5 Strategies to Optimize Your Digital Presence in Search Engines

Hi Friends! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll walk you through the 5 strategies to optimize your digital presence in search engines. The digital presence is very important for all types of websites. Simply put, the website’s ranking is very important to increase its traffic and recognition, whether it is an e-commerce store or a personal blog. Search engine optimization (SEO) is the term used to define the ranking of your site in the search engine result page. Want to know the SEO factors that can influence the website’s ranking? Keep reading.

Why is your digital presence so important?

The digital presence of your brand is important since almost the entire world has turned into a digital sphere. The following are the reasons why the digital presence of your brand is so critical.

a. The first impression of your customer

The customer when they decide on a service or product; the first impression is very important since they search online for the information of the particular brand. Say… you want to buy the car, you’ll look for the specifications of the car online, instead of physically going to the showroom and asking for the car specifications.

b. Your customer finds the brand on the Internet

In this modern world, most people find the solution to services or products online. If they Google and find it hard searching your brand online, you’ll have a less chance of converting that visitor into a customer.

c. Audience is itself a teacher

Earlier there were ambassadors for the brands to give information to the new audience, but now the time has changed as websites and social media platforms are used to introduce the new audience. This way, if you have the presence online, you can better understand the needs and requirements of your targeted audience.

d. Powerful customer representative

The online presence is a great way for the company to present itself to customers. If, for example, customers want to get help from the company, they don't have to physically go to the store. Instead, your digital presence online can solve their problems on the fly.

Strategies to optimize your digital optimization

The following are the strategies you can use to optimize your digital presence.

1. High-quality plagiarism free content

In addition to optimizing readability, high-quality content plays a critical role in the ranking factor of your website. For better outreach, you need to consistently upload the quality content that touches your customers’ problems. Most brands commonly use check for plagiarism to make sure if their content is unique and without plagiarism. By writing high-quality and engaging content for your website and social media, you can improve your website's ranking for a specific keyword you have selected. According to modern research, people believe more by reading the article than by watching the advertisements on TV or even on the website. Again, your content should be engaging, relevant, compelling, easy to find, and easy to digest. Writing on your website is also important because it communicates with your audience and new customers read the portfolio of the brand through this content.

2. Get high-quality backlinks

The number of links to your website and the quality of these links has a big impact on the ranking of your website. If you are willing to rank higher among your competitors in the SERP, then make the strategy of getting more backlinks from high-ranking websites. This not only redirects traffic to your website but also sends a positive signal to Google that you’re linked to other websites online. And more backlinks mean more traffic to your website, thus increasing the authority of your website in the eyes of Google search bots. Avoid getting backlinks from other websites in exchange for money. The best way to get the backlink is to reach out to journalists and bloggers who are willing to share the content you have posted on your site. If your content is worth sharing, influencers will definitely find no hesitation in sharing your content on their websites. On the other hand, if you get the backlink that doesn't fit naturally in the article, the search engine can affect your ranking because Google bots are intelligent enough to hunt down the real backlinks.

3. Improve the loading speed of your website

Since we know that the search engine wants the web pages to offer maximum services to the users who use the search engine, they always want the web pages to have an optimized loading speed. If your website takes more than seconds to load, it will not only bring a bad rap to your website but also affects your website’s ranking. In today's world, users do not want to experience the loading time delay, and that is why your website should have a better loading speed. When your site is published or updated, the search engine crawlers look for your site to index webpages, and if they find out your site is slow, this will result in indexing fewer web pages, thus badly affecting the overall ranking of your website.

4. Optimize your images

The optimization of the pages uploaded on your website is directly related to the web page speed. And if you upload large size images without optimization, it will take more time to load your website. This will result in the bouncing off the visitors from your web page which can surely affect your sales. Therefore, before you upload images online, make sure they are optimized and reduced in size.

5. Do some keyword research

Do you know how and when your website is placed in the search engine?

Your site will be ranked when a specific keyword is entered into the search engine by the user. This keyword is a word used to find the relevant content on the site.

In SEO, the first job is to find the relevant keywords for which you want to rank your website. And if the words put by the visitors on search engines exactly match the keywords stuffed in your article, you will be able to snatch more traffic on your website.

That’s all for today. I hope you find this article helpful. If you’re unsure or have any questions you can approach me in the section below, I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to keep us updated with your valuable suggestions and feedback, they help us generate quality content. Thank you for reading the article.

Application of massage chair STONE TFT LCD with ESP32

Hi Friends! Hope you're well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I'll walk you through the application of a massage chair STONE 10.1 inch STVC101WT-01 TFT LCD with ESP32. Let's get started.

Brief Introduction

Massage chair with modern mechanical technology to reproduce the traditional Chinese medicine meridian massage is an important daily health care equipment. The function of the massage chair is to integrate meridian massage of traditional Chinese medicine with modern high-tech means to help users enjoy a comfortable massage, reduce fatigue, and achieve the effect of health care and physical fitness. With the development of single-chip microcomputer intelligent control, a massage chair with a large screen control application is also added. What we need to do here is such an application, select different modes through STONE TFT LCD screen, realize the control of MCU through serial port communication, and then realize the speed and rotation time control of stepping motor by controlling the level of specific IO, to realize the massage function of head and back. The system uses a STONE TFT LCD serial port screen, which can be used to do touch display function. It is very convenient to develop. Only through the serial port can the MCU be controlled. It is used in the massage chair, which can easily realize the setting of a massage function and the adjustment of massage strength, to achieve the effect of self-cultivation and reduce fatigue.

Project Overview

Here we do is a home massage chair application, will STONE TFT After the LCD serial screen is powered on, a start interface will appear. After a short stay, it will jump to a specific interface. This interface is used to set our current time. When setting, a keyboard will pop up. After setting, click OK to enter the massage mode selection interface. Here, I have set three modes: head massage, back massage, and comprehensive mode. In the mode, the massage intensity can be set, the high, middle and low gears can be set, and the corresponding LED light will be used for intensity indication; the massage times can also be set, after reaching the set number, it will automatically stop; in the comprehensive mode, the head and back will be massaged at the same time, and it can be turned off when it is not needed. These actions are through the STONE TFT LCD serial port screen to achieve command transmission.  

The communication functions are as follows:

 

• ? The serial port screen of STONE TFT LCD realizes the function of button switching interface;
• ? The serial port screen of STONE TFT LCD realizes the function of an automatic jump when starting up;
• ? The serial port screen of STONE TFT LCD realizes time setting;
• ? The serial port screen of STONE TFT LCD realizes data variable distribution;
• ? STONE TFT LCD serial port screen realizes serial command communication.
• ? STONE TFT LCD serial port screen realizes the function of menu bar selection;

Modules required for the project:

• ? STONE TFT LCD;
• ? Arduino ESP32;
• ? Stepper motor drive and module;
• ? LED array module;

Block diagram:

Hardware introduction and principle

STVC101WT-01

• 10.1 inch 1024x600 industrial grade TFT panel and 4-wire resistance touch screen;
• brightness is 300cd / m2, LED backlight;
• RGB color is 65K;
• visual area is 222.7mm * 125.3mm;
• visual angle is 70 / 70 / 50 / 60;
• working life is 20000 hours. 32-bit cortex-m4 200Hz CPU;
• CPLD epm240 TFT-LCD controller;
• 128MB (or 1GB) flash memory;
• USB port (U disk) download;
• toolbox software for GUI design, simple and powerful hex instructions.

Basic functions

• Touch screen control / display image / display text / display curve / read and write data / play video and audio. It is suitable for various industries.
• UART interface is RS232 / RS485 / TTL;
• voltage is 6v-35v;
• power consumption is 3.0w;
• working temperature is - 20 ? / + 70 ?;
• air humidity is 60 ? 90%.

STVC101WT-01 TFT display module communicates with MCU through a serial port, which needs to be used in this project. We only need to add the designed UI picture through the upper computer through the menu bar options to buttons, text boxes, background pictures, and page logic, then generate the configuration file, and finally download it to the display screen to run. In addition to the data manual, there are user manuals, common development tools, drivers, some simple routine demos, video tutorials, and some for testing projects.

LED array module

Product features

This is a galloping lamp display module with 8 LEDs on board. The external voltage is 3-5.5vdc, and the corresponding LED can be lighted at a low level. It is especially suitable for the IO test of a single chip microcomputer to realize indicator control.

Electrical parameters

• Working voltage: 3 - 5.5VDC
• Working current: 24Ma (maximum)
• Effective level: low level
• Number of LEDs: 8
• Display color: red (D1 / D2 / D3 / D4 / D5 / D6 / D7 / D8)
• It is very suitable for MCU experiment and DIY

ESP32 EVB

Esp32 is a single-chip scheme integrated with 2.4 GHz WiFi and Bluetooth dual-mode. It adopts TSMC's ultra-low power consumption 40 nm technology, with ultra-high RF performance, stability, versatility, and reliability, as well as ultra-low power consumption, which meets different power consumption requirements and is suitable for various application scenarios. At present, the product models of esp32 series include esp32-d0wd-v3, esp32-d0wdq6-v3, esp32-d0wd, esp32-d0wdq6, esp32-d2wd, esp32-s0wd and esp32-u4wdh. Esp32-d0wd-v3, esp32-d0wdq6-v3 and esp32-u4wdh are chip models based on Eco v3.

Wi-Fi

• 802.11 b/g/n
• 802.11 n (2.4 GHz) up to 150 Mbps
• wireless multimedia (WMM)
• frame aggregation (TX / RX A-MPDU, Rx A-MSDU)
• immediate block ACK
• defragmentation
• beacon automatic monitoring (hardware TSF)
• 4x virtual Wi-Fi interface

Bluetooth

• Bluetooth v4.2 complete standard, including traditional Bluetooth (BR / EDR) and low power Bluetooth (BLE)
• supports standard class-1, class-2, and class-3 without external power amplifier
• enhanced power control

Output power up to +12 dBm

• nzif receiver has – 94 DBM ble reception sensitivity
• adaptive frequency hopping (AFH)
• standard HCI based on SDIO / SPI / UART interface
• high-speed UART HCI up to 4 Mbps

Support for Bluetooth 4.2 br / EDR and ble dual-mode controller

• synchronous connection-oriented/extended synchronous connection-oriented (SCO / ESCO)
• CVSD and SBC audio codec algorithms
• piconet and scatternet
• multi-device connection with traditional Bluetooth and low power Bluetooth
• support simultaneous broadcast and scanning

ULN2003 Stepper Motor

Product features

ULN2003 is a Darlington display with high voltage and high current. It consists of seven Silicon NPN Darlington tubes. Each pair of Darlington of ULN2003 is connected in series with a 2.7K base resistor. Under 5V working voltage, it can be directly connected with the TTL and CMOS circuit, which can directly process the data that needs a standard logic buffer. Here we use the DIP-16 package, 4-phase 5-wire 5V stepping motor.

Structure and Application

Development steps

Arduino ESP32

Download IDE To complete the code development of esp32, Arduino is used to developing and compiling. First, you need to install the environment and enter the Arduino official website: https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software, and download the version for your platform.

Install Arduino

Double click automatic installation. It should be noted here that Arduino ide relies on the Java development environment and requires PC to install Java JDK and configure variables. If double-click fails to start, it may be that the PC does not have JDK support.

Code

• HeadGearHigh is used to set the gear to high in receive head mode
• HeadGearMiddle is used to set the gear to middle in receive head mode
• HeadGearLow is used to set the gear to low in receive head mode
• HeadTiming is used to receive the number of times set in head mode
• HeadModeStart is used to start in receive header mode
• HeadModeStop is used to stop in receive header mode
• BackGearHigh is used to set the gear to high in receive back mode
• BackGearMiddle is used to set the gear to middle in receive back mode
• BackGearLow is used to set the gear to low in receive back mode
• BackModeStart is used to start in receive back mode
• BackModeStop is used to stop in receive back mode
• IntegratedModeStart is used to receive a start in integrated mode
• IntegratedModeStop is used to receive stop in integrated mode

After the code is written, we start to compile. After the compilation is successful, download the code to the esp32 EVB board. The operation is as follows:

STONE TOOL 2019

New Project

Find the tool 2019 directory and double-click to open STONE Tool 2019 Click new project and make changes to the resolution, project name, and save path. Then set the boot page, and set the communication packet header: By default, there is a blue back image after a new project is created. Right-click 0.jpg and select remove to delete it. In the same way, select Add to add the image required by the project.

The setting of a selection interface

RTC

To set the time function, first add a clock setting control. Add an RTC control. To make input keyboard, we need to add a button control to each array and give the corresponding key value.

Menu bar selection

Add the menu bar control, set the initial value, and add the corresponding ICO library.

Page jump function

You can set the button effect and the switch page, and the switching interface effect of other buttons is also similar.

Key command setting

Each button needs to be given corresponding action, so the following settings are made: //HEAD uint8_t   HeadGearHigh[9]       = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x01, 0x00, 0x03}; uint8_t   HeadGearMiddle[9]     = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02}; uint8_t   HeadGearLow[9]        = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01}; uint8_t   HeadTiming[9]         = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x11, 0x01, 0x00, 0x09}; uint8_t   HeadModeStart[9]    = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x19, 0x01, 0x41, 0x61}; uint8_t   HeadModeStop[9]     = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x24, 0x01, 0x46, 0x66};   //BACK uint8_t   BackGearHigh[9]       = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x1A, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01}; uint8_t   BackGearMiddle[9]     = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x1A, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02}; uint8_t   BackGearLow[9]      = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x1A, 0x01, 0x00, 0x03};   uint8_t   BackModeStart[9]      = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0C, 0x01, 0x42, 0x62}; uint8_t   BackModeStop[9]     = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0D, 0x01, 0x43, 0x63};   //Integrated uint8_t   IntegratedModeStart[9]= {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0F, 0x01, 0x44, 0x64}; uint8_t   IntegratedModeStop[9] = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x1F, 0x01, 0x45, 0x65};  

Connection

Code

/* Stepper Motor Control - one revolution This program drives a unipolar or bipolar stepper motor. The motor is attached to digital pins 8 - 11 of the Arduino. The motor should revolve one revolution in one direction, then one revolution in the other direction. Created 11 Mar. 2007 Modified 30 Nov. 2009 by Tom Igoe */ //#include <Stepper.h> #include "stdlib.h" #include <AccelStepper.h> const float STEPCYCLE = 2050;//A Cycle by Step is 2050; //  myStepper.setSpeed(100);//5V, it can be set up to 180 const float TheMaxSpeed = 1000.0;  // change this to fit the number of steps per revolution const float headspeed_str[4] = { 0, TheMaxSpeed / 4, TheMaxSpeed / 2, TheMaxSpeed, }; const float backspeed_str[4] = { 0, TheMaxSpeed, TheMaxSpeed / 2, TheMaxSpeed / 4, }; // for your motor // initialize the stepper library on pins 8 through 11: AccelStepper HeadStepper(AccelStepper::FULL4WIRE, 15, 0, 2, 4);//The middle two IO are reversed AccelStepper BackStepper(AccelStepper::FULL4WIRE, 16, 5, 17, 18);//The middle two IO are reversed const int ledPin_1 =  14;      // the number of the LED pin const int ledPin_2 =  27;      // the number of the LED pin const int ledPin_3 =  26;      // the number of the LED pin const int ledPin_4 =  25;      // the number of the LED pin const int ledPin_5 =  33;      // the number of the LED pin const int ledPin_6 =  21;      // the number of the LED pin const int ledPin_7 =  22;      // the number of the LED pin const int ledPin_8 =  23;      // the number of the LED pin //buf uint8_t   cout_i = 0; uint8_t   RecievedTemp[9]       = {0}; float     settingbuf[2]       = {TheMaxSpeed, 0}; float   MorenCycle      = 100; //HEAD uint8_t   HeadGearHigh[9]       = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x01, 0x00, 0x03}; uint8_t   HeadGearMiddle[9]     = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02}; uint8_t   HeadGearLow[9]        = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0E, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01}; uint8_t   HeadTiming[9]         = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x11, 0x01, 0x00, 0x09}; uint8_t   HeadModeStart[9]    = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x19, 0x01, 0x41, 0x61}; uint8_t   HeadModeStop[9]     = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x24, 0x01, 0x46, 0x66}; //BACK uint8_t   BackGearHigh[9]       = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x1A, 0x01, 0x00, 0x01}; uint8_t   BackGearMiddle[9]     = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x1A, 0x01, 0x00, 0x02}; uint8_t   BackGearLow[9]      = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x1A, 0x01, 0x00, 0x03}; uint8_t   BackModeStart[9]      = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0C, 0x01, 0x42, 0x62}; uint8_t   BackModeStop[9]     = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0D, 0x01, 0x43, 0x63}; //Integrated uint8_t   IntegratedModeStart[9]= {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x0F, 0x01, 0x44, 0x64}; uint8_t   IntegratedModeStop[9] = {0xA5, 0x5A, 0x06, 0x83, 0x00, 0x1F, 0x01, 0x45, 0x65}; void setup() { //Serial port initialization Serial.begin(115200); //The motor starts running separately //  HeadStepper_Setting_Run(TheMaxSpeed, 5); //  BackStepper_Setting_Run(TheMaxSpeed, 5); // initialize the LED pin as an output: pinMode(ledPin_1, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin_2, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin_3, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin_4, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin_5, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin_6, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin_7, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin_8, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(ledPin_1, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_2, HIGH);  // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_3, HIGH);  // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_4, HIGH);  // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_5, HIGH);  // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_6, HIGH);  // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_7, HIGH);  // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_8, HIGH);  // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) } void loop() { if(Serial.available() != 0) { for(cout_i = 0; cout_i < 9; cout_i ++) { RecievedTemp[cout_i] = Serial.read(); } //    if(HeadStepper.isRunning() == true) //    { //      HeadStepper.stop(); //    } //    if(BackStepper.isRunning() == true) //    { //      BackStepper.stop(); //    } //  else //  { //    Stepper2_Setting_Run(TheMaxSpeed, 5); //  } //  Serial.write(RecievedTemp, 9); switch(RecievedTemp[5]) { case 0x0E://head gear if(HeadStepper.isRunning() == true) { HeadStepper.stop(); } settingbuf[0] = headspeed_str[RecievedTemp[8]]; if(RecievedTemp[8] == 1) { digitalWrite(ledPin_1, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_2, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_3, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_4, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_5, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_6, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_7, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_8, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) } else if(RecievedTemp[8] == 2) { digitalWrite(ledPin_1, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_2, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_3, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_4, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_5, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_6, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_7, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_8, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) } else { digitalWrite(ledPin_1, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_2, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_3, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_4, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_5, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_6, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_7, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_8, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) } break; case 0x11://head timing if(HeadStepper.isRunning() == true) { HeadStepper.stop(); } settingbuf[1] = RecievedTemp[8]; break; case 0x19://head start if(settingbuf[1] == 0) { settingbuf[1] = 5; } break; case 0x24://head stop if(HeadStepper.isRunning() == true) { HeadStepper.stop(); } break;   case 0x1A://backgear if(BackStepper.isRunning() == true) { BackStepper.stop(); } settingbuf[0] = backspeed_str[RecievedTemp[8]]; if(RecievedTemp[8] == 3) { digitalWrite(ledPin_1, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_2, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_3, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_4, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_5, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_6, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_7, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_8, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) } else if(RecievedTemp[8] == 2) { digitalWrite(ledPin_1, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_2, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_3, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_4, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_5, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_6, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_7, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_8, HIGH);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) } else { digitalWrite(ledPin_1, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_2, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_3, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_4, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_5, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_6, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_7, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) digitalWrite(ledPin_8, LOW);   // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) } break; case 0x0C://backstart BackStepper_Setting_Run(settingbuf[0], MorenCycle); break; case 0x0D://backstop if(BackStepper.isRunning() == true) { BackStepper.stop(); } break; case 0x0F://integratestart if(HeadStepper.isRunning() == true) { HeadStepper.stop(); } if(BackStepper.isRunning() == true) { BackStepper.stop(); } break; case 0x1F://integratedstop if(HeadStepper.isRunning() == true) { HeadStepper.stop(); } if(BackStepper.isRunning() == true) { BackStepper.stop(); } break; default: break; } //    Serial.write(&Targetvalue, 1); //    Serial.print(Targetvalue); } }

Application of massage chair Appendix

That's all for today. I hope you find this post helpful. If you have any question, you can approach me in the section below, I'd love to help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading the article.

Introduction to Electric Motors

Hi Guys! Welcome you onboard. Interested to know the Introduction to Electric Motors? Keep reading… A motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. It works exactly opposite to generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. The first electric motors were introduced by Andrew Gordon and Benjamin Franklin in their experiment in 1740 which were nothing but electrostatic devices. From household to industrial applications, you’ll see motors everywhere. Motors can be divided into two main categories:

• AC Motors
• DC Motors

Motors in cars, rectifiers, and batteries are a source of direct current motors while motors incorporated in electrical generators, power grid stations, and invertors operate by alternation current motors. Electric motors are used as a reverse source for generators to recover the energy dissipated by generators. And they are installed in disk drives and computers to generate the cooling effect that prevents devices from overheating and burning eventually. We’ll dig deep into these machines later in this post. So, bear with me. I assure it will be worth your time. Before going any further let’s jump right into the nitty-gritty of motors.

Introduction to Electric Motors

• A motor is an electrical device that converts electrical energy into mechanical.
• Motors are designed to produce rotary or linear motion when their electric current and magnetic field interact with each other which is commonly known as electromagnetic interaction – A term coined by Hans Christian Orsted in 1820.

• It was Andre Marie Ampere who explained the generation of mechanical force by this electromagnetic interaction and introduced the Ampere’s Force Law.

Electric Motor Working Principle

• The electric motor working principle mainly depends on the interaction between electric current and magnetic field which is nothing but a Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction that reads
• “Whenever a current-carrying conductor is placed in the magnetic field, flux is induced in the circuit, due to which a current starts to flow which is called induced current”.
• In simple words, when the electric current is passed through a coil it generates a magnetic field that allows the coil to rotate its own axis.
• The direction of this force is explained by Fleming's left-hand rule which says if the thumb, forefinger, and middle finger of the left hand are placed perpendicular to each other and if the forefinger shows the direction of the magnetic field, the middle finger represents the direction of the current, then the thumb will show the direction of the force.

• Fleming's left-hand rule is applicable for motors and is different than Fleming’s right-hand role which is mainly defined for generators.

The magnitude of the generated force is given by F = BIL where, B = magnetic flux density I = current in amperes L = length of the conductor within the generated magnetic field

Components of Electric Motor

Here are the main parts of the motor: 1. Rotor 2. Stator 3. Bearings 4. Air gap 5. Windings 6. Commutator

• Rotor is the rotating part of the motor that is mainly responsible for delivering the mechanical motion to the shaft or subject attached to it. The rotor comes with conductors that interact with the stator magnetic field to produce the force for turning the shaft.
• Stator is the stationary part (body) of the motor that is mainly composed of permanent magnet or windings.  Laminations made up of thin metal are used in stator core for minimizing the energy losses.

• Both rotor and stator, come under the influence of the magnetic field that interacts with an electric current. One magnetic field is generated by permanent magnetic and another is generated by the electromagnet.

• Bearings are used to make the rotor turn on its axis and are supported by motor housing.
• Air gap is the distance between the stator and rotor which is made minimum to avoid magnetizing current and negative effects on the performance.
• Commutator is composed of slip rings that are insulated from each other and are used to toggle the input of the DC motors.
• Windings are nothing but wires wrapped around an iron magnetic core that are responsible for generating magnetic poles in the presence of electric current.

Types of Electric Motors

Two types of motors are mainly used in domestic and industrial applications known as: 1: AC Motors 2: DC Motors

1: AC Motors

  On the other hand, AC motors, also known as alternating current motors, come with an ability to reverse the current direction with regular intervals. AC motors are further divided into two parts: 1. Synchronous Motors 2. Asynchronous Motors AC motors come with controlled acceleration and low power is required to start them. Controlled starting current & adjustable operating speed is what makes them suitable for instrumentation and industrial applications. Synchronous motors come with constant speed under varying load where the rotation of the rotor is perfectly synchronized with the current frequency, making them an ideal choice for driving a load with constant speed. Asynchronous motors, also known as induction motors, are commonly used in industrial applications for their remarkable load capacity. These motors, work on electromagnetic induction where electric current is produced with the magnetic field of the stator windings. Induction motors are further divided into two types: a. Single-phase induction motor b. Three-phase induction motor

• Single-phase induction motors are mostly preferred for smaller loads i.e. mostly used for domestic purposes. While three-phase induction motors are designed to drive large load and are mainly used for industrial applications like pumps, compressors, lifting gear, etc.

2. DC Motors

• DC motors, also known as direct current motors, are the type of motors whose speed is mainly dependent on the intensity of the electric current and they come with the power distribution system.
• Before installing motors on specific machines, make sure the temperature rating of the machine doesn’t exceed the temperature ratings of the motor. Doing so can result in burning the motors and the whole system eventually.
• Load characteristics, power available, cost, and mission goals are very important for motor selection.
• Similarly, running toque plays a key role in determining the motor size. A minor change in load characteristic can cause a drastic change in running toque.

• So, it is wise to keep the supplied torque more than the toque required for a machine going from start to full speed.
• The DC motor speed can be controlled by varying the supply voltage and these motors are variable over a wide range of voltages having high starting torque, easy installation, and quick starting and stopping acceleration.
• The speed control ability makes them a remarkable choice for home appliances, vehicles, and lifts.

DC motors are divided into two major types: 1. Brushed DC Motors 2. Brushless DC Motors

1. Brushed DC Motors

In a brushed DC motor, the current flow is mainly dependent on the brush orientation of the stator.  These are the most basic type of motors that come with a simple control system design, and can be categories into five major types:

a. DC Series Motor

• In DC series motors, field windings and rotor windings are connected in series.
• These motors operate on the electromagnetic principle where rotational motion is produced with a magnetic field generated around the conductor meets and interacts with the external magnetic field.
• These motors provide a speed control with varying voltage, making them suitable for cars, cranes, hoists, and elevators.
• Here torque and motor speed are inversely proportional to each other, increasing one will decrease the other.

b. DC Shunt Wound

• DC shunt motor comes with one voltage supply and a medium level of starting torque where rotor windings and field windings are connected in parallel to each other which is commonly known as a shunt.
• These motors can generate maximum torque when the motor current is increased.
• This generated torque, mind you, doesn’t affect the motor speed.
• Shunt motors mainly run with a constant speed that makes them an ideal choice for many applications including conveyors, grinders, cleaners, and lathes.

c. DC Compound Motors

• DC compound motors are basically a combination of both: shunt and series DC motors where shunt and series windings are present.
• In compound motors, rotor and stator windings can be connected both ways: in series or in parallel to each other with the purpose to integrate the polarity of both windings.

• A small resistance path is created when series windings are developed with copper wires. In order to obtain high input voltage, multiple copper windings are used connected in a shunt.
• These motors are mainly used where high torque is required like centrifugal pumps, compressors, circular saws, conveyors, and shearing machines.

d. Permanent Magnet DC Motors (PMDC)

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• In PMDC motors, the permanent magnet is used instead of electromagnetic that plays a key role in the motor operation.
• Both armature windings and field windings are present in these motors and a permanent magnet allows to create the flux in the air gap between the rotor and stator.
• The rotor is mainly composed of a commutator, armature core, and armature windings and is almost similar to the regular DC motor in construction.

e. Separately Excited Motor

• Separately excited motors are different than shunt DC motor based on their connection with the energy source.
• In these motors, both rotor and stator are connected with separate power supply where armature windings are used to generate a large amount of flux with an ability to control the shunt value.

2. Brushless DC Motors

• DC brushless motors were mainly designed to operate in hard to reach places. In these motors slip ring or commutator is replaced by an embedded controller for creating a feedback loop.
• They are simpler in terms of mechanical design and more efficient compared to brushed DC motors, making them a great choice for long-lasting and high power applications.
• The motor speed is controlled by an incorporated controller that uses Hall Effect sensors to determine the rotor position.

• These motors are more complicated to handle for the presence of the controller and are more costly than brushed motors. They are mainly used where positional and speed control is required like pumps, fans, compressors.

Following are two famous examples of brushless DC motors: a. Servo Motor b. Stepper Motor

• Servo motors come with a feedback loop, providing extra control over motor speed. Linear and rotary actuators are used to control torque, speed, and position. These motors are the nuts and bolts of the instrumentation and embedded systems.

• Stepper motors are typically used in open-loop position control and come in four-wire and six wire layout.
• They are controlled electronically by external magnets where rotor can be made either way: with soft metal or a permanent magnet. The rotor teeth are made to rotate from point to point when they interact with the magnetic field.

• Industrial equipment like pick and place systems and printers are mainly composed of stepper motors.

Applications of Electric Motors

• Electric motors are incorporated in blowers, pumps, industrial fans, machine tools, power tools, and household appliances.
• Electric watches impart a useful application of electric motors that are responsible to accelerate the hands in wristwatches which were previously conducted by the mechanical spring method.
• They are differentiated by multiple factors including internal construction, applications, power source and the type of output generated.
• For example, electric motors are used on a large scale where the pump is attached to the motor to lift the water up and distribute it for domestic or agricultural purposes.
• These motors are also embedded in hybrid cars to drive them under a certain limit without petrol.

That’s all for today. I hope you enjoyed reading Introduction to Electric Motors. If you have anything to share, you are most welcome to comment in the section below. Thanks for reading the post.

Introduction to Electric Generators

Hi Friends! Good to see you on board. In this post today, I'll walk you through the Introduction to Electric Generators. A generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy that is further used in power grid stations. Gas turbines, steam turbines, water turbines, internal combustion engines are some sources of generating mechanical energy for generators. In an electric generator, a rectangular coil of electric conductors is used in a changing magnetic field of the poles of a horseshoe type magnet. The current is generated in the coil when it rotates and cuts the magnetic field lines. The electric generator is opposite to the electric motor in the working principle and similar in construction. A generator that comes with a permanent magnet is also known as PMSM or permanent magnet synchronous generators. In this post, we’ll discuss the electric generators, how they work, construction, types of generators, and their applications. Before going any further, let’s get down to the nitty-gritty of generators.

1. Introduction to Electric Generators

• A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. It is opposite to electric motor that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy.
• The first generator was introduced by British scientist Michael Faraday in invented in 1831 which is commonly known as the Faraday disk.
• Generators are mainly used to deliver power to electric grid stations. The produced electrical power goes through high-voltage transmission lines that stretch across the country.

• Before high voltage electrical charge reaches the houses, it goes through a substation, where some steps are applied to lower down the voltage in order to make it reliable and feasible for domestic purposes.

• The electric generator gets mechanical power from a rotating shaft and is equal to the rotational, or angular, velocity multiplied by the shaft torque.
• The speed and construction of the electric generator mainly depend on the characteristics of the mechanical prime generator.
• The generators driven by steam turbines are commonly used in solar thermal electric power plants, waste incineration plants, coal, geothermal, natural gas power plants. They are also excessively used in paper, chemicals, cement, sugar, and steel industries.

2. Generator Working Principle

• The generator working principle is mainly based on electromagnetic induction which is the process of producing induced current in a closed circuit or in a coil by changing the magnetic field linked with the coil.

• This process was discovered by Michael Faraday who stated when a conductor is put in a varying magnetic field keeps, it produces a voltage across the electrical conductor which is also known as EMF (Electromotive Force).

3. Generator Construction

• A single rectangular copper made up of coil is allowed to around its own axis in a varying magnetic field provided by either electromagnet or a permanent magnet.
• The two ends of the coil are combined with two split-rings that are insulated from the central shaft and from each other.
• Two collecting brushes made up of carbon or copper are used to press against the slip rings.

Generators are mainly divided into two major types:

• AC Generators
• DC Generators

DC generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into DC electrical energy. On the other hand, the AC generator does the same but the electrical current reverses direction periodically. In a DC generator, the current flows in one direction only.

• The working principle, however, is the same in both cases with the main aim to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy where the turning of a coil in a magnetic field produces EMF on both sides of the coil.
• Generators are mainly driven by diesel engines, water turbines, or steam turbines to convert energy generated by fuel combustion, water flow, gas flow, or nuclear fission into mechanical energy that is transmitted to the generator which is then converted to electrical energy.

4. Main Parts of Generator

• Similar to the electric motor, the generator also comes with one rotating part and other stationary parts called rotor and stator respectively.

a. Rotor

• A rotor rotation occurs mainly due to the interaction between the magnetic field and core windings which generates torque around the rotor's axis. The rotor sits inside the stator and is mounted on the motor's shaft.

b. Stator

• The stator is responsible for converting the rotating magnetic field to electric current. The alternator contains both the stator and the rotor and produces electrical voltage.

• The generator regulates the voltage to generate a constant current available for practical use.

c. Armature

• The armature is the primary part of generating power to the external circuit. Armature windings, depending on the design, are located on either stator or rotor, with the field coil covering the other part.

d. Field winding

• The field winding is responsible for generating a rotating magnetic field inside the generator. It is an insulated current-carrying coil on a field magnet that induces a voltage in the armature windings.

e. Split-Ring

• The split-ring, also known as commutator, ascertains that the generated magnetic field is observed by the external circuit.
• It is mainly used to reverse the current direction.
• There is a difference between split-ring and slip-ring. A split-ring commutator reverses the current direction for every half-rotation, whereas a slip-ring is commonly used to maintain a connection between the stationary stator and the spinning rotor.

• The connection between the rotating coil and external circuit reverses each time a half-period of rotation is completed, allowing the metal brush to recalibrate every time the generated electromagnetic field around the coil passes through zero.
• Slip rings are incorporated in DC motors and split-rings are used in generators.

f. Engine

• The generator comes with a separate engine that is mainly used to convert the fuel source into electrical energy.
• Actually, it is responsible for performing the mechanical function in the generator.
• Engines are generally known as the machine’s prime mover where fuel source like propane, bio-diesel, gasoline, diesel, natural gas, water, sewage gas or hydrogen is used to create mechanical energy, which is then converted into electricity.
• Each generator engine is designed to generate a power supply using a certain amount of fuel source.
• The engines commonly used in generators are turbine engines, reciprocating engines, and steam engines.

g. Fuel System

• Generators are mainly composed of a fuel system used to pump and store the required fuel to the generator engine.
• The generator tank is occupied with the fuel to generate the desired power where the fuel pipe is used for connecting the tank to the engine and the return pipe is used for connecting the engine to the fuel tank.
• The fuel filter is connected to the tank for the removal of dust particles before it enters the engine.
• The fuel injector is another part that atomizes the fuel for injecting it directly into the engine combustion chamber.

h. Lubricating System

• The generator components are designed to sustain a certain temperature. A minor increase from the given ratings can cause the generator to explode or the whole system eventually.
• Generators mainly use coolant like a fan or lubricant material to keep the temperature under a certain limit.  The generator generates exhaust as the combustion chamber converts fuel into electricity.
• Generators come with multiple parts where each requires consecutive oiling to ensure proper functioning for a long period.
• The lubricating system is installed for this purpose.

5. Types of Generators

The following are the five types of generators.

a. Gasoline

• Gasoline generators are mostly used because they are low-cost and gasoline is easily available.
• Gasoline, mind you, becomes short in the areas facing power scarce as they need electricity to run.
• They are an ideal choice for home and commercial purposes because they are small in size and are available in portable models.

• Make sure, these generators are placed in hard to reach places because the fuel used is highly flammable and can damage the surrounding areas.
• Gasoline generators have the ability to generate relatively high emissions compared to biodiesel and diesel fuel generators.
• And they come with less lifespan and less likely to survive in a cold atmosphere due to the highly flammable quality of the gasoline.

b. Emulsified Diesel

• Emulsified diesel is a combination of diesel fuel and water that is commonly blended with a mixing agent.

• These generators produce fewer emissions than ordinary diesel generators, making them more efficient and ideal for working in a rigorous environment.
• Maintaining the required ratio of water with diesel is a little bit tricky and expert professional is needed for their proper maintenance.

c. Bio-Diesel Generator

• Bio-diesel, as the name suggests, runs on fuel made up of a mixture of diesel and another biological source i.e. animal fat or vegetable oil.
• The bio-diesel generator shares the pros and cons of ordinary diesel fuel generators. However, added environmental benefits put them ahead from other generators.
• They burn with less waste and come with lower emission ability, allowing them to utilize less non-renewable energy sources of fossil fuels.

• Although these generators are installed with noisy engines, they are less flammable compared to regular engines.
• These generators are hard to handle due to difficulty in maintaining the diesel to oil ratio in exact proportion i.e. 80:20
• Like diesel generators, they last for two years or less in storage, and they are not readily available.

d. Diesel Fuel

• Like gasoline, diesel is also easily available and comes with the least flammable feature among other fuel sources. Diesel fuel generators are economical and lost longer than gasoline generators.
• They are more efficient and can endure a stern environment if taken care of properly. What makes them stand out is their ability to start easily in a cold environment.
• Diesel generators store the fuel for 24 months and storing larger qualities are not feasible in terms of price. When a power outage occurs, it is almost impossible to pump these generators because they come with quite a high engine emission.
• These generators are not appropriate for wet environments as fuel moisture severely affects the overall performance of the engine residing inside. Regular maintenance is required for these generators and they are less portable for their heavyweight.

e. Natural Gas

• These generators never run out of fuel, because natural gas is readily available almost everywhere. These generators are not portable and come with a heavyweight.
• Natural gas burns smoothly inside the engine, with little to no noise production. They are highly economical and can stand in a cold environment pretty well.
• What comes with affordable unit price, covers up higher installation costs for gas lines.
• These machines don’t last longer compared to diesel generators.
• Stern measures are required while installing the gas lines, as little leakage can cause severe damage.

Applications

• Generators are commonly used for industrial, commercial, and domestic purposes as backup power when the electricity goes down.
• Mini-hydro plants, high-pressure gas streams, wind turbines make use of generators.
• Used in power grid station for electricity generation that is then transferred to the whole city using power grid lines.
• They are used as a standby in events, exhibitions, and converts.
• DC generators, a source of a stable current generator, are used in arc lamps for lighting.

That's all for today. Hope you find this read helpful. If you have any question, you can approach me in the section below, I'd love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable suggestions and feedback, they help us create content customized to your exact needs. Thanks for reading the article.

Software Can Be Customized to Fit the Need of Your Company

Hi Friends! Hope you're well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I'll walk you through how software can be customized to fit the need of your company. Industries require complicated applications that make creating and keeping sensitive data quick and easy. Creating data pertinent to a specific business plays a critical role in today's world. We are living in a data-driven world. There are options to make the utilization of these complicated applications easier. One of the most popular options for managing the applications is called software as a service or SaaS for short. What SaaS does is provide and manage all the software a business needs. The software is tailored and customized to the business’s needs. SaaS platform developers will oversee the building of the system for a company. Recall, almost all industries need software that creates and stores the data to audit stored information and help in the strategic planning of the industries, ultimately assisting to meet their goals. Let’s have an insight into a few examples.

What Industries Need SaaS

The healthcare industry has gone through a data revolution in recent decades. No longer is a patient's individual history stored in some file cabinet in a hospital. Hospitals and healthcare professionals can now share a patient's history on the fly, thanks to the SaaS software, making information easy to reach, easy to store, and easy to handle. SaaS developers can implement a system that will collect advanced scans like cardiology or radiology. The scans will be stored and easily accessed in the software provided. SaaS developers can also create mobile apps that will use this data to track a patient's wellness. Another industry that SaaS can benefit is the financial sector. There are scores of companies that fall into the realm of the financial sector. Banking may be the largest and most well known but stock broker’s and investment companies also carry a big need for data handling software. SaaS developers can build a system that tracks stocks throughout the trading day or week and populate graphs and other files that aid traders in deciding where to invest. The popular FOREX software is just one example. For banking, SaaS developers can design software that tracks the bank's transactions and make sure they are legally compliant with the Sabanes-Oxley Act of 2002. This software can save a bank from government sanctions and fines. The online retail and e-commerce market has had a growing need for SaaS developers in recent years. Online shopping is blowing up with consumers turning increasingly to shopping from the comfort of their homes. Coming with all that extra commerce is thousands of online retailers competing for the business. SaaS developers can create systems for both B2B and B2C platforms. Their software can do anything from tracking inventory, sales to analyzing the best way to proceed in marketing. A few other industries that require SaaS software are engineering, utility, energy, and media for tracking the number of audiences they can hook to the television screens. SaaS can also help streamline the human resources department of any company. SaaS software, no doubt, proves handy for plenty of businesses and is capable to handle and store information as per the company’s needs and requirements. That's all for today. I hope you find this post helpful. If you have any question, you can approach me in the section below, I'd love to help you the best way I can. Thank you for reading the article.

MOSFET WHAT A MOSFET IS AND HOW IT WORKS

Hi Guys! Hope this finds you well. Thank you for clicking this read. In this post today, I'll walk you through the Mosfet what the Mosfet is and how it works. The MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) transistor is a semiconductor device widely used for switching and amplifying electronic signals. The MOSFET is a core of integrated circuit and it can be designed and fabricated in a single chip as they come in small sizes. The MOSFET carries four-terminal called: source(S), gate (G), drain (D) and body (B) terminals. The body of the MOSFET is connected to the source terminal, making it a three-terminal device like a field-effect transistor. The MOSFET is a common transistor that is used in both analog and digital circuits. The MOSFET works by electronically varying the width of a channel that contains charge carriers i.e. electrons or holes.  The charge carriers enter the channel at the source terminal and exit via the drain terminal. The width of the channel is controlled by the voltage on a gate terminal that is located between source and drain. It is insulated with an extremely thin layer of metal oxide.

The MOSFET can function in two ways

• Depletion Mode
• Enhancement Mode

Depletion Mode:

When there is no voltage on the gate, the channel shows its maximum conductance. As the voltage on the gate is either positive or negative, the channel conductivity decreases.

Enhancement mode:

When there is no voltage on the gate the device does not conduct. More the voltage on the gate, the better the device can conduct.
Video courtesy of Teko Broadcast.

Working Principle of MOSFET

• The MOSFET controls the voltage and current flow between the source and drain. It works almost as a switch. The working of MOSFET depends on the MOS capacitor. The MOS capacitor is a critical part of the MOSFET.
• The semiconductor surface at the below oxide layer is located between source and drain terminals. It can be inverted from p-type to n-type by applying positive or negative gate voltages respectively.

• When we apply the positive gate voltage the holes present under the oxide layer are pushed downward with the substrate. The depletion region is populated by the bound negative charges which are associated with the acceptor atoms, thus forming the electron reach channel.

• The positive voltage also attracts electrons from the n+ source and drain regions into the channel.
• Now, if a voltage is applied between the drain and source, the current flows freely between the source and drain and the gate voltage controls the electrons in the channel.
• Instead of a positive voltage, if we apply a negative voltage, a hole channel will be formed under the oxide layer.

• P-Channel MOSFET:

• The P-channel MOSFET has a P-channel region between source and drain. It is a four-terminal device such as a gate, drain, source, body.
• The drain and source are heavily doped p+ region and the body or substrate is n-type. The flow of current is due to positively charged holes.

• When we apply the negative gate voltage, the electrons present under the oxide layer are pushed downward into the substrate with a repulsive force.
• The depletion region is populated by the bound positive charges which are associated with the donor atoms. The negative gate voltage also attracts holes from p+ source and drain regions into the channel region.

• N- Channel MOSFET:

• The N-Channel MOSFET has an N-channel region between the source and drain. It is a four-terminal device such as a gate, drain, source, body.
• In this type of MOSFET, the drain and source terminals are heavily doped n+ region and the substrate or body is P-type. The current flows due to the negatively charged electrons. When we apply the positive gate voltage, the holes present under the oxide layer pushed downward into the substrate with a repulsive force.
• The depletion region is populated by the bound negative charges which are associated with the acceptor atoms, thereby forming the electron reach channel.

• The positive voltage also attracts electrons from the n+ source and drain regions into the channel.
• Now, if a voltage is applied between the drain and source, the current flows freely between the source and drain and the gate voltage controls the electrons in the channel.
• And if we apply a negative voltage, a hole channel will be formed under the oxide layer.

MOSFET SWITCH

• In this circuit arrangement, an enhanced mode and N-channel MOSFET is being used to switch a sample lamp ON and OFF. The positive gate voltage is applied to the base of the transistor and the lamp is ON (VGS =+v) or at zero voltage level the device turns off (VGS=0).

• In the above circuit, it is a very simple circuit for switching a resistive load such as a lamp or LED. But when using MOSFET to switch either inductive or capacitive load, protection is required to contain the MOSFET device.
• For the MOSFET to operate as an analog switching device, it needs to be switched between its cutoff region where VGS =0 and saturation region where VGS =+v.
• MOSFET is also a transistor. We abbreviate it as Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect Transistor. It will have P-channel and N-channel. It consists of a source, gate, and drain. Here we connected a resistive load of 24O in series with an ammeter, and a voltage meter connected across the MOSFET.

• In the transistor, the current flow in the gate is in a positive direction and the source goes to ground. In BJT’s, the current flow is the base-to-emitter circuit. But in MOSFET there is no current flow because there is a capacitor at the beginning of the gate, it just requires a voltage.
• We will get to know this by doing the simulation process by switching ON/OFF. When the switch is ON there is no current flow in the circuit, when we have taken a resistance of 24O and 0.29 of ammeter voltage then we find the negligible voltage drop across the source because there is +0.21V across MOSFET.
• The resistance between drain and source is called RDS. Because of RDS, the voltage drop appears while current flow in the circuit. RDS varies depending on the type of MOSFET (it could be 0.001, 0.005, and 0.05 depending on the voltage type).
• Finally, we will conclude that the transistor requires current whereas MOSFET requires a voltage. The driving requirement for the MOSFET is much better and simpler as compared to a BJT.

A 21st Century Tire Industry Will Revolutionize The Market

Hi Friends! Hope you’re well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll explain how a 21st century tire industry will revolutionize the market. Tire changing and purchasing is a controversial issue for many Americans, with non-insurance purchases that are often arguably expensive. This is set to change with the rise of Tire Agent, who TechCrunch highlighted as receiving $5m in new financing in their bid to remove the mystique from tire purchasing and installation. Using smart data, they’re aiming to pull together buyers, sellers, and mechanics across the country and provide a truly equitable purchase map for those in need. With this data, the industry will be revolutionized, and technology will change how motorists deal with their tires forever in much the same way solar energy has transformed the market already.

Hidden information

One of the aims of the startup is to provide engineering information directly to customers. This would be a huge overhaul for American drivers; the NY Post estimates that 68% of motorists are not only lacking knowledge about their vehicle, but they're scared of repairing it too. With the data on offer from these startups, motorists will have the confidence to do tire changes, know how to efficiently check tire pressure, and potentially tackle more challenging costs – or at least run diagnostics before they get to the shutters of the mechanics' shop. Straight away, this will lead to changes in how tire engineering is viewed, with a movement towards the consumer market required, and less focus is given to the needs of mechanic shops and the closed-shop market.

Better pricing, better innovation

Arguably, the cost of tires and the labor that goes into replacing older models stymies innovation. If the tires work, and the market is enjoying the profit margin, there is less impetus for engineers to invent new forms of the tire and get them into that consumer market. With the impetus shifted away from costly mechanic shops and into the consumer’s wallet, it’s likely that more innovation will be seen – after all, with the wealth of information available to them, consumers will make the smartest and most long-term pick available to them as opposed to simply working from time-tested recommendations from the shop or the manufacturer. This is already creating the need for innovation in tires.

Changing with the weather

A primary reason for road users to get into the garage is to have weather-hit tires repaired or adapted. Think snowshoe and chain in winter, or rubber reinforcements on particularly hot asphalt. Increasingly, tires are starting to actively adapt to the weather, reducing the necessity for any changes at all off the road. According to CNET, Continental has been market leaders with this innovation though many businesses have created their own variants. What does this mean for consumers? Once again, putting the entire functionality and adaptability of the vehicle back into their hands will mean less time with the mechanic and a greater degree of control over what their car is going to do and how it performs. It might even help consumers to get more involved with the technology behind tire engineering.

A self-sealing future?

Self-sealing tires are common these days, but they have their drawbacks. In August 2019, CNBC raised the prospect of fully self-repairing, smart tires. Similarly, Michelin debuted a tire that doesn’t need to be inflated at all. With these smart tires on the market, the engineering outlook for tires and vehicles, in general, will be completely changed – the focus will be shifted onto improving these innovations and making them suitable for a wider market, and easily accessible for vehicles of all types. This once again gives more power to the consumer, pulling them away from mechanics and towards being positive about the technology they can deploy their vehicles to keep them on the road and healthy for longer

Ultimate energy efficiency

Pairing with the sustainable goals of the seal-sealing tire is the car-charging tire. As tires produce motion and potential energy that has the potential to be turned into actual efficient energy for the car to deploy. According to Interesting Engineering, this is becoming a reality that will help to see cars self-powered to an even greater degree. Goodyear’s BH03 concept is nothing new that was released in 2015 and has seen huge developments since then. Now, the concept is being plugged for active use, first in electric vehicles to give primary drive power but also, potentially, in combustion vehicles, to provide plenty of ways of charging the car battery that relies on sustainable tools.

Holistic benefits

Whatever form cars take, it’s undeniable that they add emissions to the world – this is true whether from a classic combustion engine emissions, or the carbon cycle of producing any other vehicle. Can tires combat this? Another Goodyear concept focuses on their ‘Oxygene’ concept, which adds biological material to the outside of the tires. The purpose of this is to actively filter onrushing air from the car as it travels, producing net benefits for the air around the vehicle as it moves. This seems like wishful thinking but these ‘green benefits’ are being used across a wide range of industries – for instance, green roofing has been a norm in many American cities for years now. It might not be too long until the average road user sees hundreds of green hubcaps and tires as they take their drive across the nation’s roads – and that they’ll enjoy the benefits, too, with clean air on the way. With this new generation of tires being green energy focused, this could easily mean a wholesale shift in tire production. A relatively static market can start to fully utilize materials science to innovate new products. This will be demonstrated in a huge range of products, but with sustainability often the goal, expect innovation hours and cash to be plunged into the likes of self-sealing tires and sustainable EV products. This will ultimately benefit the wider market and thus the engineers looking to make their name in the auto industry.

Introduction to Darlington Transistor

Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today’s tutorial, we will have a look at detailed Introduction to Darlington Transistor. It was named "Darlington" as its inventor's name was Sidney Darlington, who was an electrical engineer and belonged to the United States of America. Such a circuit configuration that consists of 2 PNP or NPN transistor makes Darlington configurations. This transistor configuration is used for amplification and switching circuits. The signal amplified by the first transistor also amplified by the second transistor & due to this two-time amplifications, this arrangement provides a high gain output signal. This transistor operation is similar to normal single transistor that has a base, emitter and collector. Its current gain value is almost one thousand. In today's post, we will have a look at its working, structure, applications and other related factors. So let's get started with Introduction to Darlington Transistor.

Introduction to Darlington Transistor

• Darlington transistor ( also known as Darlington pair) comprises of 2 bipolar junction transistors, connected in such a way that they behave like a single transistor.
• This transistor converts low base current to high output current (collector current).
• Its construction is such that emitter terminal (E) of the first transistor that is input connected with the second transistor base (B) terminal and collector (C) terminals of both transistors are linked together with one another by a wire.

• In this configuration current amplified by the first transistor further amplified by the second transistor and its give high gain output.
• There are two kinds of power dissipation occurs in this transistor first is maximum Collector-emitter (CE) and second is direct current gain. The value for maximum Collector-emitter (CE) is thirty volts, sixty volts, and eighty volts.
• As the gain value of this transistor is one thousand so less value of IB needs to using it in different amplification and switching circuits.
• Its most important factor is that its impedance at the input is high that cause to decrement at the output due to this we get a high-value signal.

Darlington Transistor Structure

• The physical construction of the Darlington pair is drawn in given below figure. In this figure, we are working on NPN transistors for construction of the required circuitry.

• You can see that collector of these 2 transistors are linked with each other and emitter terminal of transistor denoted as TR1 connected with the base (B) of the second transistor to provides the current at base.

• This circuitry gets ß multiplication due to Ib and Ic, in this case, the value ß  is larger than one, its mathematical form is.

IC= (IC1+IC2) IC= (ß1) . (Ib)+ (ß2). (Ib2)-----(1)

• While the value of Ib of TR1 is equivalent to the emitter current of it and the emitter of the first transistor is linked with the base of second transistor TR2.

(Ib2) = (Ie1) =(Ic1) + Ib) =(ß1).(Ib) +(Ib) = (IB).(ß1 + 1)

• If we put the value of Ib2 in equation (1) then we have.

Ic=(ß1). (Ib)+ ß2.Ib(ß1+1) Ic= (ß1).(Ib)+ (ß2).(Ib)(ß1) + (ß2).(Ib) Ic= (ß1+(ß2.ß1)+ ß2).Ib

• In these equations the ß1 is the gain of first transistor and ß2 is the gain of second transistor.

Sziklai Transistor Pair

• This type of transistor configuration was first time created by George Sziklai who belongs to Hungry, its name is due to this scientist who created it. It comprises of NPN and PNP transistor that are connected in given below configuration.

• The arrangement of NPN and PNP transistors in circuitry has a benefit that this Sziklai combination does a similar function like normal Darlington transistor, but it needs 0.6 volts extra for its starting operation.
• The circuitry of this transistor combination is shown in the given above figure.
• You can see that the voltage drop of this configuration across base and emitter terminals is equivalent to the voltage drop across a single transistor.
• The operation of Sziklai is slower than the Darlington pair transistor. These transistor pair are normally used for pull-push arrangements and different sound amplifier circuits.
• But common thing in these two transistor arrangments is that they use in NPN and PNP transistor for their construction.

Darlington Transistor Example

• For a practical understanding of the Darlington pair transistor, we solve an example.
• Let's suppose that we have a load that consuming the power of sixty watts is connected with fifteen volts supply and 2 NPN transistor in Darlington pair arrangements.
• The gain value of the first transistor is thirty and another transistor gain value is ninety-five. So by using these given parameters, we calculate the value of Ib to operate the load.

• When the output load starts to operate then collector current flows this collector current is equal to the current consumed by the load.

IL= Ic

• As we know that P=VI. So,

Ic= P/I

=60/15= 4 amperes

• As above we discussed that the value of ß is 30 and for second is 95, so the value of Ib can be calculated by this equation.

Ic =[ß1 +(ß2 x ß1)+ ß2] x Ib

Ib=(Ic)/[ß1 +(ß2 x ß1)+ ß2]

Ib=4/[30 +(95 x 30)+ 95]

Ib=4/2975

Ib=1.3mA

• From this, we can conclude that if we provide 1.3 milliamperes to the first transistor, load start its operation when we disconnect current load will off.

Advantages of Darlington Transistor

• These are some important benefits of this transistor arrangement that are described here with detailed.
• It gains value is very high almost one thousand and sometimes greater than it, so a small value of Ib will be amplified to the larger output current.
• Its resistance at the input is very very high that decreases the resistance value at its output.
•  As this circuit is very easy to construct so it is easily available in numerous structure in a single casing.

Disadvantages of Darlington Transistor

• Where it has some benefits there it also has some drawbacks that are described here.
• Its main disadvantage is that its saturation voltage is higher than the normal transistor.
• The value of saturation voltage is 0.65 volts for Darlington pair while in case of a transistor is 0.1 to 0.2 volts.
• Another problem is that its switch time increases if the first transistor does not send Ib to the second current within the required time. That makes its operation slow.
• In the presence of large frequency signal, it shows the high phase shift that is low in a single transistor, due to this it losses stability when negative feedback is provided to this circuitry.

That is the detailed article on the Darlington Transistor I have mentioned every aspect related to this transistor. If you have any issue ask in comments.Thanks for reading.

Smart Energy Engineering Drives Manufacturing Growth

Hi Friends! Hope you're well today. I welcome you on board. In this post today, I'll walk you through how smart energy engineering drives manufacturing growth.

Human life on earth has never seen more development than it has experienced in the past 100 years. Nowadays, manufacturing is based on smart tech-oriented engineering. This guarantees quality productions in the minimum time possible.

According to the British newspaper Yorkshire Post, a new $252m Siemens manufacturing site in the UK is a poster-boy for this new trend of super high tech combined with manufacturing. Innovative digital engineering solutions play a key role in upscaling these companies with modern-day technology that gets rid of older, classic manufacturing techniques and provides a cleaner, safer, and faster way of manufacturing goods.

Futuristic ovens

Needless to say, industrial ovens are necessary for manufacturing purposes. The creation of industrial ovens scalable to fit the industry's precise demands is a prerequisite for the required airflow for the job, the type of energy used, and the lifespan of production.

You know it already, if industrial machinery misses the mark and fails to meet the industry standards, this can terribly impact the overall production. The reason you need advanced machinery equipped with cutting-edge technology is to grow your revenue skyrocket.

These ovens are part and parcel of manufacturing with outstanding results in both the simple drying process and hydrogen de-embrittlement. Soon, innovators are expecting to use solar energy to power such ovens.

In November 2019, CNN reported on a breakthrough made by Bill Gates’ secretive energy start-up that it had managed to concentrate heat in one area. Scaling down of this technology could be a further boon to an industry that helps tackle energy concerns with full control.

Further energy storage

These systems may well be expensive, but new technology is proving fruitful for energy storage and movement. And based on result-driven and swift processes, you will surely admit, they are totally worth it.

According to The Independent, breakthroughs in battery manufacturing have made Li-ion batteries 90% cheaper in material costs – also a sustainability saving – and have made manufacturing far easier. This will have far-reaching implications for manufacturing businesses across numerous sectors, particularly the car industry including EV, hybrid, or CEV.

Furthermore, by using a chemical resin instead of heavy metals, these batteries degrade slower and have a lessened environmental impact, leaving your atmosphere with no toxic gases. They could lead to a serious overhaul in how manufacturing is done from the energy management perspective. Companies like Utility Bidder are playing a key role in helping businesses find the most cost-effective energy solutions to support this shift.

A reduction in waste

Energy-saving at the front-end is great and it is equally important in tuning energy usage to encompass largely green fuels. There remains, however, the question of waste.

According to industry consultants Enel, significant energy is lost in the processing of manufacturing lines that are often uncovered at a later date in efficiency programs. However, they will go missing for years in the meanwhile, and this necessitates savings to be made elsewhere.

One such way is through turning waste once again into energy. It comes with two benefits; first, if energy is wasted, it’s less impactful as there is a zero-sum game; second, it creates efficiencies for manufacturers that can help against the impact of hidden problems in their assembly line.

Finding a way to harness waste and turn it into energy should be a primary concern for manufacturers, both in environmental and cost-saving ways, and there are methods out there that may prove helpful for energy conservation.

The Icelandic method

Iceland is renowned for its use of geothermal energy, which, according to IRENA, produces just 3% of the emissions that equivalent energy-producing operations will create. Despite this, the island nation is not contented on its laurels and manufacturers, the reason they have come together to look at turning waste into energy.

The result is a program of gasification run by the University of Iceland. The main aim is to look at waste from all areas of manufacturing and day-to-day life and turn the waste materials and energy (in the form of heat, light, and emissions) back into useful energy by capturing and reintroducing materials to the manufacturing process.

While still a relatively ‘dirty’ process – these are, ultimately, fossil fuels and bio-energy – this can represent a ‘closed-loop’ on emissions for manufacturing businesses and the opportunity to make the most out of every single piece of work. In turn, this reduces the amount of wastage at every stage of production.

Moving to clean processes

Long-term businesses must look to move away from all dirty and inefficient fuels and turn toward more clean and effective alternatives. Much of this is being completed already by private energy firms.

Forbes estimates that fossil fuel usage will reduce from 82% of current global consumption to 60% by 2040 and this rate will be much higher in developed countries compared to third-world countries.

In the USA, regardless of political pressure, energy companies are investing heavily in renewables that are becoming a part of the energy grid. While effective work can be done on the factory floor to ensure clean energy compliance, regulators are doing great work to bridge that gap and ensure a much cleaner environment.

Future: the hydrogen solution

Hydrogen is a volatile energy that carries plenty of risk in the manufacturing process. According to engineering magazine The Engineer, it could be the next big breakthrough – and one that is more palatable to the public than controversial nuclear energy.

Scaleable hydrogen operations that pluck energy out of the air are springing up across the world and are, crucially, scalable – they could find their way onto the site of manufacturing premises.

Hydrogen is, no doubt, inherently dangerous and carries a lot of risks; however, with the help of advanced technology, its impact can be reduced. For instance, some units have safety systems that rapidly turn Hydrogen stocks into oxygen if a dangerous situation arises.

Clean and safe energy with the tendency of conversion is arguably the future fuel for manufacturing. This also leads to a clean and secure environment.

Clean energy with large-scale manufacturing is the dream for both businesses and consumers. If engineers continue to focus on clean energy solutions for manufacturing, it will benefit both industry and the environment which guarantees maximum production requiring less labor force.

Control Engineering: Surprising Applications of Servo Motors

Hi Friends! Hope you're well today. I welcome you on board. In this post, we'll discuss surprising applications of servo motors. Servo motors also called “servos” or “control motors”, are electrical devices used for the precise control of position, torque, or speed of an object. They can help in rotating or pushing items at a certain angle or distance. This actuation device has been around for quite some time. Servo motors are widely practiced in different industries.

Servo Motor Applications

A servo motor may appear small but this tiny beast is packed with countless capabilities that make certain objects function more effectively. Projects that require maximum precision rely on this electrical device. You should also have a look at Servo Motor Control using Arduino. A servo motor with high torque is an ideal pick to handle heavy loads properly. These versatile servo motors can quickly adapt to any kind of environment. I have also posted on Servo Motor interfacing with PIC Microcontroller. Let’s take a look at some of the valuable uses of servo motors.

1. Sushi Bars

Have you seen those cute, sushi trains in Japanese restaurants? They use servo motors. Due to lack of staff, Yoshiaki Shiraishi developed a sushi train to serve sushi straight to customers. Sushi trains are made with a conveyor belt. The ability of a servo to deliver perfect repeatability of motion serves a great purpose in sushi trains.

2. Escape Rooms

Those who seek an adventure will love escape rooms. You and your friends will have to complete a mission for you to literally “escape”. The doors are installed with a servo motor controller that will only open if your team solves the puzzle. Props and supplies as well as other interactive parts of the game also use servo motors.

3. Automated Doors

We usually see these doors in business centers, shopping malls, and other commercial establishments. They all operate through servo motors. How? Automated doors have infrared sensors that detect the presence of an individual. The data collected through the infrared sensors is sent to the servo motors which in turn open the door.

4. Remote-Controlled Toys

Whatever remote-controlled toy or object it may be, it is guaranteed to be equipped with a servo motor. A user controls the toy using a transmitter which sends a signal through radio waves. The signal is then sent to the toy through an antenna and circuit board. Upon receipt of these signals, the servo motors then steer the wheels in a toy car, operate the toy helicopter’s propellers, or do whatever the command you apply.

5. Camera Auto-Focus

Advanced cameras like Canon or Nikon use servo motors for their auto-focus feature. You can see the feature “AF Servo” in some digital cameras. Based on the camera’s settings, autofocus allows photographers to capture perfect images even if the subject is moving. The servo motors are programmed with an intelligent algorithm. With just one click, it looks for angles with great focus in auto mode. This is helpful for photographers working on sports or wildlife.

6. Super High-Tech Fashion

Sometimes servo motors serve purposes beyond human imagination. In 2013, Anouk Wipprecht, an iconic Dutch designer, designed a one-of-a-kind outfit called “Spider Dress”. This dress is, no doubt, unprecedented. Each shoulder pad has two 12-channel Maestro servo controllers that move through embedded sensors. The triggers involve stress levels or when someone comes close around the wearer.

7. Collaborative Robots

Also known as “cobot”, this type of machine is different from a traditional robot. They are programmed to work in partnership with humans to complete a certain task. Servo motors provide these robots a remarkable intelligence that you cannot expect from a simple cc motor. Also, advanced sensors and servo drive technology enable cobots to adapt to different environments.

Types of Servo Motors

There are scores of servo motors available in the market. They are categorized in terms of size and shape based on the nature of the application.

1. DC Servo Motors 

DC current controls DC servo motors. They are the right fit for smaller applications for their ability to handle smaller current surges. Due to their swift reaction to commands and motions, DC motors are preferred for machines programmed with mathematical controls. They have, however, stability issues and may need more maintenance compared to AC servo motors.

2. AC Servo Motors

AC current controls AC servo motors. Compared to their DC counterparts, these servos can take higher current surges. The reason they are preferred for CNC and industrial machinery, as well as in automation. In this type of servo, there is an integrated encoder that allows closed-loop control and feedback. Stability is also not an issue with this servo. Furthermore, frequent maintenance is not required.

3. Positional Rotation Servo Motors

This kind of servo is considered as the most common and important among all servo motors. They are typically used in an aircraft, toy, or robot servo. This servo comes with a shaft that can rotate up to 180 degrees. To make sure it won’t surpass this limit, the servo is also equipped with gear mechanisms with physical stops that guard the rotation sensor.

4. Continuous Rotation Servo Motors

These servo motors are somewhat similar to a positional rotation model with limited operations. They can move in any direction but the distance results are indefinite. Instead of directing the motor in a fixed position, the control signals handle the servo’s speed and direction of rotation. Their unlimited rotation and directional control features make them ideal for radar dishes or servo motor for robots.

5. Linear Servo Motors

Another kind of servo that is similar to a positional rotation model is the linear servo motor. The difference is that this type of servo motor has extra gears that allow linear movements or forward/backward motions. They are rare but are available in hobby stores. A hobby or higher-model airplane, small vehicle build, and even a robot use linear servo motors as actuators.

Working of Servo Motors

Servo motors can rotate 90 degrees from either direction and can turn up to a maximum of 180 degrees. It cannot exceed this number because of its built-in mechanical stop. A Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signal controls the servo motors which are sent to the control wire. Every 20 milliseconds (ms), the servo motor expects to receive a pulse. The PWM received by the motor sends a command as to how the shaft will position. Moreover, the duration of the pulse forwarded via the control wire directs the rotor in which position to turn to. Take a look at this study about a robot arm’s movement that can be controlled via Internet access. Here, the control signal came from someone behind the computer. The robotic arm servo motors react differently according to the pulse width received. With a pulse width of 0.6 mS, the shaft moved -45 degrees. Then the pulse width increased to 1.5 mS causing the shaft to return to 0 degrees. Lastly, the pulse width increased again to 2.4 mS which shifted the shaft to 45 degrees.

Conclusion

If excellent precision is required, servo motors are the solution you’re looking for. The application of this actuation device is rampant in different industries. You’ll find servo motors in a collaborative robot, sushi bar, and even in an out-of-this-world fashion. Their classification depends on the servo motors application. When it comes to movement, the command comes through PWM signals. The width of the pulse received dictates the position of the shaft. The Internet is already occupied with countless content where it’s difficult to identify the right one. With the Design Web Kit, you don’t need to worry about getting the wrong information anymore. We offer a collection of articles about various website trends.