between the modes through the device.

Dual Mode Bluetooth Applications

As expected, the application of this module is a combination of those mentioned before in this article. Here are some cases where Dual Mode Bluetooth is the most suitable choice:

Dual Mode Bluetooth in Automotive Integration

Dual Mode Bluetooth is a dominant technique for hands-free audio calling in vehicles. When working as the Bluetooth Classic, it can be used in the safe calling system in vehicles. The drivers simply connect their smartphones and other devices with the vehicles’ calling system and receive the calls without any discomfort. It is a life-saving feature in different cases. 

The user can also share the files with the vehicular system, and for this, the BLE mode is efficient. The small packets of data that are transmitted consume very little energy, and this continued connection helps to provide a more user-friendly experience. 

Dual Mode Bluetooth in the Internet of Things (IoT)

The mode of IoT working is to create connections between different devices and allow them to work as a closed system; therefore, Bluetooth is widely used here. These devices require continuous connection as well as fast information sharing, so dual-mode Bluetooth is the best option for IoT. It allows a diverse array of IOT applications and allows devices to seamlessly switch between high-speed data transfer (a characteristic of Bluetooth Classic) and energy-efficient, intermittent communication (a characteristic of BLE). In short, it provides the perfect balance between data sharing and continuous communication. As a result, it can provide a strong connection between devices, sensors, actuators, and other IoT system components. 

Dual Mode Bluetooth in Gaming

Gaming is one of the most trending fields nowadays, and here, dual-mode Bluetooth is making the gaming experience more convenient. It provides a seamless connection between the gaming peripherals, such as controllers, headphones, and other accessories. The dual functionality of this Bluetooth mode ensures low latency and high-speed data transfer, which are the basic features of a smooth gaming process. The gamers, in this way, experience a more immersive and customizable gaming environment. 

The wire-free and more dynamic gaming system is not only more convenient and smooth but also helps in better gaming performance.

Here is the table that compares these three modes of Bluetooth modules:

Similarly, some other module types are related to the particular features of Bluetooth, such as audio streaming, serial Bluetooth, Long-Range Bluetooth, evaluation and development kits, and others.

Working of Bluetooth Modules

The basic purpose of these modules is to eliminate the need for wires to share data through radio waves. These modules work over short distances only, and generally, the working principles of all the modules are more or less similar. Here is the general way in which these modules are discussed below:

The modules have small antennas in them, and these are incorporated into the devices. 

When a compatible device is turned on, it emits signals, which are captured by the module antenna. Once these devices are connected to the user confirmation, they can send the data and share information.

The group of multiple devices connected through Bluetooth is termed the Bluetooth network.  This large network of Bluetooth devices follows the master/slave system. In this way, the master can connect more than one device and send and receive data from its slaves. On the contrary, the slave can only connect with the master and send and receive data there. There is no connection between the slave devices. The role of the master device is most highlighted in the network, and if, for some reason, the master device fails in the connection, then the whole network is disturbed.

Bluetooth Modules Future Trends

There are different connectivity technologies, and the designers of the Bluetooth modules are working hard to meet the needs of the time. In the future, the Bluetooth modules will be better with the help of the following features:

Bluetooth Modules’ Enhanced Connectivity 

Right now, Bluetooth modules are less famous than other connectivity resources due to the limited connectivity of Bluetooth. Designers are working on modules that will connect instantly over a long range and transfer the data at a high rate.

Bluetooth Mesh Network

The Bluetooth mesh network is a crucial feature that is making it more useful in fields like the Internet of Things (IoT). Designers are working on modules that can accommodate multiple components at a time. The network allows the modules to communicate seamlessly over an extended area. In the future, more powerful modules are expected for networking. Some basic examples of the elements in the mesh network are:

• Smart lighting

• Building automation

• Large-scale sensor networks.

Bluetooth Modules with 5G Integration

5G technology is the most updated technology of this decade. The newer modules are denied in such a way that they can work closely with 5G technology. This will not only leverage the high speed and low latency, but it will also be compatible with the latest devices. The most suitable applications in the future with these modules are those wanting real-time data transformation, for instance, augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR).

Some other important features of these modules that will keep them updated for the latest applications are Ultra-Low power consumption, security enhancements, compatibility with emerging standards, AI integration, miniaturization and integration, and many others.

Hence, today we have studied the fundamental concepts of Bluetooth modules, and we started with what Bluetooth is and the introduction of the Bluetooth modules. We saw that there are different types of these modules, and each of them is ideal for the particular class of devices and applications where these modules are used. We have seen a comparison of these types as well, and in the end, we examined how these modules work. Moreover, we also study the future trends of the Bluetooth modules and how the teams of designers are working. I hope you got all the points in this article that you were searching for, but if you want any other information, you can ask in the comment section.

Introduction to HC-12

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at a detailed Introduction to HC-12. It is a wireless data transmitter and receiver module, that uses 433 megahertz frequency and can communicate to one thousand meter distance. It can communicate with more than one microcontroller. This module operates from 3.2 volts to 5.5 volts.

This Bluetooth module is installed in industries to control different processes and machines. It is also used in the circuitry of different security systems. This module uses silicons LABs Si4463 for (radio-frequency) RF data transmission. In today's post, we will look at its working, features, pinout and applications in detail. So let's get started with Introduction to HC-12.

Introduction to HC-12

•  HC-12 is an RF module, used for wireless data transmission.
• Its operating frequency range is from 433.4 to 473 megahertz, large no of channels can be tuned on this frequency range.
• The maximum sending information power of this module is one hundred megawatts or twenty-decibel milliwatts.
• The data receiving strength is -117 decibel milliwatts with a baud rate of five thousand bytes per second in the air.
• This device uses stamp hole packaging for patch soldering, having a dimension of 27.8-millimeter x 14.4-millimeter x 4 millimeters, consisting of an antenna cap that makes it easier to install in different circuitry.
• This module also consists of a printed circuit board (PCB) antenna socket and an external antenna can be connected by coaxial wire.
• This data transmission module also consists of the microcontroller, used to generate the data protocol.

HC-12 Pinout

• Now we discuss the pinouts of HC-05.

 

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	Vcc	At this pin input supply is provided to this module, the range of direct current source is 3.2 volts to 5.5 volts, and the load connected with it should be two hundred milliamperes. One thing you should keep in mind that when this module sending data tries to connect 1N4007 diode in series voltage source if its value is larger than 4.5 volts for reduction of heating.
Pin#2	GND	This pinout is connected with the ground.
Pin#3	RXD	It is UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) input data and TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) pinout. The resistance of one kilo is linked in series within the module.
Pin#4	TXD	it is UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter) output data and TTL (Transistor-Transistor Logic) pinout. With this pinout, one-kilo ohm resistance is connected in series.
Pin#5	SET	This pinout is for the setting of different parameters at active low level. One kilo ohm resistance is also connected with it in series.
Pin#6	ANT	This pinout is for 433 megahertz antenna.
Pin#7	GND	it is the ground pinout.
Pin#8	GND	This pinout is also connected with the ground.
Pin#9	NC	It is not used for any connection.
ANT1	ANT	It is IPEX20279-001E-03 antenna socket.
ANT2	ANT	433MHz spring antenna solder eyelet.

 

• The pinout from one to six consists of 2 bonding pads, with exterior half- holes bondings pads are manufactured for soldering.

• When the interior bonding pad antenna (ANT2) of pinout six is employed for linking, then the antenna connected with spring can be soldered with the hand.
• Let’s see a diagram of the pinout.

Features of HC-12

• This module can send and receive data to almost one thousand kilometers with a baud rate of five thousand bps.
• Its operating frequency range is from 433.4 to 473 megaHertz, to the hundreds of communication channels.
• Its data transmission power is almost a hundred megawatts or twenty decibels.
• It operates at 3 different modes according to the circuitry in which it is employed.
• A microcontroller is configured on this module so there is no need for a special programming device.
• It transmits a large number of bytes bits to the receiving module.
• It used a serial port for data transmission.
• Its operating voltage range is from 3.2 volts to 5.5 volts.
• It used the UART and TTL protocols for interfacing with other devices.
• It operates at minus forty degrees Celsius to plus eighty-five degrees Celsius.

Where to use HC-12

• These devices are used in pairs only and simple transmission of data is done by this device. That means its transmitter is used only for sending of data and its receiver for receiving data.
• With sending information to one thousand meter distance it is also used for short-range almost three meters of data transmission.

HC-12 Applications

• These are some important applications of HC-12 that are described here in detail.
•  Different wireless sensors consist of this module.
• For the control of robotic instruments, it is used in these modules.
• In industries, different machines are controlled from a larger distance.
•  POS (point of sale) systems also used this module.
• It is also used in the keyless automobile entry system.

That is a complete article on HC-12 I have mentioned each and everything related to HC-12 in this post if you have any questions ask in the comments. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to LCD 20x4

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at the Introduction to 20x4 LCD Module. The LCD stands for liquid crystal display, which works on the light modulation features of liquid crystals. It is available in electronic visible display, video display and flat panel display. There are numerous categories and features are exist in markets of LCD and you can see it on your mobile, laptop, computer and television screen.

The invention of LCD gives new life to electronic industries and replaces lED and gas plasma techniques. It also replaces the CTR (cathode ray) tube that is used for visual display. The input power consumed by the liquid crystal display is less than the light-emitting diode and plasma display. In today's post, we will have a look at 20 x 4 LCD, its features, working, applications, and practical implementation in different electronic devices. So let's get started with the Introduction to 20x4 LCD Module.

Introduction to 20 x 4 LCD Module

• In a 20x4 LCD module, there are four rows in display and in one row twenty characters can be displayed and in one display eighty characters can be shown.
• This liquid crystal module uses HDD44780 (It is a controller used to display monochrome text displays) parallel interfacing.

• The liquid crystal display interfacing code is easily accessible. We just required eleven input and output pinouts for the interfacing of the LCD screen.
• The input supply for this module is three volts or five volts, with that module other components like PIC, Raspberry PI, Arduino.
• Thie electronic device can be used in different embedded systems, industries, medical devices, and portable devices like mobile, watches, laptops.
• Liquid crystal display works on two types of the signal first one is data and the second one is for control.
• The existence of these signals can be identified through the on and off condition of RS pinout. Data can be read by pushing the Read/write pinout.

20x4 LCD Pinout

• These are some pinouts of 20x4 LCD modules that are described here in detail.

Pin No:	Pin Name:	Parameters
Pin#1	It is denoted as Vss	It is ground pinout potential at this pinout is zero.
Pin#2	It is denoted as Vdd	At this pinout, five volts are provided.
Pin#3	This pinout denoted as Vo	This pinout is used to set the contrast of the screen.
Pin#4	This pin denoted as RS	It is used to H/L register select signal.
Pin#5	It is denoted as R/W	It is used for H/L read/write signal.
Pin#6	This pinout denoted as E	It is used for H/L enable signal.
Pin#7-14	The pinouts from seven to fourteen are denoted as DB0 – DB7.	It is used for H/L data bus for 4-bit or 8-bit mode.
Pin#15	It identified as A (LED+)	It is used to set the backlight anode.
Pin#16	It is recognized as K (LED-).	It is used to set the backlight cathode.

Features of 20 x 4 LCD

• These are some features of 20 x 4 LCD modules that are described here in detail.
• The most important feature of this module is that it can display 80 characters at a time.
• The cursor of this module has 5x8 (40) dots.
• This module already assembled the controller of RW1063.
• This module operates on the plus five volts input supply and can also work on the plus three volts.
• The plus 3-volt pinout can also be used for the negative supply.
• The duty cycle of this module is one by sixteen (1/16).
• The light-emitting diode of this module can get supply from the pinout one, pinout two, pinout fifteen, pinout sixteen, or pinout A and K.

Electrical Characteristics of 20 x 4 LCD

• These are some pinouts of 20 x 4 LCD modules that are described here in detail.

Parameters	Symbol	Conditions
Input Voltage	It is denoted as VDD	The value of VDD is plus five volts.
Supply Current	It denoted as IDD	Its value is ten milliamperes.
LC Driving Voltage for Normal Temperature Version Module	Its symbol is VDD to V0.	Its value is 5.2 volts
LED Forward Voltage	It is denoted as VF.	Its value is 4.3V
LED Forward Current	It is denoted as IF.	Its value is 4.6V.
EL Supply Current	This pinout denoted as EL	VEL = 110 VAC, and four hundred frequency.

Absolute Maximum Ratings

• Now we discuss the maximum ratings of 20 x 4 LCD.

Parameters	Symbol	Conditions
Working temperature	It is denoted as Top	Its value is zero to a plus fifty-celsius degree.
Storage Temperature	It is denoted as Tst.	Its value is minus twenty Celsius to plus seventy Celsius.
Supply Voltage for Logic	It is denoted as Vi.	Its minimum value is Vss and the maximum value is equal to Vdd volts.
Supply Voltage for liquid crystal display	It is denoted as Vdd or Vss.	Its value is three volts to thirteen volts.

Advantages of 20 x 4 LCD

• These are some advantages of this module that are described in detail.
• It is less expensive, and lightweight as compared to the cathode ray tube display.
• It uses less power according to the brightness resolution.

• It produces less amount of heat due to less use of power.
• In this module, there is no geometric distortion.
• It can be constructed in any shape and size according to user requirements.
• The LCD used in the computer monitor uses twelve volts.

Disadvantages of 20 x 4 LCD

• Despite the advantages of this module, there are some problems created by this module that are described here.
• In some older LCD modules, there are some issues due to view angle and brightness.
• It loses brightness and operates at less response time with the increment of temperature.
• With the increment of the surrounding temperature, its contrast also disturbs.

It is a detailed tutorial on the 20x4 LCD module I have mentioned everything related to this Liquid crystal display. If you have any questions about it ask in the comments. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to LCD 16x2

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Introduction to 16x2 LCD Module. LCD stands for liquid crystal display it is mostly used in different electronic projects and devices to display different values. LCD uses liquid crystals for the generation of visible images. 16 x 2 liquid crystal display is a basic LCD module used in DIY electronic projects and circuits. In this LCD module, there are two rows every row consists of sixteen numbers.

With the two rows in this module, there are sixteen columns. The VA dimensions of these modules are (66 x 16) millimeters and the thickness is 13.2 millimeters. Its operating voltage is plus five or plus three volts. In today's post, we will have a look at working, applications, circuits,  features, advantages and disadvantages. So let's get started with Introduction to 16x2 LCD Module.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	LCD 16x2	Amazon	Buy Now

Introduction to 16x2 LCD Module

• LCD(liquid crystal display) is normally used in embedded projects due to its low cost, easy access and flexibility to get programmed.
• Almost every electronic device we daily see like in you mobile, calculator and some other devices.
• There is a type of liquid display that has sixteen column and two rows so it is known as 16 x 2 LCD modules.
• LCD also available in different arrangements like (8 x 1), (10 x 2), (16 x 1), but the 16 x 2 liquid crystal is normally used in embedded projects.
• In this liquid crystal display, there are thirty-two characters and each of them consists of 5 x 8 pixels.
• So we can say that character consists of forty pixels or dots and total pixels in this liquid crystal display can be fined as (32 x 40) or 1280 pixels.
• During its interfacing with a microcontroller, it makes sure that liquid crystal display should be directed about the locations of pixels.

Pinout of 16x2 LCD Module

• These are the main pinouts of 16 x 2 LCD that are described here with the detailed

Pin No:	Pin Name:	Parameters
Pin#1	Ground	This pin is used to connect the ground.
Pin#2	+5 Volt	At this pinout plus five volts are applied to on the LCD.
Pin#3	VE	This pin used to select the contract of the display.
Pin#4	Register Select	This pinout is used to MCU controller connected led to a shift from command to data mode.
Pin#5	Read and Write	It used for reading and wiring of data.
Pin#6	Enable	It linked with the MCU to toggle among zero and one.
Pin#7	Data Pin 0	The pinouts from zero to seven are data pinouts and these are linked with the MCU for transmission of data. This liquid crystal module can also operate on the four-bit mode by working on o, 1, 2, and 3 pinouts and others are free.
Pin#8	Data Pin 1
Pin#9	Data Pin 2
Pin#10	Data Pin 3
Pin#11	Data Pin 4
Pin#12	Data Pin 5
Pin#13	Data Pin 6
Pin#14	Data Pin 7
Pin#15	LED Positive	This pinout is for turn backlight of led into positive.
Pin#16	LED Negative	Backlight liquid crystal display pinout negative terminal.

Command codes for 16x2 LCD Module

• These are some commands codes for 16 x2 LCD modules.

Sr.No	Hex Code	Parameters
1	1	This command will remove data displaying on the screen of lcd.
2	2	It used to move back home.
3	4	It used to change location of a cursor to left side.
4	6	It changes the position of cursor to right side.
5	5	It used for shift display on right.
6	7	It used for Shift display one  left
7	8	It used to off the display and cursor will also off.
8	0A	It used for both display off, a cursor on.
9	0C	It used for display on, cursor also off.
10	0E	By using this command we can on display, the cursor  will be blinking
11	0F	By this command Display will be on, the cursor also blinking.
12	10	It changes the location of a cursor to left.
13	14	It set cursor location to right.
14	18	It changes the location of the complete display to the left side.
15	1C	It changes the location of the complete display to right side.
16	80	It used to move the cursor to the first line.
17	C0	It send the cursor to starting of the second line.
18	38	2 lines and 5×7 matrix.

Features of 16x2 LCD Module

• These are some features of 16x2 LCD Module that are described with the detailed.
• Its functioning voltages are from 4.7 volts to 5.3 volts.
• It uses one milliampere current for operation.
• In this liquid crystal display, we can work both alphabets and numbers.
• On this module, there are rows each has sixteen characters.
• Every character of this board has 5 x 8 or 40 pixels.
• It works on both four and eight bits mode.
• It display screen backlight is two colour green and blue.

Registers of LCD

• In this module there are 2 main types of register first one is data register and the second one is command register. The RS pinout is used for the change the register.
• If we set zero then the register is command and at one data register will work.
• Now we discuss these two registers with the detailed.

Command Register

• The main function of this register is to save instructions shown on display.
• That help to a clearing of data changes the location of the cursor and display control.

Data Register

• This register saves the date to display on the liquid crystal screen. When we send data to liquid crystal display it moves to the data register, processing of that data will initiate.
• If we set the value of register at one then the data register will start operation.

So it is the detailed article on the 16x2 LCD Module if you have any question about ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

HC-05 Bluetooth Module Pinout, Datasheet, Features & Applications

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. Today, we will discuss HC-05 Bluetooth Module in detail. We will also study HC-05 Pinout, Datasheet, Features & Projects. HC05 is a Bluetooth module, that works on Serial Protocol ( RX/TX ) for sending and receiving data. We have also designed Bluetooth Library for Proteus, which will help you in simulating this Bluetooth Module in Proteus software.

HC05 Bluetooth Module consists of CSR Bluecore 04 outer single-chip Bluetooth system having CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) technology. This module also fulfils the Bluetooth V2.0+EDR technology. So let's get started with Introduction to HC-05.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	HC-05	Amazon	Buy Now

HC-05 Bluetooth Module

• HC-05 Bluetooth Module is a low-cost, easy-to-operate & small-sized module used for wireless communication in the Bluetooth spectrum.
• It supports Serial Port Protocol (SPP), which helps in sending/receiving data to/from a microcontroller (i.e. Arduino UNO).
• Its default baud rate is 9600 for data communication and 38400 for command mode communication.
• HC05 can operate in master/slave mode and thus multiple slave nodes can be controlled using a single master node (called mesh networking).
• HC-05 supports "AT commands", controlled by TX (transmission) and RX (receiver) pinouts.
• You should also have a look at Arduino Bluetooth Communication using HC05.

HC-05 Pinout

• HC-05 Pinouts are used for powering up the module and sending/receiving data via Serial Port.
• So, let's have a look at HC-05 Pinout, shown in below table:

HC-05 Pinout
Pin#	Pin Name	Working
Pin#1	Enable Pin	The purpose of this pinout is to set data value at a high and low level.
Pin#2	Vcc	At this pinout, the input supply is provided to the module. Its operating voltage is plus five volts.
Pin#3	GND	Ground (0V)
Pin#4	TX	Serial Transmitting Pin.
Pin#5	RX	Serial Receiving Pin
Pin#6	State	This Pin is connected to an LED, shows the operating state of the HC-05 Bluetooth module.

• Here's the image, where I have labelled HC-05 Pinout:

• In the above figure, I have labelled 7. LED, which tells about different states of Bluetooth module:
  • If it's blinking once in two seconds, it has received a command.
  • If it's blinking continuously, means the module is waiting for input data.
  • If it's blinking twice in one second, means it's connected properly.

HC-05 Datasheet

• You can download the HC-05 datasheet by clicking the below button:

HC-05 Features

• HC05 follows the "Bluetooth V2.0+EDR" protocol (EDR stands for Enhanced Data Rate).
• Its operating frequency is 2.4 GHz ISM Band.
• HC05 uses CSR Bluecore 04-External single-chip Bluetooth system with CMOS technology.
• This module follows the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.15.1 standard protocol.
• Dimensions of HC-05 are 12.7mmx27mm.
• Its operating voltage is 5V.
• It sends and receives data by UART, which is also used for setting the baud rate.
• it has -80dBm sensitivity.
• This module also uses (FHSS), a technique by which a radio signal is sent at different frequency levels.
• This module has the ability to work as a master/slave mode.
• This module can be easily connected with a laptop or mobile phone via Bluetooth.

HC-05 Working

• HC-05 is normally used in embedded projects, where data needs to be transmitted wirelessly over a small distance.
• We can transmit data between two HC-05 modules and can also send data from HC-05 to any Bluetooth appliance i.e. mobile phone, laptop etc.
• In order to do so, first of all, we need to power up our HC-05 module, as shown in below figure:

• As we push the button connected to Key Pin, it will get LOW & HC-05 will start blinking.
• Now, if you check on your mobile phone or laptop, you will be able to find a new Bluetooth device named HC-05.
• Once you connected with this device, you will be able to send and receive data in a serial stream manner.
• This stream is then processed by a microcontroller (i.e. Arduino UNO) attached with HC-05.
• However, do not expect this module to transfer multimedia like photos or songs; you might have to look into the CSR8645 module for that.

HC-05 Arduino Interfacing

• HC-05 has 2 working modes:
  • Data Mode: HC05 sends and receives data via Bluetooth spectrum and then further processes it to Serial Pins.
  • Command Mode: HC-05 waits for AT (ATtention) commands, acts accordingly & then sends the response in return.
• This module uses SPP (Serial Port Protocol) for the transmission of data so it can be easily interfaced with any microcontroller.
•  For HC-05 Arduino Interfacing:
  • 5V to Vcc Pin.
  • 0V to GND Pin.
  • RX (receiver) pin of HC-05 with the TX (transmitter) pin of UNO.
  • TX pin of the HC-05 with the RX pin of UNO.

HC-05 Applications

Now, let's have a look at HC-05 Applications, it can be used in various ways, here I have mentioned few of them:

• HC-05 Bluetooth Module is normally used for wireless data transmission among multiple microcontrollers.
• It can also be used to communicate between electronic devices like mobile, laptop, computers for data transmission.
• It also used in different information and data logging applications.
• It's used in robotics for wireless control.
• It's used in autonomous projects for collecting data.

So, that was all about the HC05 Bluetooth Module. I have tried my best to explain everything related to this module but if you have any question, ask in the comments. Thanks for reading. Have a good day. :)

Introduction to ESP-01

I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to ESP-01. ESP-01 is an inexpensive, small-sized WiFi module, which consists of TCP/IP stack along with a built-in microcontroller. So, we can directly program this small chip and can bring WiFi capability in our Embedded projects. When first time this ship came into the market in August 2014, it got a lot of attention by users. The main reason for it to seek attention is that this module allows the microcontroller to connect with a WiFi available (and programmed to connect) and it follows Hayes Style Commands and develops a TCP/IP network. ESP-01 chip integrates an antenna, RF balun, power amplifier, filters, and power arrangement module. ESP-01 is used in industry and many projects as a WiFi module. In today's post, we will have a look at its circuit diagram, working, pinout, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. If you have any question about it please ask in comments I will resolve your problems. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to ESP-01.

Introduction to ESP-01

• ESP-01 is a WiFi module which allows Microcontroller easily access to WiFi network. It is one of the primarily incorporated WiFi chip in the industry, it assimilates the antenna switches, Radiofrequency balun, power amplifier, low noise receiver amplifier, and power executive elements.

Download ESP01 Datasheet

• This module requires minimum internal circuitry, its entire solution, including the front end module is designed to occupy minimum PCB area.
•  ESP-01 module is termed as a system on chip (SOC) because it acts as a standalone Microcontroller itself, so we don't need to interface it with any other microcontroller (i.e. Arduino, Atmel, PIC Microcontroller, etc.) in order to use its I/O Pins.
• ESP-01 also integrates an advanced version of Tensilica's L-106 diamond series 32 SRAM with the WiFi functionalities. It also integrated with specific devices through its GPIOs and code for such applications are provided in SDK.

Now, Let's discuss ESP-01 pinout with a detailed description.

ESP-01 Pinout & Description

• The pinout of ESP-01 is described below with a detailed description.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#1	VCC	This pin is used for input power supply 3.0 to 3.6V.
Pin#2	GND	This pin is used for Ground.
Pin#3	RESET	This pin is used for the external reset signal (Low voltage level: Active).
Pin#4	ADC(TOUT)	This pin is analog to digital converter.
Pin#5	CH_PD	It is Chip Enable. High: On, the chip works properly; Low: Off, small current.
Pin#6	GPIO0(FLASH)	It is a general purpose I/O, If low while reset/power on takes chip into serial programming mode.
Pin#7	GPIO1(TX)	It is a general purpose I/O and Serial TXd.
Pin#8	GPIO3(RX)	It is a general purpose I/O and Serial RXd.
Pin#9	GPIO4	It is a general purpose I/O.

Let's see the pinout diagram. Now, we discuss the features of ESP-01.

Features of ESP-01

• These are the main features of ESP-01. Which are described below.
  • It is a low power 32-bit microcontroller unit.
  • It uses TCP/IP protocol for transmission.
  • ESP-01 consists of integrated switch, balun, power amplifier, LNA and matching network.
  • It works on 802.11 b/g/n WiFi with a frequency of 2.4 GHz and WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) or WPA2.
  • It also consists of 10 bit ADC 2.0, (H) SPI, UART, I2C, I2S, IR remort control, PWM and GPIO.
  • Its deep sleep power is less than 10uA and Power down leakage current is less than 5uA.
  • Its wake up and transmit packets is less than 2ms.
  • Its stand by power consumption is < 1.0mW (DTIM3).
  • Its output power is +20 dBmin 802.11b mode.
  • Its operating temperature range is -40C to 125C.
  • This module is FCC, TELEC, CE, WiFi Alliance, and SRRC certified.

Now, we discuss Its Arduino interfacing.

ESP-01 Arduino Interfacing

The project of Arduino with ESP-01 which we are going to explain in the next few lines will explain how we can read time, date, temperature and humidity from the internet using an API with ESP-01. Then send these values to an Arduino and show these values on the LCD screen.

•  Components of Project
  • Arduino Board i.e. Arduino UNO.
  • ESP-01 Module.
  • 16×2 or 20x4 simple LCD.
• Explanation of This Project
  • In this project, we are using Arduino IDE in order to upload code in ESP-01 and will write code by using the APIs and will send an HTTP request to the server and will read a JSON file.
  • It's a big JSON file and we just need small info from it, so we are gonna read the whole file and will only get our desired values from this JSON file.
  • After getting these values, we are simply printing it on Arduino Serial Monitor.
  • Than these serial lines will be connected with Arduino so that Arduino can read the information received from ESP-01.

  • After this process information processed and show on LCD. We can get our desired output on the LCD screen.

• For further information, let's see a circuit diagram.

Memory of ESP-01

• There are two types of memories which is integrated into the ESP -01 modules. First is internal SRAM and ROM, second is  External SPI flash. Let's discuss them with detail.
• Internal SRAM and ROM
  • ESP-01 is integrated with memory controller including SRAM and ROM. A microcontroller can access to memory unit by iBus, dBus, and AHB interfaces.
• External SPI Flash
  • ESP-01 module can be integrated with a one MB external SPI flash to store programme. If larger sized storage is required SPI flash with a larger size will be preferred. 16 MB memory capacity can be supported by this external flash.

Applications of ESP-01

• ESP-01 is wifi module which can be used in different industrial and commercial projects for sending and receiving data.

So, that was about  ESp-01, if you have any question please ask in comments. I will resolve your problems. Thanks for reading. Take care...

Introduction to RN4020

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to RN4020. RN4020 is a completely licensed Bluetooth category 4.1 low energy consuming unit. This module is surfaced with the Bluetooth which is organized by Unpretentious ASCII instructions by UART interfacing. It also comprises all Bluetooth SIG sketches and (MLDP) Microchip low Energy data for customized data. The scripted features can be secondhand to allow unconnected process without any Microcontroller or mainframe computer. It can be controlled from a distant position by other modules with the protected assembly and it can be reorganized by means of UART interfacing or by air. In today’s post, we will have a look at its casing, pins, structure, applications, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. You can also get further information about it in comments, I will guide you further about it. So, let’s get started with a basic Introduction to RN4020.

Introduction to RN4020

• RN4020 is a completely licensed Bluetooth category 4.1 low energy consuming unit. This module is surfaced with the Bluetooth which is organized by Unpretentious ASCII instructions by UART interfacing.

• This unit incorporates RF, a base-band regulator, and an API (application program interface) processor, which makes it a low energy user Bluetooth module.
• It has an inherent high-performance PCB antenna which is modified for elongated assortment, normally over 100 meters distance.
• Its compressed dimensions allow the comfort of incorporation in size- controlled applications. It is used in any less expensive microcontroller for intellectual Bluetooth low energy consuming applications.
• For unpretentious sensor use, its interior scripting abilities allow straightforward functions to be applied without the need for exterior host Microcontrollers or software development tools.
• It provisions 13 communal sketches and 18 communal amenities, which are implemented by Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). For all sustained contours and facilities, RN4020 could be organized to act as waitperson and customer roles at the equivalent period.
• Besides, RN4020 provisions Microchip sequestered contour Microchip Low Power Data Profile (MLDP) that put on Serial Port Profile (SPP), which is well-defined in Bluetooth Definitive and allows data tributary between two expedients.

Pinout of RN4020

• These are the main pinout of RN4020 which are described below.

  Pin#	Type	Parameters
  Pin#1	GND	It is ground pinout.
  Pin#2	AIO2	It is analog programmable bi directional input output pinout.
  Pin#3	AIO1	It is analog programmable bi directional input output pinout.
  Pin#4	AIO0	It is analog programmable bi directional input output pinout.
  Pin#5	UART TX	It is a UART Transmitter (TX) pinout.
  Pin#6	UART RX	It is a UART Receiver (RX) pin.
  Pin#7	WAKE_SW	It is bottomless Snooze Awaken when it becomes active it rouse module from Unfathomable Snooze.
  Pin#8	CMD/MLDP	It works in command and MLDP mode, in command mode, UART data send to the command translator. During the MLDP method, UART data is sent to MLDP Bluetooth UART LED contacts.
  Pin#9	GND	It is a ground pin.
  Pin#10	CONNECTION LED PIO[1] SCK PWM1	It is an evasion condition output. When it is in the energetic condition it shows that the device is linked with the distant expedient. When it is not energetic it displays there is no association with another expedient.
  Pin#11	MLDP_EV PIO[2] CS PWM2	It is for MLDP data indication. If it is in the high state which means that data has acknowledged, in a low state, there is no data.
  Pin#12	WS PIO[3] MOSI PWM3	It is output for movement indication. If it in energetic state component is working properly if not the device is not working.
  Pin#13	PIO[4] MISO	It is MISO for Diagnostics and Workshop Regulation if a pin 17 avowed.
  Pin#14	CTS PIO[5]	It is earmarked for CTS if hardware movement controller is permitted on the UART.
  Pin#15	WAKE_HW	It is hardware wakeup from the latent condition. Set the Pin (15) high state to module eliminates from the inactive condition.
  Pin#16	GND	It is a ground pin.
  Pin#17	SPI/PIO	SPI/PIO for pinouts 10-13, active.
  Pin#18	RTS PIO[6]	It Earmarked for RTS if hardware movement controller on UART is empowered. If the data communication to RN4020 requisite is stopped, declare RTS to high. RTS pin functions self-sufficiently from the CTS (pin 14).
  Pin#19	PWM4 PIO[7]	It is a standby PIO.
  Pin#20	RSVD	It is DMOS comprehensive Bridge 2 Yield A pin
  Pin#21	SDA	It is SDA Statistics contour of the I2C interfacing. The RN4020 constantly performances as the I2C Dominant.
  Pin#22	SCL	It is I2C Clock.
  Pin#23	VDD	It is a power supply.
  Pin#24	GND	It is ground pinout.

Features of RN4020

• These are some features of RN4020.
  • It is entirely specialized Bluetooth form 4.1 component.
  • It is on-panel Bluetooth Squat Energy 4.1 heap.
  • On this module, ASCII expertise interfaced API over UART.
  • This module has DFU above UART or Above the air.
  • For sequential transmission of data, it has MLDP.
  • This module sends and receive data to distant areas and can control them.
  • It hs 64 KB interior flash memory.
  • The dimensions of this module are 11.5 x 19.5 x 2.5 mm.
  • This module has SMT wads for tranquil and unswerving PCB escalating.
  • It is naturally sociable, RoHS amenable.
  • It is certified by FCC, IC, CE, QDID.

RN4020 Power Modes

• The RN4020 can function in a diversity of power conditions, dependent upon the solicitation required.

• These are the main four power modes of RN4020.

Idle:  This situation passes in on power-up when WAKE_SW in one state and signifies the condition where Command style is energetic.

Active RF:

This power state comes in upon any compulsory RF action (TX/RX) through publicity, detection, coupling, assembly, etc.

Deep Sleep:

This is the less-power modes reinforced by the RN4020. The main topographies of this state-run is that publicizing packages are still airing. To place the RN4020 in Deep Sleep method after Idle state you should follow some rules.

• Put the WAKW-HW pin in low condition.
• Wrench the WAKE-SW pin in zero condition.

Dormant:

It is the last power mode which reinforced by the RN4020. To place the RN4020 in this mode you should follow some rules.

• WAKE-HW pin should be in a low state.
• After this put o command.
• Then instantaneously wrench the WAKE_SW pin to low state.

Applications of RN4020

• These are some applications of RN4020.
  • It is used in medical equipment such as Glucose measurement meter, heart pulse measurement.
  • It used to check aptness of different sports such as cycling computing.
  • It used to tag and stalking of assets.
  • It used for Immediacy publicity.
  • It used to control distant devices.
  • It is used for entrenched Expedient governor.
  • It is used for AV comforts and game supervisors.
  • It used in handheld Smart devices and Equipment
  • It used in home automation.

So, friends, it was all about RN4020, if you have any query about it ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

Introduction to A4988

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to A4988. The A4988 is a micro-striding driver for governing the stepper motors, it is incorporated with the interpreter (translator) for the tranquil process. By this controller stepper motor can control by 2 pinouts, one pin is to regulate the direction of motor revolutions and other is for steps regulation of motor. It works on 3 to 5.5V and it consumes per phase two amperes current in presence of the proper cooling environment. It consists of an immovable off-time current controller which has the capacity to works in sluggish or assorted falling-off styles. In today's post, we will have a look at its cascading, pinout, sorts, uses, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. You can also ask about it in comments, I will direct you additional about it. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to A4988.

Introduction to A4988

• The A4988 is a micro-striding driver for governing the stepper motors, it is incorporated with the interpreter for the tranquil process.
• This motor driver offers five, unlike step tenacities which are, 1. Complete Step 2. Half (1/2) Step 3. A quarter (1/4) Step 4. Eight (8th) Step and 5. 16-Step. It also has a potentiometer which regulates the output current, over temperature updraft stoppage and crossover current safety.

• The interpreter of this driver is fundamental to the stress-free employment of the A4988. Only entering one pulse on the stride input drives the motor one micro-step.
• There is no need for phase classification tables, higher frequency outlines, or multifaceted borders to plug-in.
• The interfacing of this module is suitable for such applications where a composite microprocessor is inaccessible or is overloaded.
• During the stepping process, the cutting governer in this module robotically chooses the current falling-off way, sluggish or diversified.
• In diversified decay style, the expedient is set firstly to a fast deterioration for a magnitude of the steady off-time, then to a slow deterioration for the remains of the off-time.
• In this module, interior synchronous modify integrated circuit is connected to mend power indulgence during the PWM process.
• This special integrated circuit consists of thermal cessation with hysteresis, under voltage lockout (UVLO), and crossover-current fortification
• It is available in superficial mounted QFN cascading (ET), with the dimensions of 5mm x 5mm, having a cascading height of .90mm and an uncovered wad for boosted thermal indulgence.

Pinout of A4988

• These are the main pinout A4988 which are described below.

Pin#	Type	Parameters
Pin#4	CP1	It is a charge drive capacitor point.
Pin#5	CP2	It is a charge drive capacitor point.
Pin#6	VCP	It is a reservoir capacitor point.
Pin#8	VREG	It is controller decoupling point.
Pin#9	MS1	It is a Logic input pinout.
Pin#10	MS2	It is reasoning input pin.
Pin#11	MS3	It is reasoning input pin.
Pin#12	RESET	It is reasoning input pin.
Pin#13	ROSC	It is timing setting pin
Pin#14	SLEEP	It is reasoning input pin.
Pin#15	VDD	It is the Logic source.
Pin#16	STEP	It is reasoning input pin.
Pin#17	REF	It is Gm reference voltage input pinout.
Pin#3,18	GND	It is ground pinout.
Pin#19	DIR	It is a reasoning input pin
Pin#21	OUT1B	DMOS Complete Bridge 1 Output B pin.
Pin#22	VBB1	It is a supply voltage for load.
Pin#23	SENSE1	It is sagacity resistor terminal for Bridge.
Pin#24	OUT1A	DMOS Complete Bridge 1 Output A pin.
Pin#26	OUT2A	DMOS complete Bridge 2 Output A pin.
Pin#7,20,25	NC	It is open pinout.
Pin#1	OUT2B	It is DMOS Complete Bridge 2 Output B
Pin#27	SENSE2	Sagacity resistor terminal for Bridge 2.
Pin#28	VBB2	It is a supply voltage for load.Pin#2ENABLEIt is Logic input pinout.
-	PAD	It is unshielded wad for improved thermal indulgence.

Let's see a pinout diagram.

Features of A4988

• These are some features of A4988. Let's discuss them.
  • It has a squat RDS (ON)  every output pinout.
  • It has Instinctive current falling-off type assortment.
  • It has Varied and Sluggish current falling-off modes.
  • It provides coetaneous rectification for low-slung power indulgence.
  • This module has an interior UVLO.
  • It provides crossover current fortification.
  • It is well accorded with the 3.3 and 5 v logic source.
  • It has thermal cessation circuit.
  • It also provides fortification from short to ground.

Difference between A4988 and DRV8825

• Now we discuss differences between A4988 and DRv8825.
  • The DRV8825 proposals to 1/32 striding, while A4988 only steps to 1/16.
  • Both have potentiometer at the dissimilar place.
  • There is no coherence between a reference voltage and current limiter.
  • DRV8825 needs the smallest step pulse period of 1.9us, while A4988 needs 1us.
  • DRV8825 used for high current consuming motors, while A4988 is used for low current consuming motors.
  • In the case of A4988, we need special colling to draw high current but in the case of DRV8825, there is no need for any special colling.

Applications of A4988

• These are some applications of A4988.
  • As we discussed it is used to control the speed and rotation of stepper motor.
  • It is used in robotics to control their motion.
  • It is used in different toys.

So, friends, it was all about A4988, if you want to know something more about it please ask in comment. Take care until the next tutorial.

Introduction to DS1307

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at detailed Introduction to DS1307. DS1307 is a real-time clock. It is a low power device and also has battery backup, which provides power when its external power supply not working or is off. It works on the I2C protocol. It is a bidirectional device and it can send and receive data on both sides. DS1307 is used in industrial projects where constant time and date of some projects or working is required. I will give you a detailed overview of this time and date indicator IC. In today's post, we will have a look at its pinout, working, basic circuit, protocol, etc. I will also share some links of projects where I have interfaced it with Arduino and some other Microcontrollers. Friends, if you have any questions, please ask in comments and I will try my best to solve your problems and will give you comprehensive answers. So let's get started with basic Introduction to DS1307:

Introduction to DS1307

• DS1307 is a Real-Time Control (RTC) IC. In DS1307, data is transferred in binary decimal coded, bits pattern. The data transfer rate in DS1307 is 56 bytes.
• The memory which is used in DS1307 is NV SRAM. NV SRAM is basically a non-volatile random access memory. In working, NV SRAM is quite similar to static random access memory(SRAM).

• DS1307 is an electronic device which plays an impotent role in real-time embedded systems. In embedded systems, we can get benefits of system clocks, students attendance time and date, we can also use it as an alarm for special work.
• DS1307 consists of a built-in power-sense circuit. The purpose of the built-in power-sense circuit is that if power gets cut-off, then it will automatically switch to back up power supply. In this way, our circuit remains in working condition.
• The protocol on which DS1307 works is I2C. I2C is a single line protocol in which data is transferred bit by bit along a single wire.

• Now let's have a look at DS1307 Pinout:

DS1307 Pinout

• DS1307 has a total of 8 pinouts, which are described below:
  • PIN 1,2: These pins are for standard 32.768 quartz crystals. Both pins can be used as input and output for internal oscillator. If X1 is input then X2 is used as output.
  • PIN 3: This pin is used for battery connection to DS1307.
  • PIN 4: We have to apply Ground on this pin.
  • PIN 5: This pin is labeled as SDA, which is short for Serial Data Line.
  • PIN 6: It is used for serial clock input (SCL) and data synchronized.
  • PIN 7: This pin is used for output square wave obtainer (SQW).
  • PIN 8: At this pin, we provide an external power supply (Vcc).
• Now let's have a look at the pinout picture:

Now let's have a look at I2C protocol

I2C Protocol

• I2C is a serial protocol in which data is transferred bit by bit.
• I2C combine the best feature of  SPI and UART. By using it with one microcontroller we can control many slave devices.
• In I2C data is transferred in the form of messages, then we convert messages into data form. Each message has an address frame that contains a binary address of devices which under control.
• I2C protocol is cheaper to implement then SPI protocol. SPI control one slave device while I2C control more than one device.
• For better understanding lets have a look at the I2C protocol picture. Now let's have a look at working of DS1307

Working of DS1307

• For a better understanding of the working of DS1307 let's discuss a circuit in which we use it.
• In this simple circuit, we connect its first two pins which are X1 and X2 with 32.768 kHz crystal oscillator as the source for the chip.
• The third pin is connected with a battery of 3V.
• At Vcc, we give 5v supply and it can be given by using a microcontroller. If Vcc is not provided then read and write condition are inhibited.

Let us have a look at the circuit:

• Starts and stop conditions are required when one device wants to communicate with other devices in the I2c protocol.
• For obtaining start condition we provide specific identification and address register to a device, by this, we get start condition.
• For a better understanding of stop and start condition lets have a look at clock figure.
• Let's have a look at Feature of ds1307.

Features of DS1307

• In this section, I have designed a table where I have placed all features of DS1307 along with their symbols and units.

No.	Parameter	Symbol	Value	Unit
1.	Supply Voltage	VCC	5	V
2	Logic 1 Input	VIH	2.2	V
3	Logic 0 Input	VIL	+0.8	V
4	VBAT Battery Voltage	VBAT	3.5	V
5	Input Leakage	ILI	1	uA
6	I/O Leakage	ILO	1	uA
7	Logic 0 OUTPUT	VOL	0.4	V
8	Active Supply Current (fSCL = 100kHz)	ICC	1.5	mA
9	Standby Current	ICCS	200	uA
10	VBAT Leakage Current	IBATLKG	50	nA
11	Power-Fail Voltage (VBAT = 3.0V)	VPFtd>	1.284 x VBAT	V
12	VBAT Current (OSC ON); SQW/OUT OFF	IBAT1	500	nA
13	VBAT Current (OSC ON); SQW/OUT ON (32kHz)	IBAT2	100	nA
14	VBAT Data-Retention Current (Oscillator Of)	IBATDR	100	nA
15	SCL Clock Frequency	fSCL	100	kHZ
16	Bus Free Time Between a STOP and START Condition	tBUF	4.7	us
17	Hold Time (Repeated) START Condition	tHD:STA	4	us
18	LOW Period of SCL Clock	tLOW	4.7	us
19	HIGH Period of SCL Clock	tHIGH	4	us
20	Setup Time for a Repeated START Condition	tSU:STA	4.7	us
21	Data Hold Time	tHD:DAT	0	us
22	Rise Time of Both SDA and SCL Signals	tR	1000	ns
23	Fall Time of Both SDA and SCL Signals	tF	300	ns
24	Setup Time for STOP Condition	tSU:STO	4.7	us

Now, let's discuss applications of DS1307

Applications of DS1307

• These are some applications of DS1307, Lets disuses them.
• As we know DS1307 is used to tell continues time and date showing purpose, that way it is an electronic device such as a computer, mobile, and laptops.
• By using it with Arduino we can use it in several projects related to data logging, alarm, clocks, etc.

So, that was all about this Real Time Clock DS1307. I hope you have enjoyed today's tutorial and it will help you with your engineering projects. Will meet you guys in the next tutorial, till then take care and have fun !!! :)

Introduction to nRF52840

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at a detailed Introduction to nRF52840. nRF52840 is a low-power 2.4 GHz wireless system-on-chip (SoC). It integrates a multi-protocol 2.4 GHz transceiver, an Arm Cortex-M4F CPU and flash memory. It is the best system-on-chip (SoC) for any short-range wireless personal area network or IPv6-enabled automation applications.

nRF52840 supports low energy Bluetooth, 802.15.4, ANT™ and user proprietary 2.4 GHz protocols. nRF52840 is used in different industrial projects such as industrial mesh networks, advanced personal fitness devices, and smart city infrastructure. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, specifications, applications, pinout, etc. I will also share some links where I have interfaced it with other microcontrollers. If you have any questions about it please ask in the comments, and I will resolve your queries. So, let's get started with a basic Introduction to nRF52840.

Introduction to nRF52840

• nRF52840 is a  2.4 GHz wireless system on chip (SoC). It integrates a multi-protocol 2.4 GHz transceiver, an Arm Cortex-M4F CPU and flash memory.
• It is an advanced and highly flexible single-chip solution for increasing demand for ultra-low power (ULP) wireless applications.

• It is designed with features of Bluetooth 5 such as long-range, throughput and inherent industry-grade security which are essential for today's applications. nRF52840 adds best-in-class security for the Cortex TM-M Series with an on-chip ARM Crypto Cell cryptographic accelerator.
• nRF52840 follows the same software and hardware architecture which is followed by  nRF52 series (SoCs).
• Its core is an ARM Cortex M4F processor which solves quickly and more efficiently computation of complex functions for DSP, which requires floating point math.
• It has extensive memory available in both Ram and flesh, 256kB/1MB respectively. Combination of memory available and cortex M4F provides unparalleled capabilities for single-chip applications.
• The chip of nRF52840 consists of full speed (12Mbs) USB 2.0 controller and a large number of peripherals such as high-speed SPI (32 MHz) and quad SPI (32MHz) which allows direct interfacing to display and external memory sources.
• nRF52840 can operate from +5.5v to 1.7v supply voltage, which can also be provided from rechargeable batteries and USB supplies when there is no mains supply.
• nRF52840 is a Thread-certified module, which is ideal for home networking products using the thread mesh stack.
• Its radio supports 802.15.4 PHY and MAC layers making it perfect for additional stacks using 802.15.4 such as Zigbee.

Now, discuss nRF52840 pinout with a detailed description.

nRF52840 Pinout &Description

Detailed information about nRF52840 pinout is given below. Lets, discuss them.

Pin#	Type	Description
A8	P0.31	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
A10	P0.29	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
A12	P0.02	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
A14	P1.15	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
A16	P1.13	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
A18	DEC2	This pin is used for 1.3 V regulator supply decoupling (Radio supply).
A22	VDD	It is used for Power supply.
A23	XC2	It is a connection for 32 MHz crystal.
B1	VDD	It is for Power supply.
B3	DCC	It is DC/DC converter output.
B5	DEC4	It is 1.3 V regulator supply decoupling.
B7	VSS	Ground.
B9	P0.30	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
B11	P0.28	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
B13	P0.03	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
B15	P1.14	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
B17	P1.12	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
B19	P0.11	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
B24	XC1	It is a connection for 32 MHz crystal.
C1	DEC1	It is 1.1 V regulator supply decoupling.
D2	P0.00	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
D23	DEC3	This pin is used for Power supply and decoupling.
E24	DEC6	It is 1.3 V regulator supply decoupling (Radio supply).
F2	P0.01	It isa general purpose I/O pin.
F23	VSS_PA	Ground (Radio supply).
G1	P0.26	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
H2	P0.27	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
H23	ANT	It is a Single-ended radio antenna connection.
J1	P0.04	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
J24	P0.10	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
K2	P0.05	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
L1	P0.06	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
L24	P0.09	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
M2	P0.07	General purpose I/O pin
N1	P0.08	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
N24	DEC5	It is 1.3 V regulator supply decoupling (flash supply).
P2	P1.08	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
P23	P1.07	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
R1	P1.09	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
R24	P1.06	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
T2	P0.11	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
T23	P1.05	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
U1	P0.12	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
U24	P1.04	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
V23	P1.03	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
W1	VDD	It is a Power supply pin.
W24	P1.02	It is a general purpose I/O pin.
Y2	VDDH	This pin used for High voltage power supply.

For better understanding, Let's see nRF52840 pinout diagram.

Features of nRF52840

• Features of any electronic device can help us for a better understanding of the main functions associated with it. It will guide us on how we can select a relevant component for our projects. Following are some features of nRF52840.
• nRF52840 System-on-Chip consists of
  • ARM Cortex M4F processor which used for ultra-low power operations.
  • On this module, there are ports for Bluetooth 5, Bluetooth Mesh, Thread, ANT and 2.4 GHz proprietary.
  • On this chip, there is a USB 2.0 (Full speed) controller and 1 MB FLASH and 256 kB RAM.
• On this chip for Debugging, there is an option such as MSC, CDC, and HID.
• This module has external low power 64-Mb QSPI flash memory.
• This module has a user programmable button and an RGB LED.
• It also has onboard 2.4G chip antenna.
• It also consists of U.FL connector selectable for an external antenna.
• It has a 3.3V regulator with 1A peak current output.
• This module has reversible USB 3.1 Type-C Connector.
• It is Breadboard friendly with dual 18-Pin headers.
• Its dimensions are 1.97" x 0.9" x 0.51" (50mm x 23mm x 13mm) with headers soldered in.

Now, we discuss applications of nRF52840

Applications of nRF52840

• These are some applications of nRF52840.
  • It used in Smart Home products.
  • It used in Industrial mesh networks.
  • It also used in Smart city infrastructure.
  • It used in Advanced wearables.
  • It used in Connected watches.
  • It used in Advanced personal fitness devices.
  • It used in Virtual/Augmented Reality applications.
  • It also used in Interactive entertainment devices
  • It used in Advanced remote controls and Gaming controller.

So, friends that were all about nRF52840. If you have any question about it ask in comments, I will resolve your problems. Take care.