But starting a new program is intimidating, especially when you have to consider different schools and potential costs. At the top institutions, engineering degrees are some of the most competitive. This means the acceptance rate is lower than average, and you'll have to prepare ahead of time if you want to get in. Even after that acceptance letter comes in, you'll need additional skills and strategies to make the most out of your studies. Rather than feeling overwhelmed by coursework, these helpful tips will prepare you to tackle all your classes with ease. You'll maximize your learning, lower stress and get a better school-life balance that makes college more memorable.
If you're still in high school, take AP classes that will prepare you for an engineering degree. You may want to take AP Calculus, Physics, Computer Science and Statistics to give yourself the most well-rounded foundation. In addition to being more familiar with the building blocks of the field, you'll also be a more desirable applicant. College admissions offices look for students whose histories demonstrate passion and foresight. Someone who has dedicated themselves to learning about the major before they've even been accepted is always promising. For those who are already out of school, don't worry. You can still begin studying now. In fact, it may be beneficial to hire a tutor to get your skills in math and science up to par prior to the start of school.
Look for real-life professionals who use their social media platforms to share, enrich and educate others. They can be found in professional networks, like LinkedIn, or more casual sites like Twitter and YouTube. It's a good idea to start building your own circle on LinkedIn so you have a higher chance of finding a good mentor later. You can also learn a lot from these experts just by reading their regular content. Don't be afraid to reach out and introduce yourself, either. While not everyone may be willing to answer questions, the majority are passionate about their field and love helping aspiring engineers learn more. While they may be too busy to act as a personal guide, they can still likely point you in the direction of helpful resources to further your learning.
Paying for an engineering degree can be daunting, but there are several options to build a solid plan. If you have savings, factor those into your total tuition cost, then break it down year by year. This will help you determine how much you'll have covered from the start and what percentage you'll need to cover through alternative means. Usually, that means student loans and scholarships. There are hundreds of scholarships you can apply for throughout the year, but most have set deadlines that run between September and May.
Scholarships.com is a great source to start looking for opportunities by major and state. Your school's financial aid department can also direct you to appropriate sources for scholarships and grants. When it comes to loans, the average student tends to have a mix of both federal and private. Federal loans are issued by the government, but they have stricter limits than private loans. Borrowing some of your student loans from a private lender can help you balance your debt and make it easier to pay off when payments are due after graduation and need to build a budget around.
Engineering students study plenty of extra hours a week on top of attending regular classes. To make sure you get enough sleep and avoid burnout, you'll need to plan ahead. If studying has never been your strong suit, address your biggest challenges now. Maybe you need to set a timer and work in short bursts rather than long strides. Do you benefit more from visual learning, like videos, or reading a textbook?
You should also look into your school's learning resources. Make sure you know where the tutoring center is and how to schedule an appointment. The better you are at studying, the more you learn in less time. Good habits also translate to strong work skills, too. A person who is able to manage their time well, set deadlines and follow through systematically is more likely to excel in their career. These are also core qualities of a good engineer that employers look for, which you can demonstrate through a strong resume.
Engineers must be able to clearly express often complicated ideas to others in layman's terms. You will have to be an excellent writer and a strong presenter. In addition to collaborating with peers, you will also likely find yourself working with people outside of engineering in your role. Many professionals even find themselves in consulting positions, which require the ability to easily transmit ideas through written and verbal communication. By taking some English composition and public speaking courses, you'll be more prepared to share your knowledge and work with the world.
Part of the hiring process for future jobs will require showing a portfolio of your work. Employers will assess the quality and presentation, but they'll also be looking at the skills you need to make your projects come to life. You should not wait until you've graduated to start working on serious projects. Use your time in school wisely, and take full advantage of the resources you'll have access to on campus. Engineering labs give you the ability to work with high-level equipment you won't be able to access after you graduate. You can also work on teams, join clubs and turn to your professors for guidance.
So, keep reading to find out everything about how to set up a C# environment.
C#, also known as C sharp, is an all-purpose, contemporary, object-intended coding language. Microsoft created the #C programming language as part of the .Net project. It is certified by the European Computer Manufacturers Association (ECMA) as well as the ISO. The updated iteration of the C# programming language is version number 7.2, and it is one of the main languages for Standard Language Framework. C# is identical to Java language and is simple for individuals familiar with Java, C++, or C.
As great as it sounds, the advantages of the C# programming language are exceptional. A few of them are listed below:
So, learning C# programming language offers you long-term benefits with amazing little learning time.
Everything in this entire world is made up of some fundamental components. Without those components, that particular thing would not work. The C# Environment works the same way. But, what elements are involved in the setup of the C# Environment? Let us have a detailed look at the components in this section. Before we begin, here is a reminder for you: Start Taking Notes!
The.NET System is a production, integration, and execution platform for online services and projects. Installation of the .NET Framework element is required to launch C# apps or other projects. The .NET also promotes many coding languages such as Visual C++, JavaScript, Visual Basic, and F#. Yet C# is among the most widely used programming languages within the.NET Platform. It features two fundamental elements:
Apart from these two, the .NET Framework also has other elements listed below:
Visual Studio is a Microsoft Integrated Development Environment (IDE) platform for designing projects in many coding languages like Visual Basic, C#, and others. For business purposes, it is necessary to purchase a Microsoft permit to download and operate Visual Studio. However, Microsoft offers a complimentary VB Community Edition for educational use. It is indeed an inclusive topic, and so we will discuss it in the next section.
We agree that the terms above may seem scary. But, we promise that once you grasp the concept of the entire environment set up of C# programming language, these terms will be child’s play for you.
Visual Studio is an Integrated Development Environment (IDE). You may write managed or indigenous script with the assistance of this IDE. It takes advantage of different software programming frameworks from Microsoft, such as Windows Store, Windows API, Microsoft Silverlight, etc. The best thing about it is that it is not a dialect-specific IDE, and both Windows and Mac offer it.
Visual Studio 97, with edition number 5.0, became the first iteration of VS launched in 1997. The newest release of VS is version number 15.0, which is also known as Visual Studio 2017. March 7, 2017, was its launching date. In the most recent release of Visual Studio, the .Net Platform variants facilitated range from 3.5 to 4.7.
Microsoft has released three different editions of Visual Studio. This section contains the information of these three editions so, please read carefully. These are:
The Community Edition, released in 2014, is a free-of-charge version. The remaining three editions charge. This release has features that are identical to the Professional one. Any independent programmer can create cost-free or premium applications such as internet games, web services, and many others.
The Professional Edition is the business version of Visual Studio. It arrived in VS 2010 as well as is available in newer versions. It features tools like System Navigator and connectivity with SQL, as well as encourages XSLT programming. Its primary goal is to empower members with versatility, efficiency, cooperation, and perks such as Pluralsight, Azure, Microsoft software, and other Microsoft services.
This version is offered for a free test period, after which the customer must make payments to keep using it.
The third and the last Enterprise Edition is an all-in-one, end-to-end tool for organizations of any complexity with high-quality and scale requirements. The prime advantage is that this edition is exceptionally expandable and produces high-quality programming.
This version comes with a 90-day complimentary trial, after which the customer must spend money to resume accessing it.
Now, you would be questioning: Why am I studying Visual Studio in-depth even though I can set up my C# environment using different tools? Well, Visual Studio has exceptional features which are hard to find in other tool platforms. Let us have a look at some of the features Visual Studio offers:
The exceptional Visual Studio comes with several visual developers to help with app designing. These tools are listed below:
So you see, there are various features of the Visual Studio, and that is why you should use it while setting up your C# environment.
The most awaited section of the entire article is here: Steps for C# Environment Setup. Now that you have a great understanding of all the terms and tools, this section will be easier for you. Let us begin:
The first step is to install the Visual Studio Community Edition. Here is how you can install it:
The second step is to start operating in the visual studio. For this, you have to open the installed Visual Studio from your laptop. And let us get started with Programming:
And Kudos! You are done setting up the C# environment. Wasn’t that easy? Now, you are ready to setup your C# environment. But before that, you should read the next and last section carefully.
We want you to work productively and error-free so that, you do not have to face any problem while setting up the C# environment. This is why we have added this small section of common mistakes to let you know everything.
These are listed below:
Value classes in C# cannot be empty. These should have a term, and even unreferenced elements should have a result. It is referred to as the type's standard setting. When verifying if a parameter is unreferenced, it generates the following, typically surprising result:
In the above illustration, the standard state for the Point equals (0,0) and not empty, because it is a numeric kind. In C# programming, failing to identify it is a fairly straightforward (and widespread) blunder.
Although database searching is a common application for LINQ expressions, they may be applied to any enumerable set. For instance, rather than creating a C# List for all accounts in a collection:
You can just type:
It is a quite common mistake and we do not want our readers to go through that. Also, you must takes notes to remember all these points.
This point must be noted down! Because the CLR system includes a garbage collection tool, you do not have to manually clear any space allocated to any item. The erase operation in C++ and the free () tool in C do not even exist. But, this doesn't imply that once you've used something, you could just ignore it. Many different kinds of entities encapsulate different kind of system component like a disc file, database interconnection, and others. Ignoring these elements can rapidly exhaust the overall quantity of system services, resulting in poor efficiency and, eventually, program failures.
Other mistakes can be:In this article, we have provided details regarding setting up your C# environment along with discussing some common mistakes made by developers while this process. We hope that you will avoid those mistakes and will work productively. We wish best of luck to all our readers. Happy Programming!
We will discuss all points and concepts briefly in this article and also provide a Proteus Simulation to observe how it will work in the real world. Complete fully explained code and simulation are also provided below as you go ahead in this article. You can download it from there.
Smart Irrigation System using Arduino UNOLet’s start with an Introduction:
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | LCD 20x4 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 2 | LDR Sensor | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 3 | MQ-135 | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 4 | Arduino Uno | Amazon | Buy Now | |
In the late decades, there has been a quick advancement in Smart Agricultural Systems. Show that agriculture has great importance worldwide. Indeed, in India for example, about 70 % of the people rely upon the vital sector of agriculture. In the past, irrigation systems used to be dependent on the mills to irrigate the farm by conventional methods without knowing the appropriate quantities of these crops.
These old systems are a major cause of the waste of large quantities of water and thus destroy some crops because of the lack of adequate quantities of water. However, with the recent technological developments, there have been innovative systems for irrigation without the farmer interfering in the irrigation process. We will discuss it in brief below.
We will do a simulation on Proteus 8 Professional Software.
The working of this project is like, we will use a Soil Moisture sensor for measuring the moisture of Soil according to which water valves are controlled. When the moisture level gets below a threshold value, valves will open with the help of a relay or solenoid till the soil is well moisturized.
In a used case, when the moisture level gets below a threshold value, valves will open with the help of a relay or solenoid for a required time interval.
Since we are designing a prototype of this project, we will use jumper wires instead of soldering.
You can use a Battery, Adapter or any DC source of 5-8v(recommendable).
Since we are making a prototype of this project, we will make connections on the breadboard and avoid soldering the components. We will use male to male, male to female and female to female jumper wires.
| Pin Connections of Smart Irrigation System | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Sensor | Pinout | ||
| 1 | Soil Moisture Sensor | Data - A0 (Arduino) | ||
| 2 | LDR Sensor | LDR-Resistor Junction - A2 (Arduino) | ||
| 3 | MQ135 Gas Sensor | Out - A1 (Arduino) | ||
| 4 | DHT11 Sensor | Data - D2 (Arduino) | ||
| 5 | BMP180 Pressure Sensor | SDA-SDA (Arduino) SCL - SCL (Arduino) | ||
You need to install these third-party Arduino Libraries, in order to interface sensors:
We have added comments in the code for better understanding so it can be understood easily.
Note - Change the Address of the LCD Screen while you run the code in Proteus, change it to 0x20 instead of 0x27 or anyone else. In the real experiment, we can alter the address of the LCD by changing the configurations of A0, A1 and A2 pins of the PCF8574 module.
We will show you a demo of this project as a simulation. We are using Proteus 8 Professional Software for the simulation.
Note - We used a simple LED instead of the valve because the valve component is not available in the Software, simply replace the LED with a valve in a real project. Make connections according to the circuit diagram and add virtual terminals to Serial pins to see the readings and Data.
This means when the soil gets dry the valve will open and water will be provided to the crops.
In this pH Sensor Library, I have added four different pH Sensors, which are used for the detection of the pH of any fluid. Since we can’t place real liquid and measure pH in this software, I have attached a test pin in the pH meter where you have to connect a potentiometer. The potentiometer will produce a reading from 0 to 1023, which will be mapped from 0 to 14 in the program code. We can predict the nature of the liquid. We will have a look at how to use these sensors below. So, here’s the list of all four pH sensors, I have added to this pH sensor library:
So, let’s start with downloading and installing the pH Sensor Library for Proteus.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | LEDs | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 2 | Resistor | Amazon | Buy Now | |
| 3 | Arduino Uno | Amazon | Buy Now | |
So, that was all for today. I hope you have enjoyed today's lecture. Thanks for reading !!!
We will use for our examples STM32CubeIDE released by ST and completely free. STM32CubeIDE is a development tool and supports multi operative system (SO), which is part of the STM32Cube software ecosystem. STM32CubeIDE allows using a single platform to configure peripherals, to generate/compile/debug the code for STM32 microcontrollers and microprocessors. The framework used is Eclipse®/CDT, as tool-chain for the development is used GCC toolchain and GDB for the debugging.
To start the project, you must first select the MCU and then initialize and configure the peripherals the user wants to use. At this point, the initialization code is generated. At any time, the user can go back and change initializations and configurations, without affecting the user code. We will dive into these steps with a simple example in the next paragraph.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | STM32 Nucleo | Amazon | Buy Now | |
We must connect in series to LED a resistor. What resistance value must be considered to limit the current to 20 mA (see the formula below)?
R > 5 - 1.7/0.02 , where R > 165 ?
A good value of R is 220 ?.
Now we must be able to turn off the led, to do it we need a switch to connect and disconnect the power supply as shown below.
In this case when the switch is closed the Led is ON, when the switch is open the Led is OFF. This can be easily done with a Nucleo board by configuring a GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) pin.
The steps required to configure a core board are explained below. Obviously, this is a very simple practical example, but peripherals, communication protocols and anything else can be configured in a similar way.
As already said, we will use for our examples a NUCLEO-L053R8 board. For our examples, so also a Windows PC is required. The ST-Link USB connector is used both for serial data communications, and firmware downloading and debugging on the MCU. A Type-A to mini-B USB cable must be connected between the board and the computer. The USART2 peripheral uses PA2 and PA3 pins, which are wired to the ST-Link connector. In addition, USART2 is selected to communicate with the PC via the ST-Link Virtual COM Port. A tool that emulates the serial communication terminal is necessary to view received messages and send them. You can download many open-source tools as Tera Term. In this way, you can display on PC the messages received from the board over the virtual communication Port and the other way around.
In this paragraph, we will initialize the peripherals using STM32CubeMX. The STM32CubeMX tool to create the necessary config. files to enable drivers of peripheral used (for more detail read “UM1718 - User manual STM32CubeMX for STM32 configuration and initialization C code generation.”).
The user code must be inserted between the "USER CODE BEGIN" and "USER CODE END" so that if you go to regenerate the initializations that part of the code is not deleted or overwritten. As shown in the code below, the simplest way is to use the function:
Note This function is declared as __weak to be overwritten in case of other implementations in a user file.
- Delay: specifies the delay time length, in milliseconds.
So, in our case GPIOx is GPIOA and the GPIO_PIN is GPIO_PIN_9 (see below).
int main(void) { /* USER CODE BEGIN 1 */ /* USER CODE END 1 */ /* MCU Configuration--------------------------------------------------------*/ /* Reset of all peripherals, Initializes the Flash interface and the Systick. */ HAL_Init(); /* USER CODE BEGIN Init */ /* USER CODE END Init */ /* Configure the system clock */ SystemClock_Config(); /* USER CODE BEGIN SysInit */ /* USER CODE END SysInit */ /* Initialize all configured peripherals */ MX_GPIO_Init(); MX_TIM2_Init(); /* USER CODE BEGIN 2 */ /* USER CODE END 2 */ /* Infinite loop */ /* USER CODE BEGIN WHILE */ while (1) { HAL_GPIO_TogglePin(GPIOA, GPIO_PIN_9); HAL_Delay(1000); /* USER CODE END WHILE */ /* USER CODE BEGIN 3 */ } /* USER CODE END 3 */ }
Now we are ready to compile and run the project:
Another simple way is to use the function
Note This function uses GPIOx_BSRR register to allow atomic read/modify accesses. In this way, there is no risk of an IRQ occurring between the read and the modified access.
Note that GPIOE is not available on all devices.
This parameter can be one of GPIO_PIN_x where x can be (0..15).
All port bits are not necessarily available on all GPIOs.
This parameter can be one of the GPIO_PinState enum values:
So, in our case GPIOx is GPIOA and the GPIO_PIN is GPIO_PIN_9 and the pin state changes between 0 (LOW or CLEAR) and 1 (HIGH or SET).
In this case, the code is the following:
while (1) { HAL_GPIO_WritePin(GPIOA, GPIO_PIN_9,0); HAL_Delay(1000); HAL_GPIO_WritePin(GPIOA, GPIO_PIN_9,1); /* USER CODE END WHILE */ /* USER CODE BEGIN 3 */ } /* USER CODE END 3 */ }
There are many other ways to blink an Led such as PWM, Interrupts etc. and will discuss it in the upcoming lectures. Thanks for reading.
To become familiar with the world of microcontrollers it is necessary to have a development board (also known as a kit), which generally allows you to start working on it easily. Fortunately, the ST provides a wide portfolio of development boards. In this guide, we will describe and use the Nucleo board.
The Nucleo has been introduced a few years ago and its line is divided into three main groups:
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | STM32 Nucleo | Amazon | Buy Now | |
The number of pins available, so the package, gives the name to the board: Nucleo-32 uses an LQFP-32 package; Nucleo-64 and LQFP-64; Nucleo-144 an LQFP-144. The Nucleo-64 was the first line introduced and counts 16 different boards.
The Nucleo boards have interesting advantages compared to the Discovery. First, is the cheaper cost, you can buy it for around 15-25 dollars. Now in 2021 due to the lack of processed semiconductors, it is very difficult to find them on the normal distribution channels and costs are rising. A return to normal is expected from 2023. Furthermore, Nucleo boards are designed to be pin-to-pin compatible with each other. It is a very important advantage, in fact, if I start to develop my firmware on generic Nucleo later then I can adapt my code to another one.
In the next paragraphs, we will see the main structure of STM32-64
The Nucleo-64 is composed of two parts:
The part with the mini-USB connector is an ST-LINK 2.1 integrated debugger. It needs to upload the firmware on the target MCU and run the debugging. Furthermore, the ST-LINK interface provides a Virtual COM Port (VCP), which can be used to exchange data and messages with the host PC. The ST-LINK interface can be used as a stand-alone ST-LINK programmer, in fac,t can be easily cuttable to reduce board size.
To program the STM32 on board, simply plug in the two jumpers on CN4, as shown in the figure below in pink, but do not use the CN11 connector as that may disturb communication with the STM32 microcontroller of the Nucleo.
However, the ST-LINK provides an optional SWD interface which can be used to program another board without detaching the ST-LINK interface from the Nucleo by removing the two jumpers labeled ST-LINK (CN4).
The rest of the board, MCU part, contains the target MCU (the microcontroller we will use to develop our applications), a RESET button, a user-programmable push button (switch), and an LED. It is possible to mount an external high-speed crystal (HSE) through X3 pads (see figure below). Generally, the Nucleo boards, especially the most recent ones, provide a low-speed crystal (LSE).
The STM32 Nucleo-64 board has 8 connectors:
The CN7 and CN10 ST morpho connectors are male pin headers (2x19, 2.54mm male pin headers) accessible on both sides of the STM32 Nucleo-64 board (see the figure below). All signals and power pins can be probed by an oscilloscope, logical analyzer, or voltmeter through the ST morpho connectors. They are two. They are called Morpho connectors and are a convenient way to access most of the MCU pins.
The first step in developing an application on the STM32 platform is to fully set up the tool-chain. A tool-chain is a set of programs, compilers, and tools that allows us:
To carry out these activities we basically need:
There are several complete tool-chain for the STM32 Cortex-M family, both free and commercial. The most used tools are: IAR for Cortex-M, ARM Keil, and AC6 SW4STM32.
They can integrate everything necessary for the development of applications on STM32 to simplify and accelerate their development. The first two are commercial solutions and therefore have a price to the public that may be too high for those approaching the first time.
So, that was all for today. I hope you have enjoyed today's lecture and have understood this Nucleo Development Board. In the next lecture, we will design our first project in STM32CubeIDE. Thanks for reading.The term, "STM32" refers to a family of 32-bit microcontroller integrated circuits based on the ARM® Cortex®M processor. The architecture of these CPUs (Central Processing Unit) is ARM (Advanced Risk Machine) which is a particular family of Reduced Instruction Set Computing (RISC). RISC architecture differs from Complex Instruction Set Computing (CISC) for its simplicity that allows you to create processors capable of executing instruction sets with shorter times. Why use STM32? The advantages are many, and now we will list a part of them:
In the next paragraph, it will be illustrated how the STM32 is divided to easily identify the one used for your purposes.
| Where To Buy? | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | Components | Distributor | Link To Buy | |
| 1 | STM32 Nucleo | Amazon | Buy Now | |
The STM32 Mainstream has been designed to offer solutions for a wide range of applications where costs, time to market, reliability, and availability are fundamental requirements. They are widely used in real-time control signal processing applications.
There are 5 series in this group:
The STM32 Ultra-Low-Power has been designed to meet the need to develop devices with low energy consumption (such as portable and wearable devices) but maintaining a good compromise with performance. There are 6 series in this group:
The STM32 High-Performance has been designed for data processing and data transfer. It also has a high level of memory integration. There are 5 series in this group:
With STM32 Wireless ST adds in the portfolio a platform for wireless connectivity to the portfolio. It has a broad spectrum of frequencies and is used in various industrial and consumer applications.
It has features compatible with multiple protocols which allows it to communicate with different devices in real-time. Now, only two series belong to this group:
So, that was all for today. I hope you have enjoyed today's lecture. In the next lecture, I am going to focus on the Nucleo Development board, as we are going to use that in our upcoming tutorials. Thanks for reading. Take care !!! :)
Roofing issues can be overwhelming! Whether you have purchased a new home or have resided in a house for the past twenty years, roofing issues are here to stay. In most cases, these roofing issues include roof leaks, interior water damage, or missing shingles. These problems make roofing maintenance an imperative and attention-seeking job for many homeowners. Now, what to do in this case? Who to call? Well, there are many roofing maintenance firms out there, that can lend you a helping hand in resolving these issues. Also, some roofing maintenance tips can offer lasting results.
While buying a new home or commercial space, your focus should be on the roof. The roof is the prime protective layer of your premises. Even if you have been living in the house for years, it is crucial to assess the condition of the roof periodically. Take a trip to your roof once a month. It would be better if experts inspect the roof and predict its life expectancy before you run around with a bucket for leaks.
Though surrounding landscapes add beauty, the falling leaves and twigs can clog your gutter system. It would prevent proper drainage of rainwater or melting snow. Regular cleaning can avoid damage to your rooftop. While cleaning, you should prefer not to stand on your roof and keep a garbage bag or a bucket to collect all the debris. After picking up large pieces, wash your roof with a hose to flush out dirt. Trimming the trees is another option to minimize the natural debris.
Your haven cannot be at the mercy of moss. Lichen, moss, and algae need damp habitats to reproduce. Your roof becomes an ideal place for their growth. They have the potential to weaken your entire home. Once moss seeps between the shingles, it can damage the inside panel of the wooden beam that holds up your home. Since mosses have a persistent nature of returning, you would need a permanent professional solution.
In the absence of proper ventilation, dampness and heat can aggravate roof rotting. The sheathing and rafting lose their effectiveness and threaten the protective layer of your home. It also increases the danger to your interior. Your roof can start seeing tiny holes, which can enlarge over time. Exposure to sufficient sunlight can nip the evil in the bud.
The harmful UV rays and excessive exposure to the sunlight can devastate your roof lining. Speaking to a certified roof expert can mitigate the impact and provide an effective sunscreen solution for your roof.
Your roof is constantly attacked by the environment in the form of natural disasters, stormy weather, high temperatures, etc. Holes in the granules or discoloration of the shingles hint towards damage. The blistering shingles indicate that it is time for a replacement. Ignoring the first signs can lead to extensive damage and expensive repair work.
Though you love the greenery around you, your roof may not be fond of clinging tree branches. The overhanging branches can spell disaster for your roof. The trees may strike against the shingles and crush your roof during hurricanes and tornadoes. It would be a good idea to trim your trees to safeguard your roof.
Insulated rooftops lock in the heat during winters and prevent cool air from escaping your indoors during summers. It will help if you ensure effective insulation in and around your attic space. An insulated roof assures a healthier and more durable home that prevents ice damming, moisture build-up, etc.
Weatherproofing your home is an integral part of roof protection. From time to time, your roof demands the replacement of caulking around the flashings, such as a chimney, vent pipes, etc. Withering caulks can lead to seepage and damage. Scrape the residues of the old caulk and apply new ones to seal the gaps.
It is crucial to pay heed to roof maintenance at the onset of winter. Once it starts snowing, it would not be safe to climb up your roof. Your house may be exposed to bad weather if the roof gives in at any time during the winter season. You would have to wait for spring to begin with repair work.
Roof maintenance is serious work. You can take up the task yourself or contact the experts of roofing.
Leading the charge towards better conditions for oil and gas workers is the US-wide litigation climate. Both on and off-shore, there are huge pushes towards making health and safety better for the numerous oil and gas workers in hydrocarbon states. Click2Houston highlighted the tragic death of one worker in Texas when a rig fell on him. During the July 2021 Houston oilfield accident lawyer action quickly brought restitution for the family involved, and in turn, brought in a greater level of health and safety scrutiny.
That level of scrutiny is being pushed at national and international levels. CNBC has highlighted how many oil and gas industry consultants are looking for novel ways at which to reduce gas flaring, a process estimated to produce 400 million tons of CO2 every year. Flaring in itself can be dangerous, and poorly monitored or delayed flaring can cause serious incidents. The curious note here is it’s not a direct engineering need that is pushing forward change, but rather the wider pro-environmental agenda being promoted by global governments. This is where novel engineering starts to make an impact.
In February, RigZone noted the expansion of wearable health and safety tech and how it was being issued to a wider range of rig employees. Manufacturer Transocean had developed the novel technology to provide a way for risk and repair contractors to undertake critical work while achieving it in a smart fashion - that is, safely, and with the absolute minimum interference both with the operation of the rig and the natural environment around it.
These devices are now brought into the wider engineering field upon rigs and offer a fantastic way for contractors to obtain assurance over their health and safety The usability of this technology is fairly expansive, and reaches down to the actual drill floor of rigs, for instance. This presents a way for engineers and contractors to ensure their safety - at least until perhaps the most fail-safe way of conducting work makes its mark.
Automation seems to be coming for jobs in every area of industry, and especially so in engineering. Manufacturers are already well acquainted with the huge benefits that robots and their ilk offer in factories across the world - they have truly revolutionized how businesses think about productivity and the safety and role of their workers within that. Now, automation is coming for oil and gas.
According to the Houston Chronicle, automation is set to replace hundreds of thousands of oil and gas engineering jobs. Where roles will be concentrated is, predictably enough, in engineering. Robots can complete much of the simple yet critical work undertaken by contractors, and the onus of the employee will instead be shifting towards engineers. Upkeep of robots and related devices, the continued development of them in line with machine learning and AI, and assurance over their suitability for the job, will be crucial. Achieving this, however, will tick a huge box in the world of health and safety. By taking human beings out of the firing line of risk and danger in the first place, you make huge strides towards an overall improvement in the industry. With automation set to make huge strides by 2030 at the latest, oil and gas businesses are well prepared for the disruption of this technology and the new focus it will place upon engineers performing maintenance.
That, of course, brings its own risks - every engineer knows about the inherent dangers of the shop floor and working with moving parts. However, it takes away a lot of the eminent risk posed by oil and gas, from simple incidents such as unstable, crushing devices, through to the explosions and blowouts experienced from time to time by rigs across the planet. The best way to reduce risk is to remove exposure, and the myriad of engineering tools and techniques being deployed to enhance the health and safety assessment system in oil and gas is helping with this to a great extent. That's good news for engineers entering perhaps one of the most exciting fields there is.
Hi friends, I hope you are enjoying yourself a lot and having a great deal of fun. Our mission is to help you by providing quality content that meets your expectations so now today we will discuss all quick turn PCB prototyping services. We will discuss what is quick-turn PCB? What is a PCB prototype? What is a quick-turn PCB prototyping service? Quick turn PCB general Capabilities provided by companies. Benefits, applications and importance of quick turn prototyping service. Online Quick-turn PCB service providers and time measurements. So, let's get started:
| Items | General Manufacturing Capabilities | Companies general Remarks |
| How many layers | 1-10 layers | For orders above 10 layers, contact to company. |
| Material | Aluminium or RF-4 | For Flex, Rigid-flex, Metal-based (Aluminium etc.,), HDI, Halogen-free, High Tg, etc. |
| Maximum dimensions of PCB | 500*1100mm (min 5*6mm) | For any size Greater than these Standard dimensions customers have to contact to the company |
| Tolerance in board size | ±0.2mm/±0.5mm | ±0.2mm for CNC routing, and ±0.5mm for V-scoring. |
| Thickness of the board | 0.2-2.4mm | 0.2,0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4mm. For other thicknesses, customers have to contact to company. |
| Tolerance in the thickness of board | ±10% | Normally “+ Tolerance” will occur due to PCB processing steps such as solder mask, electroless copper and other types of finish on the surface. |
| Board Thickness Tolerance(t<1.0mm) | ±0.1mm | |
| Minimum manufactural Trace | 0.1mm | Min manufactural trace is (0.1mm), To save cost design trace should be above 6mil(0.15mm) |
| Min Spacing | Min manufactural spacing is 0.1 mm. To save cost it should be 6mil(0.15mm) | |
| Thickness of outer copper layer | 1oz/2oz/3oz(35µm/70µm/105µm) | Also known as copper weight. 35µm=1oz, 70µm=2oz, 105µm=3oz. For copper weight greater than 3oz customers have to contact the company. |
| Thickness of inner copper layer | 1oz/1.5oz(35µm/50µm) | Inner copper weight as per customer’s request for 4 and 6 layers is 1-1.5 oz. |
| Drill Sizes | 0.2-6.3mm | Min hole size is 0.2mm, max drill size is 6.3mm. Any holes greater than 6.3mm or smaller than 0.3mm customer will have to pay extra charges. |
| Annular Ring’s minimum width | 0.15mm(6mil) | Min width for Annular Ring is 0.15mm(6mil), for pads with vias in the middle |
| Diameter of finished hole | 0.2mm-6.2mm | The final hole diameter will be smaller than the size of the drill because of copper plating in the holes. |
| Tolerance of finished hole size | ±0.08mm | For example, if the drill size is 0.8mm, the finished hole diameter ranges from 0.72mm to 0.88mm will be considered acceptable. |
| Solder Mask | LPI | Liquid Photo-Image able is the most adopted. Thermosetting Ink is used in the inexpensive PCBs |
| Width of minimum character | 0.15mm | Characters of less than 0.15mm wide will not be Identify easily. |
| Height of minimum character | 0.8mm | Characters of less than 0.8mm high will be too small to be identified. |
| Width to Height Ratio of character | 1:5 | In PCB silkscreen legends processing, 1:5 is the most suitable ratio for character width to height. |
| minimum diameter of PHH( plated half holes) | 0.6mm | Design Half-Holes greater than 0.6mm for better connections. |
| Surface Finishing | HASL with lead HASL lead free Immersion gold | These are the tree most popular types of surface finish. |
| Solder Mask | Black, yellow, white, blue, green, red | No extra charge (Green, Red, Yellow, Blue) |
| Silkscreen | White, Black and None | No extra charge. |
| Panelization | Tab-routing with Perforation (Stamp Holes)V- scoring Tab-routing | For break-routing min clearance between boards should be 1.6mm and for V- scoring it should be zero. |
| Others | UL certificate, Fly Probe and A.O.I. testing, ISO 9001:2008 | No extra charge. |
PCB manufacturing service providers provide PCB quick turn services as
PCB prototypes help designers to complete their final product in these ways by saving their time.
Prototypes help in reducing cost by avoiding the following issues:
Designers use PCB prototypes for testing purposes. Most beneficial testing is achieved by testing simple PCBs. This type of testing is used to achieve the purposes listed below
Accurately designed reliable prototypes help throughout the designing and manufacturing process. Quality PCB prototypes allow designers to test the following aspects:
Using third party PCB prototyping services companies gain benefits but several things can go wrong in the design process that results in mistakes listed below:
Quick turn PCB has several applications in different industries. The applications in different scenarios are listed below:
When we think about PCB prototyping, it seems an additional step that will enhance the PCB cost and we consider it one that never is overlooked. But the reality is that it is best to weed out errors, flaws, and faults before proceeding to the final product. Prototyping helps in reducing cost, provides us with quicker turnaround time, and provides you with more efficient design. Now designers always prefer prototypes before developing new innovative ideas as well. They know about the value of time, cost and quality so suggest to students, engineers, and innovators to use prototypes. In the end, we can say that the value of PCB prototypes can not be neglected, they are as fruitful and helpful as standard PCBs.
That’s all for today’s article. I hope you have enjoyed the article and make grip on the understanding points. However, if you still face any skepticism regarding single-layer PCB then please feel free to leave your questions in the comment section. I will provide an answer to these questions to the best of my knowledge and researching skills. Also, provide us with your innovative feedbacks and suggestions you improve the quality of our work and provide you content according to your needs and expectations. Stay tuned! Thank you for reading this article.
