The Engineering Projects

How to use while Loop in C#

Hello friends, I hope you all are great. Today, I am posting 10th tutorial in C# series and its about How to use while Loop in C#. It's gonna be a quick tutorial, as there's not much to discuss. In our 8th tutorial in C# series, we have had a look at How to use IF Loop in C# and we have seen that IF loop takes a Boolean expression and if it's TRUE then it allows the compiler to enter in it just once. While loop is quite similar to IF loop as it takes a Boolean expression as well but it will keep on executing again & again, so let's have a look at it in detail:

How to use while Loop in C#

• While Loop in C# takes a Boolean expression as a condition and it will keep on executing as long as the conditional expression returns true, we can say Execute while condition is TRUE.
• Here's the syntax of while loop:

while (Boolean Expression) { // Code will execute, while Boolean Expression is TRUE }

• So, let's design a simple example to understand How while Loop works:

• In schools, you must have studied math tables, so I have created a simple code using while loop which asks from the user to enter table of.
• When user enters the number, the program will print out its table till 10.
• If you look at the code, I have used while loop and this while loop will execute 10 times as the condition in while loop is TotalLength <= 10.
• I have incremented this TotalLength variable in while Loop so when it will become 10, the while loop will stop.
• So, instead of writing 10 lines to display table, we are just using while loop, we can also increase the lines to 20 or 30 quite easily, that's the benefit of while loop.
• Let's play with the code a little and print values till 20 and also use IF Loop in this while loop, which we have studied in 8th lecture.

• You can see in above code that I have increased the length to 20 and then in while Loop, I have used IF Loop.
• IF the length is 10 then I am just adding blank lines to separate first 10 from last 10.
• I hope you got the idea of How to use While Loop and what's its difference from IF Loop, the IF Loop executed just once when condition comes true.
• Here's the complete code used in today's lecture:

using System;

namespace TEPProject
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            
            Console.Write("Enter Table of : ");
            int TableOf = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());

            int TotalLength = 1;

            while (TotalLength <= 20)
            {
                int TableValue = TotalLength * TableOf;
                Console.WriteLine("{0} x {1} = {2}", TableOf, TotalLength, TableValue);
                if(TotalLength==10)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("\n");
                }
                TotalLength++;
            }
            Console.WriteLine("\n\n");
            
        }
    }
}

So, that was all about How to use while Loop in C#. In our coming tutorial, we will have a loop at How to use do While Loop in C#. Till then take care !!! :)

How to use switch Statement in C#

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's tutorial, we are gonna have a look at How to use switch Statement in C# and its our 9th tutorial in C# series. In our previous tutorial, we have seen IF Loop in C# and this switch statement is also a loop but works slightly different than IF loop and it totally depends on your application, which one you want to use. First we will have a look at How to use switch statement in C# and after that we will also study goto statement, because switch and goto statements are normally used together. So, let's get started with it:

How to use switch Statement in C#

• Switch Statement is a loop in C# which takes a variable as a condition, and then creates its different cases and we can deal each case separately.
• We need to use break Statement after every case Statement to get out of the switch Statement.
• We can also use default Statement at the end of switch Statement, which will execute if none of the cases are true.

• So let's have a look at the syntax of switch statement in C#:

switch (variable) { case value1: // This case will execute, if variable = value1 break; case value2: // This case will execute, if variable = value2 break; . . . case valueN: // This case will execute, if variable = valueN break; default: // default will execute, if all the above cases are false. break; }

• As you can see in above syntax, we have first used switch keyword and then took a variable, this variable can have any datatype.
• Then we have created different cases, we can create as many cases as we want and each case has a value so if the variable is equal to that value then respective case will execute.
• Let's understand it with an example: Let's design a project where we display information of class students using their roll number, so we will take their roll numbers as an input and will display the respective student's data using switch case statement:

• As you can see in the above figure that I have first asked for the student's Roll Number and then placed a switch statement and provided RollNo as a conditional variable.
• After that in each case I have placed the roll no value and for each roll number I have added the name and age of the user.
• In execution, I have entered 1 and the code has provided me data placed in case 1 and have ignored all the other cases as well as the default case.
• But if you run this code then you will realize that it asks for the Roll number only once but what if we want it to run again & again.
• We can use goto Statement for that purpose, although it's not the best way to create loop but one of the ways and you should know about it.

• In above code, I have just added two lines of code, first I have placed a tag Start: at the top of the code and then at the end I have used goTo Start;
• So, at the goto Statement, the compiler will find the tag mentioned and will move on to that position and will start executing the code, so it's kind of an infinite loop which is never gonna stop.
• Here's the final code, which you can test in visual studio:

using System;

namespace TEPProject
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Start:
            Console.Write("Please enter student's roll number: ");
            int RollNo = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());
            
            switch(RollNo)
            {
                case 1:
                    Console.WriteLine("Name: StudentA");
                    Console.WriteLine("Age: 18");
                    break;
                case 2:
                    Console.WriteLine("Name: StudentB");
                    Console.WriteLine("Age: 17");
                    break;
                case 3:
                    Console.WriteLine("Name: StudentC");
                    Console.WriteLine("Age: 16");
                    break;
                case 4:
                    Console.WriteLine("Name: StudentD");
                    Console.WriteLine("Age: 20");
                    break;
                case 5:
                    Console.WriteLine("Name: StudentE");
                    Console.WriteLine("Age: 21");
                    break;
                default:
                    Console.WriteLine("No student found.");
                    break;
            }
            Console.WriteLine("\n\n");
            goto Start;
        }
    }
}

So, that was all about How to use switch Statement in C#. If you need any help then ask in comments. Will meet you in next tutorial. Till then take care !!! :)

What is Thyristor

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at What is Thyristor. The thyristor is a semiconductor component that has 4 layers of N and P materials with the sequence P, N, P, N. First thyristor was invented in 1950 by William Shockley who was a physicist and belonged to the United States of America. But first time it was practically used in 1956 due to its huge amount of current and voltage handling capability. Due to this feature, it was commonly used in different power control circuitry, fan dimmers, and speed control of different motors. There are 2 types of design in which this module available and both used according to circuit requirements first one has two leads and the second one has three leads in its structure. This electronic component is mostly used in switching circuitry, oscillators, level detection circuits, etc. This module is not similar to the transistor as a transistor can operate among on and off conditions but thyristor operates only single state either on or off. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, structure, pinout, applications and some related parameter. So let's get started with What is Thyristor.

What is Thyristor

• A thyristor is also known as SCR (silicon controlled rectifiers) used in different switching circuits like a transistor and in power controlling circuitry.
• The physical structure of this semiconductor is different than the other semiconductors materials like transistor that has three layers but in thyristor 4 layers of different elements are constructed.

• In a normal transistor, there are 3 P, N, P or N, P, N layer exists but in while in thyristor four-layer like P, N, P, N exists.
• Its 'P' end is known as anode and 'N' end is known as the cathode. As in normal transistor base control terminal in this device, the control terminal is known as a gate that is adjacent to the cathode.
•  This module can be created with the different semiconductor materials but normal it is manufactured with the silicon.
• As the silicone has the ability to handle larger amperes current and voltage easily as well it has ability to bear high temperature so it mostly preferred for thyristor construction.
• with these features, its price and construction are simple so it prefered for thyristor and some other electronic devices.

 Working of Thyristor

• The working of this module is different than other semiconductors device, to the understanding of working of this device we draw the equivalent circuit.
• In the given figure you can see that two transistors are linked with one another the first transistor is NPN that is behaving like the anode and the second transistor is PNP that is behaving like the cathode.
• If we provide input supply to at the terminals of thyristor there will be no current passes as the both of transistor ane unbiased state.
• If we connect input supply at the gate then current will passes through the base that will operate the TR2 transistor.
• When TR2 starts its operation than the base of the first transistor get force from this transistor and start its operation it causes to put TR2 in working state either we separated the input supply.

Features of Thyristor

• These are some features of thyristor that are described here with detailed.

  	Specifications	Parameters
  dI/dt	Extreme increment of on-state current	It is an extreme value of current for on condition if it surpasses then our device will be damaged.
  IGM	Maximum Gate Current	It is the extreme value at the gate that it can bear.
  IGT	Triggering current of the gate	It is the triggering value of current at the gate that also starts to current flow through anode and cathode terminals of component.
  I2t	Overcurrent protection	The I2t parameter tells about the value of fuse used for this module.
  IT(AV)	On condition average current	This parameter of thyristor explains about the average value of current passing through the module.

Types of Thyristor

• There are numerous types of thyristor according to their use and structure.

RCT:

• One important feature of thyristor is that it stops current to flow in reverse direction so if we add and diode then current starts to flow in the opposite direction. This type of arrangement is known as RCT or reverse conducting thyristor.
• During reverse operation both thyristor and diode not operate at the same time but they take some time for the operation that provides protection from overheating.
• This type of thyristor used in inverter circuits and frequency regulators.

GATT:

• This types of thyristor are used in such applications where fast switching needs. For this process in certain cases, negative polarity voltage also provided to the gate.
• To control the voltage at cathode and anode terminals negative voltage at the gate control the minorities carriers.
• The physical construction of thyristor is like to normal thyristor but the difference is that the area of cathode that enhances the controlling capability of the gate.

GTO:

• It is also known switch for a gate of thyristor. This types of thyristor are not normally used in circuits because they not operate at reverse voltage.

Asymmetric Thyristor:

• In such circuits where there is no use reverse voltage and no need of rectifier circuit this type of thyristor is used. These are normally used in switching circuits.

Applications of Thyristor

• The thyristor is normally used in different electronic circuits and devices, its some practical uses are explained here with the detailed.
• It used in different electrical devices for the controlling of alternating current at the input such as motor, light etc.
• It used in different circuits as a switch.
• In a different circuit, it used to control the overvoltage.
• It used in different controllers as a trigger.
• It also used in camera for flashing of a photograph.

It is the detailed tutorial on thyristor in this post I have mentioned each and everything related to the thyristor. If you still have any question about it ask in comments. Thanks for reading.  

Introduction to LCD 16x2

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Introduction to 16x2 LCD Module. LCD stands for liquid crystal display it is mostly used in different electronic projects and devices to display different values. LCD uses liquid crystals for the generation of visible images. 16 x 2 liquid crystal display is a basic LCD module used in DIY electronic projects and circuits. In this LCD module, there are two rows every row consists of sixteen numbers.

With the two rows in this module, there are sixteen columns. The VA dimensions of these modules are (66 x 16) millimeters and the thickness is 13.2 millimeters. Its operating voltage is plus five or plus three volts. In today's post, we will have a look at working, applications, circuits,  features, advantages and disadvantages. So let's get started with Introduction to 16x2 LCD Module.

Where To Buy?
No.	Components	Distributor	Link To Buy
1	LCD 16x2	Amazon	Buy Now

Introduction to 16x2 LCD Module

• LCD(liquid crystal display) is normally used in embedded projects due to its low cost, easy access and flexibility to get programmed.
• Almost every electronic device we daily see like in you mobile, calculator and some other devices.
• There is a type of liquid display that has sixteen column and two rows so it is known as 16 x 2 LCD modules.
• LCD also available in different arrangements like (8 x 1), (10 x 2), (16 x 1), but the 16 x 2 liquid crystal is normally used in embedded projects.
• In this liquid crystal display, there are thirty-two characters and each of them consists of 5 x 8 pixels.
• So we can say that character consists of forty pixels or dots and total pixels in this liquid crystal display can be fined as (32 x 40) or 1280 pixels.
• During its interfacing with a microcontroller, it makes sure that liquid crystal display should be directed about the locations of pixels.

Pinout of 16x2 LCD Module

• These are the main pinouts of 16 x 2 LCD that are described here with the detailed

Pin No:	Pin Name:	Parameters
Pin#1	Ground	This pin is used to connect the ground.
Pin#2	+5 Volt	At this pinout plus five volts are applied to on the LCD.
Pin#3	VE	This pin used to select the contract of the display.
Pin#4	Register Select	This pinout is used to MCU controller connected led to a shift from command to data mode.
Pin#5	Read and Write	It used for reading and wiring of data.
Pin#6	Enable	It linked with the MCU to toggle among zero and one.
Pin#7	Data Pin 0	The pinouts from zero to seven are data pinouts and these are linked with the MCU for transmission of data. This liquid crystal module can also operate on the four-bit mode by working on o, 1, 2, and 3 pinouts and others are free.
Pin#8	Data Pin 1
Pin#9	Data Pin 2
Pin#10	Data Pin 3
Pin#11	Data Pin 4
Pin#12	Data Pin 5
Pin#13	Data Pin 6
Pin#14	Data Pin 7
Pin#15	LED Positive	This pinout is for turn backlight of led into positive.
Pin#16	LED Negative	Backlight liquid crystal display pinout negative terminal.

Command codes for 16x2 LCD Module

• These are some commands codes for 16 x2 LCD modules.

Sr.No	Hex Code	Parameters
1	1	This command will remove data displaying on the screen of lcd.
2	2	It used to move back home.
3	4	It used to change location of a cursor to left side.
4	6	It changes the position of cursor to right side.
5	5	It used for shift display on right.
6	7	It used for Shift display one  left
7	8	It used to off the display and cursor will also off.
8	0A	It used for both display off, a cursor on.
9	0C	It used for display on, cursor also off.
10	0E	By using this command we can on display, the cursor  will be blinking
11	0F	By this command Display will be on, the cursor also blinking.
12	10	It changes the location of a cursor to left.
13	14	It set cursor location to right.
14	18	It changes the location of the complete display to the left side.
15	1C	It changes the location of the complete display to right side.
16	80	It used to move the cursor to the first line.
17	C0	It send the cursor to starting of the second line.
18	38	2 lines and 5×7 matrix.

Features of 16x2 LCD Module

• These are some features of 16x2 LCD Module that are described with the detailed.
• Its functioning voltages are from 4.7 volts to 5.3 volts.
• It uses one milliampere current for operation.
• In this liquid crystal display, we can work both alphabets and numbers.
• On this module, there are rows each has sixteen characters.
• Every character of this board has 5 x 8 or 40 pixels.
• It works on both four and eight bits mode.
• It display screen backlight is two colour green and blue.

Registers of LCD

• In this module there are 2 main types of register first one is data register and the second one is command register. The RS pinout is used for the change the register.
• If we set zero then the register is command and at one data register will work.
• Now we discuss these two registers with the detailed.

Command Register

• The main function of this register is to save instructions shown on display.
• That help to a clearing of data changes the location of the cursor and display control.

Data Register

• This register saves the date to display on the liquid crystal screen. When we send data to liquid crystal display it moves to the data register, processing of that data will initiate.
• If we set the value of register at one then the data register will start operation.

So it is the detailed article on the 16x2 LCD Module if you have any question about ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

How to Migrate Website to Another Host with Minimal Downtime

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at How to Migrate Website to Another Host with Minimal Downtime. Nowadays, moving a website from one host to another has become very easy. However, there are still chances of downtime during the transfer process. No matter, what is the transfer speed; changing the domain name servers can cause the website to go dark up to 72 hours. Some website still does not know “What is website migration?”. That is why; we are writing this article to help the website owners in cms migration. A website transfer means, transferring all the files, databases, every software, and subdomain configuration to the new host. Depending on the website size and configuration, it can take about one day to set up the startup process. This can result in downtime but some tricks can help you avoid such disaster during transfer. If you are a site administrator then following these tips will be much easier for you. So let's get started with How to Migrate Website to Another Host with Minimal Downtime.

Do Not Cancel Existing Hosting Plan

• Whenever someone buys a new hosting plan, they cancel the old one immediately. It is a very common mistake by the newbies.

• First, inform the existing hosting provider that you are moving to the new company’s server. Cancelling the existing plan before the transition can result in loss of database and files.

Hold that Call

• When you ask them to cancel your hosting plan, they do it immediately sometimes. It has been seen with many hosting companies that they immediately cancel the order and refund the remaining fees.
• Once the hosting plan is cancelled, then you will not be able to retrieve your files.
• This kind of downtime is very difficult to recover from. It can result in all database and file loss.

Download Backup Files

• Before transferring the website data, also download the compressed backup files from the server.
• To make the process easier, make sure that both old and new companies are using the same web-based administration technology.
• In this way, you can restore and backup the data as quickly as possible.

Back-Up Page

• After logging into the Cpanel, you need to find the backup page. This page contains all the necessary tools that will help you backup all the website data.
• You can also get a backup of your MySQL database. The backups are also very important for website maintenance.

Download Backup

• There will an option for creating a backup. You can choose the full-site backup so you can use it to transfer to another hosting server.
• A full-site backup contains all the data but we will recommend you to download a backup of your subdomain differently. There should also be an option to create a backup file for your MySQL database. You do not need to decompress the files as the new server can do it automatically.
• When you will upload the compressed backup files, the server will automatically decompress it. A  compressed file will remain secure but a decompressed file will not.

Migration to the New Server

• Login to the new server cPanel and navigate to the backup page. There will be an option for backup restore.
• Click on that option and upload your backup files. The server will decompress them and will restore the entire website. The process can take time depending on the size of the file.

That's all about How to Migrate Website to Another Host with Minimal Downtime if you have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading.

How to use IF Loop in C#

Hello everyone, I hope you all are doing great. Today, we are gonna have a look at IF Loops in C# and it's 8th tutorial in C# series. So far, we have discussed some basic concepts in C# and now we are ready to get our hands on Loops in C#. C#, as any other programming language, supports a lot of loop structures, we will discuss each one of them separately in our coming tutorials. Today, we will discuss the simplest of them all, which is IF loop, so let's get started with How to use IF Loop in C#:

How to use IF Loop in C#

• IF Loop in C# takes a Boolean expression as a condition and if this condition is TRUE, the compiler executes the code inside IF loop { } and if the condition is wrong, the compiler simply ignores the code.
• Here's the syntax of IF Loop in C#:

if (boolean-expression)
{
	// Code will come here, execute if the Condition is TRUE.
}

• Let's create a simple program, where we ask the user to enter his Physics marks and the program will tell the user whether he is passed or failed.
• I have used If loop and the condition I have used is, if the marks are less than 50 then student has failed & if its equal or greater than 50 then the user has passed.
• Here's the code for IF loop in C#, shown in below figure:

• You can see in above figure that I have entered 25, now when the compiler will come to first IF loop, it will check the condition (Marks >= 50), which is not true as the number we entered is less than 50, so the compiler will simply ignore this IF loop and will move on to second IF Loop.
• The condition in second IF Loop is (Marks < 50), and clearly this condition is TRUE, so our compiler will enter in this IF Loop, enclosed by curly brackets { }, and will print out "You failed the exam.".
• So, in simple words:
  • IF condition is TRUE  => Execute.
  • IF condition is FALSE => Ignore.
• Few commonly used conditional operators of IF Loops are:
  • Equal to ( == )
  • Not Equal to ( != )
  • Greater than ( > )
  • Less than ( < )
  • Greater than or Equal to ( >= )
  • Less than or Equal to ( <= )
• We could also use multiple conditions in single IF Loop using these two operators:
  • && ( AND ) => it returns TRUE, if both conditions are TRUE.
  • || ( OR ) => it returns TRUE, if either of two conditions is TRUE.
• Let's edit out code a little and add a 3rd condition, as shown in below figure:

• Here, I have used three IF Loops in above code and have used && operator in second IF Loop.
• So, if the number is in between 50 & 90, then second loop will execute, both conditions have to be TRUE.
• I hope you have understood How to use IF Loop in C#, now let's move a little forward and have a look at IF Else Loop in C#, which is kind of an extension of IF Loop.

IF-Else Loop in C#

• Instead of using separate IF Loops for different conditions, we can use single IF-Else Loop.
• In our first code, we have used two IF Loops to check whether student has passed or failed.
• Let's rewrite that code using IF-Else Loop, as shown in below figure:

• As you can see in above figure, first I have used IF Loop and placed a condition that if (Marks >= 50) then print "you passed the exam" otherwise simply print "you failed the exam".
• Else condition is like the default option, if "IF" Loop failed to execute then "ELSE" will be executed and if "IF" loop is successful, then "ELSE" will be ignored.
• That was the case for two IF Loops, but what if we have more than two IF Loops, as in our second code, we have 3 IF Loops, let's rewrite that code using IF-Else Loop:

• The above code is working exactly the same as our code with 3 IF Loops but here we are using IF-Else Loop.
• In IF-Else Loop, the first loop will be "if" loop and the last one will be "else" loop while all the intermediary loops will be "else if" loops.
• Here's the final code for today's lecture:

using System;

namespace TEPProject
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Console.Write("Enter your Physics marks: ");
            int Marks = int.Parse(Console.ReadLine());

            if (Marks >= 90)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("You got A+ grade. \n\n");
            }
            else if (Marks >= 50 && Marks < 90)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("You passed the exam. \n\n");
            }
            else
            {
                Console.WriteLine("You failed the exam. \n\n");
            }

        }
    }
}

So, that was all for today. I hope now you can easily use IF-Else Loop in C#, if you have any problems, ask in comments. In our next tutorial, we will have a look at How to use Switch statement in C#. Till then take care & have fun !!! :)

What is difference between PCB and PCBA

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at what is difference between PCB and PCBA. The printed circuit board (PCB) is a circuitry board that used to construct engineering projects and electronic devices circuits. The invention of this board has reduced complicated wiring circuits that were used before its creation, the circuits manufactured by the complex wiring were very difficult to handle in sense of fault detection and reconstruction. The printed circuit board is manufactured by a substrate material that is constructed by material such as glass fibre, epoxy resins. On this board, a large number of conductive paths are designed on which different symbols of electronic components are sketched so we can easily connect our components to make circuits. There are many types of PCB that have their own structure designing and practical application. In today's post, we will have a detailed look at the printed circuit board and PCBA, compare them with detail description. So let's get started with What is difference between PCB and PCBA.

What is difference between PCB and PCBA

What is a PCB?

• The printed circuit board is a circuitry board that used to creation of circuits. On this circuitry board, there are numerous layers of copper designed for circuits creation.

• The base material used for this circuit board is manufactured by the epoxy resin and glass fibre.
• This circuit board is available in one layer to many layers according to circuitry for which it used like double-sided PCB, multi-sided PCB.
• In simple circuits single-layer printed circuit board is used while in complicated circuits like the motherboard of a computer, GPS (global positioning system) double layer or multilayer PCB is used.
• In electronic devices like televisions, mobile phones, and other electronic devices used printed circuit board their circuitry construction.
• With the usage of technical instruments, it also used in medical instruments like CT (computed tomography) scan machine, X-Ray, etc.

PCBWay

• PCBWay is a famous printed circuit board producer company that offers different features and services related to PCB. Its main services are given here.
• It is located in china.
• It delivers an order to clients within a given time and uses DHL for delivering orders
• It provides prototypes fabrications within working twenty-four hours.
• Its management team consists of more fifty professionals technicians and engineers
• Its provided quality is satisfying the clients all over the world.

PCB Designing

• There is numerous option available in the manufacturing of printed circuit board every single board of PCB has its own designing and layout according to project requirements.
• The PCB manufacturers used computed aided designing techniques for assembly of a printed circuit board.
• With the using of different software, PCB producer should also have skills to provide the board according to circuit and customer designing requirements.
• After making a layout of the circuit a sample of that circuit is copied on a plastic paper sheet to make some corrections.

 Types of PCB

• There are numerous types of a printed circuit board according to designing and circuitry for which it to be used. These types are listed here.
• Single-Sided PCB
• Double-Sided PCB
• Multi-Layer PCB

Single-Sided PCB

• In this type of printed circuit board, the conductive layers are designed on one side of board and all circuits are manufactured on this PCB side.

Double-Sided PCB

• In this PCB both sides of the board are used for the construction of circuits and both sides have a conductive layer. Its main benefits are that both sides elements are connected with each other through holes that are already designed on it.

Multi-layered PCB

• In this type of printed circuit board, there are more than two-layers are manufactured that has their own conductive paths and circuits are manufactured on each layer according to user requirement.

Material used For PCB Manufacturing

• For the manufacturing of PCB, the base substance normally called substrate is manufactured with the fibreglass or epoxy resins.
• Some boards have substrate manufactured by the fibreglass and epoxy resin.
• Some manufacturers used rein-forced phenolic resin blended with the copper, PCB production by this process is less costly than other PCBs.
• Such a circuit board is normally used household devices and electric circuitry.
• Different layers of copper are designed on a substrate material, for protection of this board from outer environment layer tin and the lead mixture is coated.

What is PCBA?

• PCBA stands for printed circuit board assembly. It is a board that we have after complete circuit manufacturing and assembly of different elements.
• If we compare a simple printed circuit board with a printed circuit board assembly or PCBA, then we will find that the PCB is only circuit board while PCBA is circuit board having completer packaging and assembly of different components.
• The elements that are used to make circuitry in printed circuit board assembly are an inductor, capacitor, diodes resistances, etc.

Technique Used in PCBA

• There are 2 main methods used in printed circuit board assembly first one through-hole technology and the second one is surface-mounted. Let's discuss these two with detailed.

Surface-Mount Technology:

• This technique is the best option for small circuitry and elements used in circuits. This process uses 3 different steps for the assembly of PCBA.
• In the First step at the surface of the circuit board, solder paste is spread.
• After that, all components of the respective circuitry are assembled on their respective places.
• In the final step, the board is kept in an oven of five hundred degrees celsius to make solder paste soft so circuit components get assembled properly.

Through-Hole Technology

• In this technique there are three steps are followed like the surface-mounted technique. In first step elements of circuitry are manually assembled on the board.
• In the second step connections of all elements are checked either they are correct or not.

• After that PCBA is passed through a liquid solder at five hundred degrees Fahrenheit.

PCB vs PCBA

• Till now I hope you have learned detailed on PCB and PCBA now we discuss their main differences.

Manufacturing Procedure:

• The manufacturing od PCB is very simple than the PCBA. In printed circuit board assembly we use special techniques for circuits designing and used an oven for fine connections of components.

Cost:

• The price of PCB is less than the PCBA, in PCBA due to complex circuitry different expensive components are used.

Functionality

• The printed circuit board is just a simple board have no component for circuitry to get or provide supply.
• While in PCBA all necessary components are available for the proper working of the circuit.

Packaging

• The PCB is available in vacuum packaging and a printed circuit board is anti-static packaging.

That is the detailed article about PCB and PCBA, I have mentioned each and everything related to these two. If you still have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading.  

Reasons to Choose an Engineering Recruitment Agency

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at Reasons to Choose an Engineering Recruitment Agency. Essentially, the recruitment process is meant to save time for the employer who is looking to hire, as well as for the person who is seeking a certain job. The whole process gets a lot easier and effective, making both the employer and future employees get their hands on the best deal possible.

However, both of the aforementioned parties may lack what it takes to make the hiring process more effective. After all, recruitment is not just finding a job for a random individual.

Recruiting implies matching someone with the skills, experience, and career expectations they have with the right job for them. This is one of the main reasons why you – either an employee or employer – should rely on engineering agency specialists. So let's get started with Reasons to Choose an Engineering Recruitment Agency.

Insider Knowledge of Roles and Companies

• There are hundreds of job boards, job search engines and recruiters posting jobs. For example, a common job advert will most likely tell you the location of your job, its salary, and a short description of your role and responsibilities.
• If you rely on a recruitment agency, like the one mentioned above, you can be given a lot more information about the engineering company and the role you want to be a part of.
• Moreover, such agencies can also give you information about other companies that are currently expanding and looking for employees.

Helping You More than Your CV

• For example, there are even specialist recruiters within the engineering sector.
• While your CV comes in handy in terms of showcasing your experience or education, the piece of paper will never be able to sell your character and strengths.
• Naturally, a recruitment agency is able to do that and will certainly provide an interested company with more information about you than a simple CV and cover letter.

Interview Preparation

• While working with a recruitment agency, a consultant will be by your side for the whole duration of the recruitment process. Obviously, this implies interview preparation.
• On top of that, keep in mind that consultants are there to prepare you for the best interview of your life.
• You won’t have to worry about messing up, because the consultant has to make sure that you are fully prepared for the interview. After all, if you aren’t, then they will not get paid!

Getting the Best Deal

• Last but not least, a recruitment agency – via a consultant – is able to negotiate the best deal for you and your expectations. You will no longer have to face an employer and their unpleasant offer.
• Your consultant will show you the available offers and you’ll be able to either choose one or tell them your opinions – namely, that you don’t consider those offers as being a good deal for you.

The Bottom Line

• Most people say that recruiters and consultants are actually trying to take money away from them. However, the market doesn’t work like that. Nowadays, most recruitment agencies work with employers and only present you with available jobs.
• On the other hand, if you have to rely on an agency to find you a new job, then you can be sure that they’ll do their best! Why? This is because agents/consultants have a fixed percentage that they agree on upfront with you.
• Basically, this means that the better the deal you get in terms of a job, the better the agents get paid. It is in their best interest to get you the job of your dreams!

It is a complete tutorial on Reasons to Choose an Engineering Recruitment Agency if you have any questions about it ask in the comments. Thanks for reading.

How to use Arrays in C# ???

Hello friends, I hope you all are having fun. In today's tutorial, we are going to discuss How to use Arrays in C#. It's our 6th tutorial in C# series and currently we are focusing on basic concepts in C#. Without understanding these simple concepts, we can't move forward. So, let's get started with Arrays in C#:

How to use Arrays in C# ???

• An array (base type System.Array) is a collection of similar (like-typed) data types, called by a common name. Each data item is referred as an element of array and is assigned an index starting from 0.
• As C# array is an object so we can find its length using member length, which is actually a count of total number of data items in that array.

• Arrays are reference types and implement IEnumerable that's why, we have to use new keyword for new instance of array.
• Here's an example of an array in action:

• You can see in above code that I have first initialized an array named TEPArray and I have fixed its size to 3.
• After that, I have added values in the array at each index 0, 1 and 2. If we count we have 3 positions which is the size of our array.
• After that, I am simply printing those values in the console.

Why we need to use Arrays ???

• Let's say you are working on some project where you need to show marks of some students, let's say 50 students.
• In such cases, it would be too difficult to create separate variable for each student. Instead, you can simply create an array of each subject and save all students' marks in single variable.
• In simple words, we use arrays to handle big data of similar data types.
• Arrays are strongly typed i.e. they take data of single data type, we can't add multiple data types in single array.
• We can't increase Array size after initialization, as in above code I have initialized the array with fixed size of 3 so now if I add a 4th element, then compiler will generate an error. Although, we can use foreach iteration on all arrays in C#, we will discuss that later.

Different ways to initialize Arrays in C#

• There are three different ways to initialize arrays in C#, although they are all same at the end but slightly different in syntax.
• I have shown all these three ways in below figure:

• As you can see in above code, the first way is the same one, we first initialized the array and then added values in it.
• In the second way, we have initialized the array and added values in it, in a single line.
• In the third way, I have just declared the arrays and haven't added the size or the data in it.
• After that I have initialized them and then added values, arrays don't occupy any memory unless initialized.
• Here's the complete code, which we have designed so far:

using System;

namespace TEPProject
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            // First Way: Initialization first & then added values
            int[] TEPArray = new int[3];            
            TEPArray[0] = 1;
            TEPArray[1] = 2;
            TEPArray[2] = 3;

            // Second Way: Initialization & values added in a single line
            int[] TEPArray2 = new int[5] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

            Console.WriteLine("Code Designed by www.TheEngineeringProjects.com \n");
            
            Console.WriteLine("Value at Index 0 is : {0} \n", TEPArray[0]);
            Console.WriteLine("Value at index 2 is : {0} \n", TEPArray[2]);
            Console.WriteLine("Length of Second Array : {0} \n", TEPArray2.Length);

            Console.WriteLine("First element of Second Array : {0} \n", TEPArray2[0]);


            // Third Way: Declared First & then initialized & values added
            string[] TEPArray3, TEPArray4;

            TEPArray3 = new string[5] {"Hello","welcome","to","C#","Tutorial"};
            TEPArray4 = new string[] { "Designed", "by", "The", "Engineering", "Projects" };

            Console.WriteLine("\n\n");
            Console.Write("For loop : ");
            for (int i = 0; i < TEPArray3.Length; i++)
                Console.Write(TEPArray3[i] + " ");

            Console.WriteLine("\n\n");
            Console.Write("For-each loop : ");

            // using for-each loop 
            foreach (string i in TEPArray4)
                Console.Write(" " + i);

            Console.WriteLine("\n\n");


        }
    }
}

• Till now, we have discussed only One Dimensional Arrays, now let's have a look at Multi-Dimensional Arrays:

Multi-Dimensional Arrays in C#

• We have seen single row of data in arrays so far, but we can also add multiple rows in arrays and such arrays are called Multi-Dimensional Arrays or Rectangular Arrays.
• They are called rectangular because length of each row has to be same in a single array.
• Let's have a look at Multi-Dimensional Array in below figure:

• In the above code, you can see i have created two arrays, the first one TEPArray1 is a 2-Dimensional Array, while TEPArray2 is a 3-Dimensional Array.
• I have also used nested for loop to display data of 2D array, if you can't understand it yet, don't worry we will discuss it in detail in coming lectures.
• But make sure you understand, how I am accessing elements of multi-dimensional arrays.
• Here's the complete code for Multi-Dimensional Arrays in C#:

using System;

namespace TEPProject
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            string[,] TEPArray1 = new string[4, 2] { 
                                                    { "one", "two" },
                                                    { "three", "four" },
                                                    { "five", "six" },
                                                    { "seven", "eight" } 
                                                  };

            int[,,] TEPArray2 = new int[2, 2, 3] { 
                                                    { 
                                                        { 1, 2, 3 }, 
                                                        { 4, 5, 6 } 
                                                    },
                                                    { 
                                                        { 7, 8, 9 }, 
                                                        { 0, 1, 2 } 
                                                    } 
                                                 };

            // Accessing array elements. 
            Console.WriteLine("Code Designed by www.TheEngineeringProjects.com \n");
            Console.WriteLine("2DArray[0][0] : " + TEPArray1[0, 0]);
            Console.WriteLine("2DArray[0][1] : " + TEPArray1[0, 1]);
            Console.WriteLine("2DArray[1][1] : " + TEPArray1[1, 1]);
            Console.WriteLine("2DArray[2][0] " + TEPArray1[2, 0]);

            Console.WriteLine("\n\n");
            Console.WriteLine("3DArray[1][0][1] : " + TEPArray2[1, 0, 1]);
            Console.WriteLine("3DArray[1][1][2] : " + TEPArray2[1, 1, 2]);
            Console.WriteLine("3DArray[0][1][1] : " + TEPArray2[0, 1, 1]);
            Console.WriteLine("3DArray[1][0][2] : " + TEPArray2[1, 0, 2]);


            Console.WriteLine("\n\n");
            Console.WriteLine("For Loop:");
            for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++)
                for (int j = 0; j < 2; j++)
                    Console.Write(TEPArray1[i, j] + " ");

            Console.WriteLine("\n\n");

        }
    }
}

So, that was all about Arrays in C#. If you got into any errors, then ask in comments. In next lecture, we will have a look at How to use Comments in C#. Till then take care & have fun !!! :)

4 Most Popular Technical Specialties Students Choose in 2019

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at 4 Most Popular Technical Specialties Students Choose in 2019. Tech is considered one of the most promising work fields for the near future; with that in mind, many students choose to do a technical speciality after graduating from a major in order to prepare themselves for a competitive professional world. Before going into the adventure of a new career -or and extension of your previous- it's important to know your options well, so keep reading and let us tell you about them. So let's get started with 4 Most Popular Technical Specialties Students Choose in 2019.

Which specialities do students choose these days?

• The current student generation has grown in a computerized world, and their natural inclination goes to the specialities related to IT and technology.
• Which is good, because the future work field will be much related to today’s technological advances.

Security Engineering

• Many believe that the engineering field is decreasing, but they are wrong because it’s transforming to adapt to the new technological world.
• Computer engineering jobs are counted among the best paid in current work fields, and security engineering is one of its most recent fields of speciality.
• It is centered on developing strategies and methods to create strong and robust security systems for companies, institutions, and any other client interest.
• You will have to research to find technical schools to study this speciality.

Tech Support

• These specialists offer assistance to solve problems related to devices’ malfunctions, whether they have to do with hardware or software.

• This profession requires a lot of preparation and many students choose it while they are still in school. Usually, they focus only on the tech field and prefer hiring research paper writing services to help them with academic assignments that aren’t related; for example a research paper about literature.
• So, the time they were going to invest in that paper goes to study more about the tech field.
• These professionals are necessary in every business that involves computers, so it’s a lucrative career with a huge world field.

Digital Marketing

• This is a speciality of the internet era because it represents a kind of “evolution to digital” for traditional marketing.
• It’s a profession that uses digital media to promote products, just like traditional marketing prints ads in magazines, it started in the late ’90s and early ’00s, along with the rise of the internet.
• But with Digital Marketing, advertising found on Internet the ideal platform to extend the image of a product worldwide in an effective manner.
• In recent years, many students have felt inclined to this profession, because it´s easy to study online and gives big revenues.

Computer Graphics

• This is a specialty you can choose after studying programming, film making, computer science, etc.… In which you create computer-generated image data using specialized graphic hardware and software.
• It’s a beautiful profession that combines creativity with technical skills, a profile that its attractive to many students.

• You can study this specialty through school programs or online courses, or you can get a degree, depending on the field you want to work on.

  	Security Engineering	Tech Support	Digital Marketing	Computer Graphics
  Platform	Software and hardware	Software and hardware	Digital media and internet	Digital software
  Some topics to study	Computer security Security software Tamper-resistant hardware Law (mostly related to personal protection) Cryptography Supply chain management	Electronic systems Computer systems Software applications System working evaluation	Content Marketing Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Search Engine Marketing (SEM) Influencer culture Marketing strategy E-mail direct marketing Social Media Marketing, Data-driven marketing Brand management E-commerce	Interface design Image processing (rendering and shaders) Computer animation 3D modeling Vector graphics GPU design Photography
  Work field	Businesses of various natures	Office buildings Businesses of various natures Tech support companies	Advertising	Film making Video games Graphic design Advertising

How to choose a technical speciality?

• After you have graduated from one of the best engineering colleges or from one of the top colleges in the world, it can be hard to know “where to go from there”.
• Some decide that they’re ready for the professional world, but others choose to prepare themselves a bit more.

• For those that want to find the perfect speciality and aren’t sure about what’s the better alternative, keep reading and learn tips to find the right specialty for you.
  • Determine your work preferences. Your experience in school can give you an idea of your preferences.
  • Study your skills. The fields where you standout are great choices for you.
  • Define your goals. How much do you want to earn? What job profile are you looking for? Do you want to work as a freelancer or associated with a company? The answers will serve as a guide to you.
  • Think about the future. Some careers are arising and have the potential to be stronger in the future.
  •  Look for a career counsellor. Most schools have this kind of advisors that can help you with vocational tests.
  • Study your academic options; Are there any technical schools nearby? Is it possible to study online? Can you afford another career?
  • Talk to people from the work field. If you have some options in mind, talk to professionals in the field, they can give you a first-hand perspective.

That is the detailed article on 4 Most Popular Technical Specialties Students Choose in 2019 I have written everything related to this article. If you have any question ask in comments. Thanks for reading.