The Engineering Projects

What is Electrical Engineering? Popular Fields, Major Courses, Scope, Jobs and Salary

Hello friends, I hope you are having a good time. In today's tutorial, I am going to discuss detailed information about what is Electrical Engineering? We will cover the following contents; Electrical Engineering fields, major & minor courses, Scope, Jobs, Salary, famous electrical engineers & their contributions and top universities that offer Electrical Engineering degrees.

Before further discussing our topic, let me ask you a question. Did you ever imagine your life without electricity? We can’t, right? That’s why, I always find electrical engineering, including its FE Electrical aspect, the most developed and broad field of engineering, provides thousands of job opportunities in different companies. For example, from smartphones to power generation houses, companies everywhere require electrical engineers. Are you also interested in the development and design of electrical devices? Then, I’m sure this tutorial is for you.

Now, let’s come to the point: what is Electrical Engineering?

What is Electrical Engineering?

• Electrical engineering (the engineering discipline) deals with the production & distribution of electricity as well as designing & developing complex electrical systems.
• Electrical engineering also involves the term electronics engineering, deals with electronic circuits (i.e. transistors, integrated circuits etc.), While the electrical engineers work with high power generation.
• Electrical engineers gets highly paid jobs in renewable energy projects, lighting & transport systems, power production & transmission etc.

Major courses of Electrical Engineering

Every university has a different curriculum but there are some major subjects, common in almost every electrical engineering syllabus. Let's discuss them out:

1. Electrical Machines: This subject is all about AC and DC motors and generators.
2. Power Systems: This subject teaches you about generation & distribution of electricity from Power house.
3. Control System: In this subject, you will learn about how to control, manage and regulate the electrical system and devices using various control loops.
4. Basic Electronics & communication subjects: This course will focus on analog & digital communications and electronic circuit.
5. Network Theory/Signal: This course focuses on teaching you the basic electrical principles.

Some other major subjects are:

• Introduction to Engineering.
• Basic electronics.
• Power Engineering.
• Electrical Machines theory.
• Circuit Theory.
• Computer Architecture.
• Non-conventional energy.
• Electrical installations.
• Electrical machines drawing.
• Power Circuits and Systems.
• Electrical control system.
• Digital Systems.
• Electrical lighting..
• Microprocessor Applications.
• Electric Circuits.
• Microprocessor.
• Principles of Programming.
• Switch gears and protection.
• Electromagnetics.
• Electrical instruments & materials.
• Signals and Systems.
• Microelectronic Circuits.
• Communication Systems.

Minor courses of Electrical Engineering

Minor courses also depend on university or also the choice of students. Let’s discuss some common minor courses choose by electrical engineering students.

Minor Courses of Electrical Engineering
Logic Design	Dynamic System Theory
Signals & Systems	Introduction to Learning from Data
Control Systems	Stochastic Processes
Electronics	Wireless Communication
Analog Electronics	Digital Communication
Machine Learning	Digital Signal Processing
Communication Systems	Introduction to Information Theory
Electrical Energy Systems	Speed Processing
Electromagnetics	Digital Image Processing & Communication
Physics of Semiconductor Devices	Computational Optical Imaging
Deep Learning	Optical Fibers and Waveguides
Optimization Theory and Methods	Introduction to Subsurface Imaging
Sustainable Power Systems	Lasers and Applications
Introduction to Biomedical Optics	Computational Methods (Materials Science)
Optical Spectroscopic Imaging	Solar Energy Systems
Introduction to Photonics	Physics of Semiconductor Materials
Engineering Optics	Semiconductor Devices
Electromagnetic Fundamentals	Electronic Optical & Magnetic Properties of Materials
Fabricating Technology for Integrated Circuits	Analog VLSI (Circuit Design)
Nano & Micro-Electronic Devices Technology	Analog Design Fundamentals

Branches of Electrical Engineering

Let’s find out some popular fields of electrical engineering and briefly discuss them.

1. Power and energy

Let me tell you, this field of electrical engineering, mainly deals with the generation and transmission of electricity on large scale.  Further, this is also working on the manufacturing of electrical generators, electrical motors and transformers. They also focus on the projects under governments such as power grid.

2. Automation and control

This field is actually all about developing, controlling different complex systems as well as controllers, and is responsible for their proper functioning. To design such controllers, they take helps form electrical engineers. The control engineers have all over in the airliners as well as in the modern automobile companies.

They also work in designing robotics using control algorithms.

3. Electronics

Electronic engineers are focusing on the designing of integrated electronic circuits & their components, transistors, capacitors, resistors, diodes and many more.

4. Microelectronics and nanoelectronics

They deal with the fabrication and designing of micro size electronic circuits components; such as semiconductor transistors.

5. Signal processing

They are working on the analysis techniques and testing of communication signals. It may be analog signals or digital signals.

In the case of analog signals, the signal processing mainly relates to amplification and filtering for telecommunications. Besides, In digital signals, signal processing involves in compression, detection of error & correction of error.

6. Telecommunications

They focus on the communication channels in space through coax cable, optical fiber or free space.

Some other popular fields of electrical engineering are:

• Radio-frequency engineering.
• Electronics.
• Systems engineering.
• Computer engineering.
• Photonics.
• Telecommunications.
• Signal processing.
• Power engineering.
• Optics.
• Instrumentation.

Electrical Engineering jobs and salaries

We have already discussed the fields of electrical engineering. According to BLS, mostly electrical engineers getting hired by research & development companies and popular engineering industries. Moreover, the federal government and other manufacturing industries are also interested in young electrical engineers. Electrical engineers generally worked indoors in any company, but the experienced & senior engineers may also get the position of just visiting sites. The manufacturing industries hired electrical engineers are:

• Defense.
• Marine.
• Commercial construction.
• Computers & components.
• Automotive.
• Lighting.
• Aerospace.
• Consumer electronics.
• Telecommunications & traffic control.
• Railroad.

There are also government departments, offer employments to electrical engineers in national laboratories, transportation departments as well as in the military. As you are well aware, each company has its own qualification criteria for job. Some firms need bachelor degree in electrical engineering.  But a master degree will enhance the chance of promotion and salary. Most importantly, most famous companies require the certificate from good institutes such as Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or Institution of Engineering and Technology. Let’s talk about the estimated salary of an electrical engineer. In 2014, the estimate salary range of a bachelor degree holding electrical engineer was $55,570 to $73,908 according to research. The electrical engineers holding master degree with 5-10 years experience were paid with $$74,007 to $108,640. Additionally, a senior engineer with 15 years of experience with a doctorate degree was getting $97,434 to $138,296 salary. This is amazing; isn’t it?

What are the Key Skills of Electrical Engineering?

Common skills gained with an electrical engineering degree include:

• Develop a strong numeracy.
• Provides basic IT skills.
• Technical expertise.
• Self-management (such as planning & meeting deadlines).
• Allow to design and analyze technical diagrams.
• Teach how to do Team work & communication skills.
• Allow the flexibility.
• Make you able to identify and solve problems.
• Budgeting.
• Professional communication, spoken and written.
• Data analysis.
• Deeply understanding about how to deal with high electrical power systems & safety regulations.
• Provide awareness of other stuff; such as business and environmental issues.

Top reasons why you should choose Electrical Engineering?

1. Job opportunities

The famous companies all over the world are hiring young electrical engineers, give then good training with a great salary package. That’s why I think, this is one the most valued profession.

2. Bright job offers from abroad

Getting an electrical engineering degree, means you have a lot of job opportunities all around the world. A lot of technical firms are willing to hire people from other countries. Well! I must say, you will have a bright future ahead.

3. Other specialized fields

It may seem like doing an electrical engineering means you are just going to deal with electricity. But, the truth is, you will definitely have chances to learn about other specialization fields such as;

• Signal Processing.
• Power Engineering.
• Telecommunications.
• Microelectronics.
• Control Systems.
• Radio-Frequency Engineering.

4. Get chance to study top universities

Getting a degree from a well-known university has a strong impact on your future. Many companies also hire stud nets graduates from good universities. There are so many famous universities offering this degree bachelor as well as master throughout the world. These universities not only provide you high level engineering skills but also groom your personality. Let me enlist some top universities of 2021.

• University of Portsmouth; U.K.
• Chalmers University of Technology; Sweden
• University of Birmingham; U.K.
• University of Leeds; U.K.
• University of Colorado Denver; U.S.
• University of Twente (UT); Netherlands
• Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
• University of California; Berkeley.
• California Institute of Technology.
• Georgia Institute of Technology.
• Stanford University.
• University of California; Berkeley.
• California Institute of Technology.
• University of Illinois; Urbana, Champaign.
• Georgia Institute of Technology.
• University of Texas; Austin (Cockrell)
• Carnegie Mellon University.
• University of Michigan; Ann Arbor.
• Tsinghua University; China
• Harbin Institute of Technology; China
• Aalborg University; Denmark
• Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
• Southeast University; China
• National University of Singapore; Singapore
• University of Technology Sydney; Australia
• Zhejiang University; China
• University of Electronic Science and Technology of China; China
• Huazhong University of Science and Technology; China

Popular Electrical Engineers and their Contributions

There are so many great electrical engineers who contributed in this field. Let's discuss a few of them for your better understanding with electrical engineering.

Popular Electrical Engineers of all Times
No.	Name	Contributions
1	Otto A. Knopp	He is the founder of standard transformers testing as well as compensation winding.
2	A. K. Erlang	He worked on communication signals and queuing.
3	Alan Blumlein	He was one of the greatest electrical engineer invented telecommunications, radar system, stereo, television and sound recording.
4	Albert H. Taylor	Was the first engineers, demonstrated the radar.
5	Alec Reeves	He was the inventor of pulse coding & modulation.
6	Alfred Rosling Bennett	He discovered the electric lighting & telephones.
7	Alessandro Volta	He invented electrical battery.
8	André Blondel	He worked on oscillography and give electrical machine theory.
9	Andy Bechtolsheim	He has contribution in the invention of sun Microsystems
10	Arnold Orville Beckman	Discovered pH meter, Beckman Instruments and Silicon Valley.
11	Hugo Hirst	He was the co-founder of General Electric Company plc.
12	Bern Dibner	He is the founder of Burndy Co., electrical connectors,

I want to enlist some more famous electrical engineers.

Charles Frederick Burgess	William Duddell
Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton	Allen B. DuMont
John Renshaw Carson	J. Presper Eckert
James Kilton Clapp	Thomas Edison
Edith Clarke	Cyril Frank Elwell
Lynn Conway	Douglas Engelbart
Seymour Cray	Justus B. Entz
Sidney Darlington	Lloyd Espenschied
Lee de Forest	Federico Faggin
Jack Dennis	Michael Faraday

Popular books of Electrical Engineering

There are a vide variety of books about electrical engineering.  A good book about this field will better help you to understand it. Here are some book, I want to recommended.

• Automation and Robotics.
• Introduction to Electronic Engineering.
• Essential Engineering Mathematics.
• Introduction to Power Electronics.
• Electronic Measurements: Exercises and Assignments.
• Electrical Power.
• Control Engineering Problems with Solutions.
• Concepts in Electric Circuits.
• Nuclear Powered Generation of Electricity.
• Three Phase Electrical Circuit Analysis.
• Essential Electromagnetism: Solutions.
• Electromagnetism for Electronic Engineers.
• Advanced Topics in Electrodynamics.
• Fundamental Engineering Optimization Methods.
• Essential Electromagnetism.
• An Introduction to Nonlinearity in Control Systems.
• CMOS Integrated Circuit Simulation with LTspice.
• Electric Drive Dimensioning and Tuning.
• Essential Electrodynamics: Solutions.
• Introduction to Digital Signal and System Analysis.
• Thermal Modelling of Electric Machines.
• Essential Electrodynamics.

I hope this article helps you to better understand electrical engineering, its scope, fields, popular books and top electrical engineers & their contribution.

Arduino Library for Proteus V2.0

Update: Here's the latest version of this library: Arduino Library for Proteus V3.0

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Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. In this post today, I’ll share a new Arduino Library for Proteus V2.0. I have already shared its previous version i.e. Arduino Library for Proteus(V1.0).

I have tried to remove bugs in this newer version, but still, if you find any error, you can pop your comment in the below section. I’m thrilled to announce that it’s my second complete Arduino Library for Proteus. In my recent posts, I’ve shared separate libraries of these boards and today I am going to compile all the boards together in a single library. I have given the Proteus Library zip file download link below: This Arduino Proteus Library V2.0 includes the following boards:

• Arduino UNO
• Arduino Mega 1280
• Arduino Mega 2560
• Arduino Mini
• Arduino Pro Mini
• Arduino Nano

First, we will download the Proteus Library zip file and then add it to our Proteus software to simulate Arduino Boards. Let’s jump right in:

Arduino Library for Proteus V2.0

• First, you need to download the Arduino Library for Proteus V2.0 by clicking the below button:

Arduino Library for Proteus V2.0

• Once you downloaded the Proteus Library zip file, open it up and extract the files in it.
• Inside this zip file, you will find a folder named “Proteus Library Files”.
• In this folder, you’ll find the two Proteus Library files, named as:
  1. Arduino2TEP.LIB
  2. Arduino2TEP.IDX
• Copy these files and place them in the Library folder of Proteus Software.

 

• After placing these files in the library folder, open your Proteus software or restart(if it’s already open).
• Click the “Pick from Libraries” button as in the below figure:

• Now, look for the Arduino2TEP(Library Name) to find all Arduino boards present in it(6 in total).

• These boards will appear in the Proteus workspace as shown in the figure below:

• One board that is missing in these boards is Arduino Mega 1280. I didn’t include this board because it’s the same as Arduino Mega 2560.

Comparison with Old Proteus Library (V2.0 vs V1.0)

The following figure shows the comparison between version 1 Arduino boards (V1) and version 2 Arduino boards (V2).

• You can see in the above figure, V2 Arduino boards are more compact and small-sized as compared to V1 boards.

Let’s take the example of Arduino Nano V2 and interface it with LCD in the Proteus workspace.

Arduino Nano LCD Interfacing

• I’ll interface 20x4 LCD with the Arduino Nano.

• Design the circuit below to interface LCD with Arduino Nano:

• Pins 8,9,10 & 11 of Arduino Nano are connected to the data pins of LCD, while Enable & Reset of LCD are connected to Pins 12 & 13 of the Arduino board.
• Now, double-click the Arduino Nano board to get the HEX file.
• As you double-click the board, the following image will appear:

• In this panel, you can see the different properties of the Arduino Nano board. Click the property named “Program File” to upload the hex file of your Arduino code.
• Upload that HEX file in the Arduino Nano Properties panel.
• After making these arrangements, click the RUN button and if everything goes fine, you will get the result shown in the figure below:

Summary

• Download Arduino Proteus Library Files from the above link(zip file).
• Copy files available in the "Proteus Library Files"(Folder) and place them in the Library folder of Proteus software.
• Search for Arduino2TEP in Proteus software.
• Select Arduino Nano from the list and place it in the Proteus workspace.
• Open the Properties panel & upload the HEX File.
• Arduino boards are ready to simulate in Proteus.

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve enjoyed reading this article. If you have any questions, you can reach me in the section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share, so we keep coming back with quality content customized to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Arduino Pro Mini Library for Proteus V2.0

Hi Everyone! Glad to have you on board. In this post, we’ll cover the Arduino Pro Mini Library for Proteus V2.0. I have already discussed its previous version i.e. Arduino Pro Mini Proteus Library V(1.0). I keep getting bug reportings from our blog readers (for previous versions), so I have tried to remove these bugs in this newer version. But if you still find any bug/error, you can approach me in the section below. We have already shared many Proteus Libraries for Embedded sensors and these days we are trying to improve their versions. First, we will download this library in zip format and then will use it in our Proteus software to simulate Arduino Pro Mini. Before we go further, first we’ll detail what is Arduino Pro Mini.

What is Arduino Pro Mini?

• Introduced by Arduino.cc, Arduino Pro Mini is a compact, small-sized, sophisticated microcontroller board based on the Atmega328 microcontroller.

• This module features a total 14 digital I/O pins on the board, of which 6 pins are used as PWM.
• Incorporated with 8 analog pins, Arduino Pro Mini comes with a reset button and a small LED connected to pin 13.
• This unit is quite small compared to Arduino Uno i.e. 1/6^th of the size of Arduino Uno.

This was a brief insight into the Arduino Pro Mini V2. Let’s explain how to download the Arduino Pro Mini library and use it in your Proteus software. Let’s jump right in.

Arduino Pro Mini Library for Proteus V2.0

• First of all, download the Arduino Pro Mini Library for Proteus V2.0 by clicking the below button.

Arduino Pro Mini Library for Proteus V2.0

• You will get the downloaded file in zip format.
• Extract this zip file, in which you’ll find the folder named "Proteus Library Files".

Open this folder to get the further two files named:

• ArduinoProMini2TEP.dll
• ArduinoProMini2TEP.idx

Note:

• If you are facing problems in adding a library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then have a look at How to add a new Library in Proteus 8 Professional.
• If you haven’t bought your Arduino Pro Mini yet, then you can buy it from this reliable source:

• Copy these files from “Proteus Library Files” and place them into the Library folder of your Proteus software.

• After placing the files in the library folder, open your Proteus software or restart (if it’s already running)
• Now look for the Arduino Pro Mini V2.0 by clicking the “Pick from Libraries” button as shown in the figure below:

• Select Arduino Pro Mini V2.0 and click OK.

• After clicking Ok, you’ll find the Arduino Pro Mini board in the proteus workspace as shown in the figure below:

• You’ve successfully placed the Arduino Pro Mini board in the proteus workspace.
• Next, we have to upload the hex file to run our board.

• To upload the hex file, you need to double-click the Arduino Pro Mini board.
• As you double click, the following image will appear:

• In this panel, you'll find the different properties of the Arduino Pro Mini board. Click the property named “Program File” to upload the hex file of your Arduino code.
• Upload the hex file of your code and click Ok.
• The 16MHz is the clock frequency of Arduino Pro Mini by default as shown in the properties panel.

Comparison with Old Proteus Library (V2.0 vs V1.0)

• In the figure below you'll see the comparison between version 1 Arduino Pro Mini Board (V1) and version 2 Arduino Pro Mini Board (V2).

• You can see in the above figure, V2 board is more compact and small-sized as compared to the V1 board.
• Now let's design a simulation of this Arduino Pro Mini board so that you can learn how to use it in proteus software.

Arduino Pro Mini LCD Interfacing

• Use the simulation that you’ve downloaded at the start or design on your own. I would suggest you to design on your own as it will help you learn many things along the process.
• Now, we have to interface a 20x4 LCD with the Arduino Pro Mini board.
• Design the circuit as shown below to interface the LCD with the Arduino Pro Mini:

• The data pins of the LCD are attached with pins 8,9,10 & 11 of Arduino Pro Mini while Enable & Reset of LCD are attached to Pin 12 & 13 of the Arduino board.
• Now compile the Arduino code available in the zip file and get the Hex File.

• Upload that Hex File in your Arduino Pro Mini Properties panel, as we did in the previous section.
• After interfacing LCD with the Arduino Pro Mini, click the RUN button and if everything goes fine, you will see the result as shown in below figure:

Summary

• Download Arduino Pro Mini Library Files in zip format.
• Copy files from the "Proteus Library Files"(Folder) and place them in the Library folder of Proteus software.
• Search for Arduino Pro Mini in Proteus software.
• Place Arduino Pro Mini in the Proteus workspace.
• Double click the board and open the properties panel to upload the HEX File.
• Design the circuit & run the simulation.

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve enjoyed reading this article. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can approach me in the comment section below. I’d love to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share. They help us create quality content tailored to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Arduino Mega 1280 Library for Proteus V2.0

Hi Everyone! Glad to have you on board. Today, I am going to share a new version of Arduino Mega 1280 Library for Proteus V2.0. I have already shared its previous version i.e. Arduino Mega 1280 Proteus LibraryV(1.0). I have recevied many bug reportings from engineering students(for previous version), so I have tried to improve its performance in this newer version, but still if you find any bug/error, use the comments section. We have already shared numerous Proteus Libraries of Embedded sensors and these days, we are in the the process of upgrading their versions. First, we will download Proteus library zip file and then will add it in our Proteus software to simulate Arduino Mega 1280. Before moving further, first we’ll learn what is Arduino Mega 1280?

What is Arduino Mega 1280?

• Arduino Mega 1280 is a compact and sophisticated microcontroller board based on the Atmega1280 microcontroller.
• This module incorporates total 54 digital I/O pins on the board, of which 14 could be used for PWM.
• Featured with 16 analog pins, Arduino Mega 1280 comes with 4 UART serial ports, ICSP header, power jack, and reset button.
• Moreover, it contains a crystal oscillator of frequency 16MHz and a USB connection for transferring the code from the computer to the module.

This was the little intro about Arduino Mega 1280 V2. Let’s explain how to download the Arduino Mega 1280 library and use it in your Proteus software. Let’s jump right in.

Arduino Mega 1280 Library for Proteus V2.0

First, you need to download the Arduino Mega 1280 library for Proteus V2.0 by clicking the below button: Arduino Mega 1280 Library for Proteus V2.0

• You will receive the downloaded file in zip format.
• Extract this zip file and get the folder named "Proteus Library Files".

Open this folder to find further two files named:

• ArduinoMega12802TEP.dll
• ArduinoMega12802TEP.idx

Copy these files and place them into the Library folder of your Proteus software. Note:

• If you are facing problems in adding a library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then have a look at How to add new Library in Proteus 8 Professional.
• If you haven’t bought your Arduino Mega 1280 yet, then you can buy it from this reliable source:

• After placing the files in the library folder, open your Proteus software and if it’s already running… restart.

• Now look for the Arduino Mega 1280 V2.0 by clicking the “Pick from Libraries” button as mentioned in the figure below:

• Select Arduino Mega 1280 V2.0 and click OK.

• As you click OK, you’ll see the Arduino Mega 1280 board in the proteus workspace as shown in the figure below:

• The clock frequency of the Arduino board is 16MHz by default as shown in the properties panel.
• Next, we need to upload the hex file to run our board.

• To upload the hex file, you need to double-click the Arduino Mega 1280 board.
• As you double click, it will show the following image:

• In this panel, you can see the different properties of the Arduino Mega 1280 board. Click the property named “Program File” to upload the hex file of your Arduino code.
• Upload the hex file of your code and click Ok.
• Now let's design a simulation of this Arduino Mega 1280 board so that you can learn how to use it in proteus software.

Comparison with Old Proteus Library (V2.0 vs V1.0)

• The below image presents the comparison between version 1 Arduino Mega 1280 Board (V1) and version 2 Arduino Mega 1280 Board (V2).

• You can see in the above figure, V2 Arduino Mega 1280 board is more compact and small-sized as compared to the V1 Arduino Mega 1280 board.

Arduino Mega 1280 LCD Interfacing

• You can either use our simulation file that you’ve downloaded at the start or you can design your own. I would suggest you design your own, as you’ll learn many things along the process.
• Now, I will interface a 20x4 LCD with the Arduino Mega 1280 board.
• To interface this LCD, design the circuit as shown below:

• Pins 8,9,10 & 11 of Arduino Mega 1280 are attached with the data pins of LCD, while Enable & Reset of LCD are connected to Pin 12 & 13 of Arduino board.
• Now compile the Arduino code present in the zip file and get the Hex File.

• Upload that Hex File in your Arduino Mega 1280 Properties panel, as we’ve practiced in the previous section.
• After setting this arrangement, click the RUN button and if everything goes fine, you will get results as shown in below figure:

Summary

• Download Arduino Mega 1280 Library Files in zip format.
• Copy files available in the "Proteus Library Files"(Folder) and place them in the Library folder of Proteus software.
• Search for Arduino Mega 1280 in Proteus software.
• Place this board in the workspace.
• Open Properties panel & upload the HEX File.
• Interface Arduino board with LCD & run the simulation.

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve enjoyed reading this article. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share. They help us create quality content tailored to your exact needs and requirements. If you have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below. I’d love to assist you the best way I can. Thank you for reading the article.

What is Mathematics? Definition, Branches, Books and Mathematicians

Hello Friends! I hope you're having a great time reading my articles. Today, we are going to learn about a very comprehensive topic What is Mathematics? Do you have an interest in math? Great! This tutorial will surely help you to know about Mathematics definition, branches of Mathematics, the importance of mathematics in our life, famous books of mathematics and popular mathematicians & their discoveries. The role of math's in our daily life is like a building block (essential), involves in our every regular activities. i.e. engineering, mobile devices, businesses etc. Even math is there during our sports time, if you ever noticed. Let's take the example of our body where protein (amino-acid) is the building block. Without protein, our body can't exist. Similarly, math plays the same role in every field of science. For instance, without math, engineers can't build great buildings and scientists can't develop advance machines. So, think about it for a second! Let's move on & further discuss what is mathematics?

What is Mathematics?

Do you want to know why the need for mathematics arose? Math actually came because of the need of society. In ancient times, math was not that complex. The tribes use maths only for counting. With time they also start relying on math to calculate sun position. As you know, our needs have become more complex, thus math also becoming complex day by day.

Mathematics Definition

• Mathematics is the branch of science, which deals with numbers, involves calculations and mainly focuses on the study of quantity, shapes, measurements etc.
• The greatest mathematician Benjamin Peirce defined math as “the science that draws the necessary conclusion”.
• In more simple words, math is the science, deals with structures, numbers, geometry etc.

Why study mathematics?

In past, the study of math was very limited. And only 3 fundamental branches of mathematics were discovered. These were geometry, algebra and number theory. But in the modern age, several other branches have been discovered by mathematicians based on the main branches. We will discuss these branches later in this article. Here the point is that now mathematics has become a very vast and most discuss field of science. Now, mathematics got the title of “queen of science”. Math became now an inseparable part in our everyday life tasks. Finally, let me conclude that mathematics is a vital tool in every field of science throughout the world. Such as:

• Natural science.
• Engineering.
• Medicine.
• Social sciences.

Importance of Mathematics

Let's see why mathematics is important for us. I will discuss some common examples of everyday routine. I must say, our day starts with math.

• During cooking food in the kitchen, we are able to measure every ingredient, just because of math.
• Going on shopping & paying cash involves mathematics.
• The hobbies like arts, gardening & playing, all need mathematics.
• Texting on phones & faxing also require math

Branches of mathematics

Just like other fields of science, mathematics is also divided into the following branches. So, let us discuss them briefly.

1. Arithmetic

This is most oldest and fundamental branch of math. This branch deals with the basic operation & number. The basic operations are subtraction, addition, multiplication and division.

2. Algebra

Algebra is the type of arithmetic. Here, we find the value of unknown quantities, such as X,Y and Z. we usually used English alphabets (variables) as unknown numbers. Several formulas uses to solve the equations to calculate the unknown value. You must have solved algebra questions in high school education.

3. Geometry

The next branch we will discuss is geometry, the most practical branch considered. It deals with the construction of figures, shapes and their properties. The basics of geometry are points, lines, surfaces, angles and solids.  In geometry, we used many mathematics tools such as scale & protector.

4. Trigonometry

Trigonometry is derived from Greek words trigon means triangle and metron refer to measurement. So, it is clear from the name that is the study of triangle sides and angles. You will get to learn this branch in higher education.

5. Analysis

This is a little complex branch of mathematics. It deals with the study of rate of change with respect to specific quantities. The base of analysis is Calculus.

6. Statistics

The statistic is the branch, deals with the collection of huge data, organize it and further analyze to get final results. Such as the population of any country estimated through this branch.

Applications of Mathematics

• Forecasting the Weather. Mathematics helps in predicting one of the most difficult task on earth.
• Reading of CDs and DVDs.
• MRI & Tomography.
• Use in Internet and Phones.
• Analysis of Epidemics.
• The estimation of glacier melting.
• Maps of the Earth.
• Cryptography.

Popular Mathematicians

The role of greatest mathematicians in our life is remarkable. These are the mathematicians who made it possible to transfer electricity to the distance of thousands of kilometer enhance the computer technology, helps to reveal the DNA structure and still helping the scientist to explore the universe deeply. Let's get to know the contributions of these great mathematicians.

The Greatest Mathematicians of all Times
No.	Mathematicians	Contributions
1	Srinivasa Ramanujan	He was one of the greatest mathematicians died at early age of 32. He calculated Euler–Mascheroni constant at the age of 16. He identified more than 4000 math identities.
2	Joseph-Louis Lagrange	He was known for his discoveries i.e. the number theory, Lagrangian mechanics and Celestial Mechanics. He also had remarkable contribution in the formation of Euler–Lagrange equation. Moreover, he is famous for his invention in analytical mechanics, helped the researchers to develop mathematical physics branch.
3	Andrew Wiles	He is a famous British mathematician, won Wolf Prize in 1995 and Abel Prize recently in 2016.He is popular for the formulating the Fermat’s Last Theorem. That was one of the complex problems in mathematics.
4	Alan Turing	He was known for his contribution such as Turing’s proof and Cryptanalysis of the Enigma. He won the Smith’s Prize in 1936.In second world war, his contribution was outstanding. It was him, whose cryptanalytic abilities improved the bombe and developed a faster decoding Enigma machine.
5	G.F. Bernhard Riemann	He is famous for his Fourier series and Riemann integral series. He worked on  differential geometry, invent his own theory on higher dimensions. His contributions, known for Riemannian geometry. He was the founder of the Riemann mapping theorem.
6	David Hilbert	He was famous for his Hilbert’s problems and proof theory. He was the greatest mathematician, developed instruments in the field on commutative algebra. He had also contributed in the field of calculus (variations) & mathematical physics. He also worked in the field of physics.
7	Bernoulli Family	Bernoulli family had a special respect in mathematics. Johann and Jacob from Bernoulli family, were the first mathematician worked for calculus and invented Bernoulli numbers & Brachistochrone curve.
8	Issac Newton	He was known for his Newton’s laws of motion as well as Newtonian mechanics & Calculus. He was considered as the father of mechanics. His thought and discoveries about gravitation force are accepted universally.  He was the founder of Einstein’s theory of relativity.
9	Pythagoras	He invented Pythagorean theorem as well the founder of Theory of Proportions. The Pythagoras theorem was named after him.
10	Carl Friedrich Gauss	He  won the Lalande Prize in 1809 and Copley Medal 1838.He was one of the most influential mathematicians in the ancient Greek. He worked for many mathematicians branches as well in physics. He has ability to solve arithmetic problems faster than anyone. Some of his inventions are Gauss’ Law & Theorema Egregium. He also estimated the non-Euclidean geometry.

List of popular Mathematicians

There are names of many other great mathematicians, I am goin to enlist here.

• Plato.
• Euclid.
• Eratosthenes.
• Hipparchus.
• Hypatia.
• Girolamo Cardano.
• Leonhard Euler.
• Carl Friedrich Gauss.
• Georg Cantor.
• Paul Erdös.
• John Horton Conway.
• Grigori Perelman.
• David Harold Blackwell.
• Jesse Ernest Wilkins.
• M. Euphemia Lofton Haynes.
• Joseph James Dennis.
• Wade Ellis.
• Clarence F. Stephens.
• Evelyn Boyd Granville.
• Marjorie Lee Browne.
• Georgia Caldwell Smith.
• Gloria Conyers Hewitt.
• Mary Rodriguez.
• Thyrsa Frazier Svager.
• Vivienne Malone-Mayes.
• Shirley Mathis McBay.
• Eleanor Green Dawley Jones.
• Geraldine Claudette Darden.
• Annie Marie Watkins Garraway.

Popular Mathematics Books

Reading good books can open your mind to accept new light. There are so many math's good books available out there. Let's discuss must read mathematics books.

1. The Art of Statistics

This book is a comprehensive study about the stat tools. This book guide you how to use statistics formulas and tools properly. It also reveled the areas of study where stat can be used. I have read this book, and found it very useful to understand statists problems.

2. Do Dice Play God?

I really found this book rewarding, tells us about the basics of quantum mechanics. The author explains the complex problems of quantum theory deeply, even I have never read so deep guidance in other popular science books. Ian Stewart has already written so many math books. But this one is the must read math book.

3. Humble Pi

This is the most interesting book i ever read. Actually the author is the comedian, and he wrote math problems in a very funny way to attract the readers. But on a serious note, this book also solve many issues you will commonly found in math. So this is my third favorite math book.

The list is going on. As there are countless valuable mathematics books published. I couldn't stop

myself from only suggesting three books. So, let's get the name of few more popular books of mathematics.

List of top mathematics books highly recommended

• Encyclopedia of Mathematics. By James Stuart Tanton.
• The four pillar of Geometry. By John Stillwell.
• The Maths of Life and Death.
• A Mathematical Introduction to Logic, Second Edition by Herbert Enderton.
• Calculus made easy by Silvanus P. Thompson.
• Introductory Statistics by Neil A. Weiss.
• Introduction to Algorithms, Third Edition by Thomas H. Cormen, Charles E. Leiserson and Ronald L. Rivest
• Categories for the Working Mathematician by Saunders Mac Lane.
• Principles of Mathematical Analysis, Third Edition by Walter Rudin.
• The Calculus Lifesaver: All the Tools You Need to Excel at Calculus by Adrian Banner
• Linear algebra done right by Sheldon Axler.
• Elementary number theory by Gareth A. Jones and Josephine M. Jones.
• Introduction to Topology and Modern Analysis by George F. Simmons.
• Abstract Algebra by David S. Dummit and Richard M. Foote.
• Basic Mathematics by Serge Lang.

I hope this article will help to get better understating of mathematics, its branches, popular books and mathematicians.

Arduino Mega 2560 Library for Proteus V2.0

Hi Guys! Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll detail the new version of Arduino Mega 2560 Library for Proteus V2.0. I have already detailed the Arduino Mega 2560 Library for Proteus that is the previous version of the Arduino Mega 2560 board. This new version of Arduino Mega 2560 is more efficient, robust, fast, powerful, and small in size. I keep getting messages requesting to design the library for the new version of Arduino Boards. So, today I’m willing to comply with your requests and have designed this library for the new version of Arduino Mega 2560. I have previously discussed the Arduino UNO Library for Proteus V2.0 and Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0 In this tutorial, we will simulate Arduino Mega 2560 in Proteus. Initially, we will download this library in zip format and then will use it in our Proteus software to simulate Arduino Mega 2560. Before we read further, let’s go through what is Arduino Mega 2560?

What is Arduino Mega 2560?

• The Arduino Mega 2560 is a robust, powerful, application-type microcontroller board based on the Atmega2560 microcontroller.
• There are total 54 digital I/O pins incorporated on the board, including 15 pins for PWM.

• There are 16 analog pins available on the board. Moreover, the board contains a USB port to transfer the code from the computer to the module, and a DC power jack is included on the board to power up the module.

This was the little intro to Arduino Mega 2560. Let’s discuss how to download the Arduino Mega 2560 library and use it in your Proteus software. Let’s get started.

Arduino Mega 2560 Library for Proteus V2.0

First of all, download the Arduino Mega 2560 library for Proteus V2.0 by clicking the link below. Arduino Mega 2560 Library for Proteus V2.0 You will get the downloaded file in zip format.

• Extract this zip file where you’ll find the folder named "Proteus Library Files".

When you open this folder, you will find two files named:

• ArduinoMega25602TEP.dll
• ArduinoMega25602TEP.idx

Note:

• If you are facing problems in adding a library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then you should read How to add new Library in Proteus 8 Professional.
• If you haven’t bought your Arduino Mega 2560 yet, then you can buy it from this reliable source:

• If you want to go through its technical specifications, features and pinout then you better have a look at Introduction to Arduino Mega 2560.

Now copy these files and place them in the libraries folder of your Proteus software.

• After placing the library files, open your Proteus software or restart (if it's already open).
• Now search for the Arduino Mega 2560 V2.0 by clicking the “Pick from Libraries” button as shown in the below figure.

• Select Arduino Mega 2560 V2.0 and click OK.

• Place Arduino Mega 2560 board in the Proteus workspace and it will appear as shown in the below figure.

• You’ve successfully placed the Arduino Mega 2560 V2.0 board in the proteus workspace.
• Now, we need to upload the hex file to simulate our board.

• To upload the hex file, double-click the Arduino Mega 2560 board.
• As you double click, it will return the following image.

In this panel, you can see the different properties of the Mega 2560 board. We have to click the property named “Program File” to upload the hex file of your Arduino code.

• Click this read detailing how to get hex file from Arduino software, if you don’t know already.
• Upload the hex file of your code and click Ok.
• The clock frequency of the Arduino board is 16MHz by default as shown in the properties panel.

Now let's design a simulation using this Arduino Mega 2560 board so that you get a clear insight on how to use it in proteus.

Comparison with Old Proteus Library (V2.0 vs V1.0)

• The following figure shows the comparison between version 1 Arduino Mega 2560 Board (V1) and version 2 Arduino Mega 2560 Board (V2).

• You can see in the above figure, V2 Arduino Mega 2560 board is more compact and small-sized as compared to the V1 Arduino Mega 2560 board.

Arduino Mega 2560 LCD Interfacing

• The Arduino Code and its simulation file have been added in the zip format that you have downloaded at the start.
• Use that simulation but the best way is to design your own simulation that will assist you to learn better along the process.
• Next, Arduino Mega 2560 Board is interfaced with a 20x4 LCD.
• Design the circuit given below to interface LCD with the Arduino Mega 2560 board:

• Data pins of LCD are connected with 8,9,10 & 11 pins of Arduino Mega 2560, while Pins 12 & 13 of Arduino board are connected to Enable & Reset of LCD.
• To upload the code, compile the Arduino code available in the zip format and get the Hex file.

• You will use Arduino Mega 2560 properties panel to upload the hex file as we excercised in the previous section.
• You have successfully interfaced LCD with the Arduino Mega 2560 board, now press the RUN button to get the result shown in the below figure:

Summary

• First, you need to download the Arduino Mega 2560 Library Files.
• Next, copy these files from “Proteus Library Files”(Folder) to the Library folder of Proteus software.
• Now, look for the Arduino Mega 2560 in Proteus software.
• Place that Arduino Mega 2560 board in the proteus workspace.
• Next, double click the board that will return the properties panel and upload the HEX File.
• Design your circuit & run the simulation.

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve enjoyed reading this article. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can pop your comment in the section below. I’m willing to help you the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions around the content we share. They help us create quality content tailored to your exact needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Arduino Nano Library for Proteus V2.0

Update: Here's the latest version of this library: Arduino Nano Library for Proteus(V3.0).

---

Hi Friends! Happy to see you around. In this post today, I’ll explain the Arduino NANO Library for Proteus V2.0. This library is the advanced version of Arduino Nano Library for Proteus(V1.0). The new version of the Arduino Nano board is more compact, robust, small-sized, and powerful compared to its predecessor. I have already shared the Arduino Uno Library for Proteus V2.0 and Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0.

I’ve started designing proteus libraries for new versions of Arduino boards as I’ve received a lot of messages requesting to improve the designs. Stay connected, as I’ll design more proteus libraries for Arduino boards in the coming days. In this tutorial, we’ll simulate the Arduino Nano Library in Proteus. First, we’ll download this library and then will use it in our Proteus software to simulate Arduino Nano. Before we read further, let’s have a look at what is Arduino Nano.

What is Arduino Nano?

• Developed by Arduino.cc, Arduino Nano is a small, flexible, powerful and breadboard-friendly Microcontroller board, based on ATmega328p/Atmega168.

• In terms of functionality, it is similar to Arduino Uno but compared to it comes in a small size.
• The Arduino Nano module carries 14 digital I/O pins, 8 analog pins, 2 reset pins & 6 power pins.
• The crystal oscillator frequency of this board is 16MHz and it comes with a mini USB port that is mainly used to transfer code from the computer to the module.

This was a little insight into Arduino Nano. Now we’ll make its Proteus simulation. Let’s get started.

Arduino Nano Library for Proteus V2.0

• First of all, you need to download the Arduino Nano Library for Proteus V2.0 by clicking the below button:

Arduino Nano Library for Proteus V2.0

• You will receive the downloaded file in zip format.

When you extract this zip file, it will return a folder named "Proteus Library Files", inside this folder you will get two files named:

• ArduinoNano2TEP.dll
• ArduinoNano2TEP.idx

Note:

• If you are facing problems with adding a library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then have a look at How to add new Library in Proteus 8 Professional.
• If you haven’t bought your Arduino Nano yet, then you can buy it from this reliable source:

• Copy these files and place them in the Library folder of your Proteus software.

• After placing these library files into the library folder, open your Proteus software or restart it (if it's already open).

• Now look for the Arduino Nano V2.0 by clicking the “Pick from Libraries” button, as you can see in the below figure:

• Select Arduino Nano V2.0 from the list and click OK.

• When you place the Arduino Nano board in the Proteus workspace, you’ll get the result as shown in the below figure:

• The Arduino Nano V2.0 board has been successfully placed in the proteus workspace.
• Now, you have to upload the hex file in order to simulate the Arduino board.
• Double-click the Arduino Nano board to upload the hex file.
• The following image will appear as you double-click the board:

• You can see the different properties of the Nano board in this panel.
• You need to click the property named “Upload Hex File” to upload the hex file of your Arduino code.
• Upload the hex file of your code and click OK.
• You can see from the panel that the clock frequency of the Arduino board is 16MHz by default.

Comparison with Old Proteus Library (V2.0 vs V1.0)

• The following figure shows the comparison between version 1 Arduino Nano Board (V1) and version 2 Arduino Nano Board (V2).

• You can see in the above figure, the V2 board is more compact and small as compared to the V1 board.
• Now we’ll design a simulation using this Arduino Nano board so that you can get a clear idea about how to use it in proteus.

Arduino Nano LCD Interfacing

• The simulation that you have downloaded at the start is enough to get you started. However, it’s better to design your own simulation that will help you learn the nitty-gritty of simulation along the process.
• Next, we’ll interface 20x4 LCD with the Arduino board.
• You’ll get the following circuit as you interface LCD with the Arduino Nano board:

• Data pins of LCD are attached with 8,9,10 & 11 pins of Arduino Nano, while 12 & 13 Pins of Arduino board are attached to Enable and reset of LCD.

• Next, compile the Arduino code available in the zip format and get the Hex file to upload the code.
• You’ll use the Arduino Nano properties panel to upload the hex file as we’ve exercised in the previous section.
• LCD has been successfully interfaced with the Arduino Nano board.
• Now click the RUN button to see the following result:

Summary

• First of all, you have to download the Arduino Nano Library Files.
• Next, copy these files from the “Proteus Library Files” (Folder) and place them in the Library folder of Proteus software.
• Now, look for the Arduino Nano in Proteus software.
• Place that Arduino Nano board in the proteus workspace.
• Next, double-click the board to get the properties panel and upload the HEX File.
• Interface LCD with the Arduino board & run the simulation.

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve enjoyed reading this article. If you have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’d love to assist you in the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions about the content we share. They help us produce quality content customized to your needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0

Update: Here's the latest version of this library: Arduino Mini Library for Proteus(V3.0).

---

Hi Guys! I welcome you on board. Today, I am going to share a new version of Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0. This library is a successor of Arduino Mini Library for Proteus and the new Arduino Mini model is compact, small-sized, efficient, and more powerful.

In the previous post, I shared the Arduino UNO Library for Proteus V2.0, where we have simulated UNO in Proteus. In this tutorial, we will simulate Arduino Mini in Proteus. First, we will download this library and then will use it in our Proteus software to simulate Arduino Mini. Before we read further, let’s have a look at what is Arduino Mini.

What is Arduino Mini?

• Arduino Mini board is a small-sized, robust, application-type & powerful microcontroller board, based on an Atmega328 microcontroller.
• A total of 14 digital I/O pins are incorporated on the board, including 6 PWM pins.
• Moreover, there are 8 analog pins also available on the board.
• This board is quite small compared to Arduino Uno. It is 1/6^th of the size of the Uno board.

This was the little intro to Arduino Mini. Now let's start with its Proteus simulation:

Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0

• First of all, download the Arduino Mini library for Proteus V2.0 by clicking the below button:

Arduino Mini Library for Proteus V2.0

• You will get the downloaded file in zip format.
• Extract this zip file and open the folder named "Proteus Library Files", inside this folder you will find:
  • ArduinoMini2TEP.dll
  • ArduinoMini2TEP.idx

Now copy these files and place them in the Library folder of your Proteus software.

• After adding the library files, open your Proteus software or restart it (if it's already open).

Note:

• If you are facing problems with adding a library in Proteus 7 or 8 Professional, then have a look at How to add new Library in Proteus 8 Professional.
• If you haven’t bought your Arduino Mini yet, then you can buy it from this reliable source:

• Now look for the Arduino Mini V2.0 by clicking the “Pick from Libraries” button, as shown in the below figure:

• Select Arduino Mini V2.0 from the list and click OK.

• Place Arduino Mini board in Proteus workspace and it will appear as shown in the below figure:

• You’ve successfully placed the Arduino Mini V2.0 board in the proteus workspace.
• Now, we need to upload the hex file in order to simulate our board.
• To upload the hex file, double click the Arduino Mini board.
• As you double click, it will return the following image.

• In this panel, you can see the different properties of the Mini board.
• We have to click the property named “Program File” to upload the hex file of your Arduino code.
• Click to read how to get a hex file from Arduino software.
• Upload the hex file of your code and click Ok.

• The clock frequency of the Arduino board is 16MHz by default.

Now let's design a simulation using this Arduino Mini board so that you get a clear insight on how to use it in proteus.

Comparison with Old Proteus Library (V2.0 vs V1.0)

• The following figure shows the comparison between version 1 Arduino Mini Board (V1) and version 2 Arduino Mini Board (V2).

• You can see in the above figure, V2 Arduino Mini board is more compact and small-sized as compared to the V1 Arduino Mini board.

Arduino Mini LCD Interfacing

• The Arduino Code and its simulation file have been included in the zip file that you downloaded at the start.
• You can use that simulation but the better way is to design your own simulation that will help you learn better along the process.
• Next, the Arduino Mini Board is interfaced with a 20x4 LCD.
• Design the circuit given below and interface LCD with the Arduino Mini board:

• Data pins of LCD are connected with 8,9,10 & 11 pins of Arduino Mini, while Pin 12 & 13 of Arduino board are connected to Enable & Reset of LCD.
• To upload the code, compile the Arduino code available in the zip format and get the Hex file.
• The Arduino Mini properties panel is used to upload the hex file as we practiced in the previous section.
• You have successfully interfaced LCD with the Arduino Mini board, now press the RUN button to get the result given in the below figure:

Summary

• First, you need to download the Arduino Mini Library Files.
• Next, copy these files from the “Proteus Library Files”(Folder) to the Library folder of Proteus software.
• Now, look for the Arduino Mini in Proteus software.
• Place that Arduino Mini board in the proteus workspace.
• Next, double-click the board that will return the properties panel and upload the HEX File.
• Design your circuit & run the simulation.

That’s all for today. Hope you’ve enjoyed reading this article. If you’re unsure or have any questions, you can approach me in the section below. I’m willing to assist you in the best way I can. Feel free to share your valuable feedback and suggestions about the content we share. They help us create quality content customized to your needs and requirements. Thank you for reading the article.

What is Science? Definition, Branches, Books and Scientists

Hello Friends! I hope you all are doing well. Today, I will share with you a very comprehensive tutorial about What is Science? Here, we will discuss science branches, importance of science in our life, popular science books, famous scientists and great inventions in the field of science. Science is derived from a Latin word’ Scientia’ means knowledge. When we are saying the word Science, refers to the study of every simple or complex phenomena occurring around us. For example, from the food we enjoy, to the cloth we wear, everything is science.     Now let's get to know what is Science?

What is Science?

Science is the most important platform of knowledge and understanding the world. It has improved the quality of almost every field of life. Science follows the following step to understand natural phenomena. Let's figure out these steps.

• Observation
• Identification
• Hypothesis
• Experimental investigation
• Theory

Before moving forward, we should know the proper & precise definition of science.

Science Definition

• The observational & experimental study about the behavior and structure of natural and physical world around us.
• Science is also the understand of a specific are of study by following particular methodology.
• In simple words, science is the observational study of nature around us and natural things.

Main branches of Science

The scientist divided science into 3 major fields. Each branch covers different areas of study. You must go though these branches briefly for your better understanding.

1.Natural science

The field of science, focus on the study don natural processes of the universe. This branch is further divided into life science and physical science.

2. Formal science

The area of study about formal systems. The further branches of this field are logic and math.

3. Social sciences

The branch of science deals with human behavior in the society. As I have told you, science is very broad field. It has hundreds of branches. Let's have a look to some other popular branches of science & their definitions:

No.	Branch of Science	Description
1	Acanthochronology	The study about cactus with time in ordered sequence.
2	Acarology	The branch of science, study the mites.
3	Accountancy	It is the analysing and ,measurement study of financial & economical information
3	Aceology	The study of remedies, development of therapies.
4	Acology	The study of medicine
5	Adenology	The branch of science, studies about glands.
6	Agroecology	The ecological study applied on the production of agricultural products.
7	Agrogeology	Branch of science, focus on agro-minerals.
8	Agrology	The study about the fertility of agriculture soil.
9	Algology	The study about algae.
10	Anatomy	The study about human body structure.
11	Astrodynamics	The study on the rockets and craft’s motion in space.
12	Bacteriology	This branch of science deals with the study about bacteria & diseases caused by them.
13	Bromatology	The study about food.
14	Barology	This is the gravitational force study.
15	Biology	The study of life processes.
16	Calorifics	The branch of science, studies heat.
17	Climatology	The study about climate conditions.
18	Cynology	The study on dogs.
19	Egyptology	The study on Egypt (ancient).
20	cytology	The study of cells.

I have enlist name of few branches of sciences, getting popular among students.

List of other popular Science branches
Andragogy	Aromachology
Andrology	Astacology
Anemology	Astheniology
Angiology	Astrobotany
Anthropobiology	Astrobiology
Anthropology	Astrogeology
Anthrozoology	Astronomy
Apiology	Astrophysics
Aquatic ecology	Astroseismology
Arachnology	Atmology
Archaeology	Audiology
Archelogy	Autecology
Archology	Autology
Areology	Auxology
Bathymetry	Cambistry
Batology	Campanology
Bibliology	Carcinology
Bibliotics	Cardiology
Bioecology	Caricology
Biochemistry	Cambistry
Bionomics	Cometology
Biophysics	Computer science
Biopsychology	Conchology
Biotribology	Connectomics

How is Science Important in daily life?

Today, we can’t ignore the importance of science in our everyday life tasks. Let’s have a quick look around you. The fan, giving you comfort in summer, is science. When you wake up in the morning, and use brush and toothpaste both are given by science. The kitchen equipment’s i.e. oven & microwave are all about the science. All entertainment tools you are using such as mobile, TV and laptop all are the magic of science. Moreover, it is the science that discovers the treatment of many diseases. You know, in the past, due to lack of advancement in the field of science, there was no cure for many diseases. But now the laser technology has been developed because of science. In short, science has raised the technology in medical field to a great level. Not only this, science also totally changed the agriculture field as well i.e. increase the productivity of crops by using new machinery and technologies. Further, In transportation, all the vehicles around you are inventions of science. Today, you are communicating to you dear ones by just one click on your phone, is due to science. Simply, science has become our lives so much easier than before. Even now we can’t live without it.

Top most concerned research topic of Science

There are topics in science world, always remains on top of the list for research purpose. Such as, some diseases are still a mystery for the scientist. For understanding any field, you must know, what is going in that particular area of study. This will not only enhance your interest but also motivate you to study those mystery topics. Here, I am going to enlist them.

• Genomic and molecular evolution.
• Relation of metabolism system and exercise.
• Comparative Genomics.
• Symbiosis in parasites.
• CRISPR.
• Climate changes.
• Genetic Engineering.
• Neurobiological reasons of sleep.
• Behavior of economics.
• Invention of modern technology.
• Development of scientific tools.
• The evolution of Infectious diseases.

Top Influential scientist in the world

There are so many people who spend their lives to serve humanity by contributing in the field of science. Let’s read some of the popular scientists & their discoveries.

Top Scientist in the World
No.	Scientist Name	Discoveries
1	Andre-Marie Ampere	He discovered the electrical current carrying wires. He also invented electromagnetic theory.
2	Anaximander	He revealed the most ancient scientific theory about our planet that it is free in the space. The planet does not need anything for support.
3	Mary Anning	He was the first scientist who found the complete plesiosaur specimen. He also assumed the dinosaur diets.
4	Archimedes	He was the founder of mechenics &hydrostatics. He also calculates the value of pi. Moreover, he gives new geometry tools, and many other machinery designed.
5	Aristarchus	He completely changed the idea about earth that it moves around sun in circular orbit.
6	Alexander Graham Bell	He was the greatest scientist who invented telephone, metal detector as well as photo phone. He discovered the first device that carries human voice in form of light.
7	Daniel Bernoulli	He gives very popular Bernoulli’s law which describes the lifting of airplane wings.Further he gives theories about effect of temp on gas particles speed.
8	Elizabeth Blackwell	She was the first qualified physician women of America, as founder of first medical school there.
9	Niels Bohr	He founded the quantum theory; electron can orbit in only specific orbits around atom. He was the founder of quantum mechanics.
10	Robert Boyle	He was the first who properly defined molecule, element and compound. He also invented the Boyle’s law also called first gas law.
11	Tycho Brahe	He had given the way for planetary laws of Kepler and Newton’s law of gravity.
12	Brahmagupta	He defined and invented mathematical properties of Zero. He also gives the formulas for quadratic equation solution.
13	Robert Bunsen	He discovered two elements caesium & rubidium. Also found the arsenic poisoning , zinc-carbon battery. He also invented flash photography, and revealed the designing of geysers.

Other popular scientist are:

List of other popular scientist
Santiago Ramón y Cajal	Galen
Rachel Carson	Galileo Galilei
George Washington Carver	Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin
James Chadwick	Carl Friedrich Gauss
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar	Sophie Germain
Erwin Chargaff	Willard Gibbs
Nicolaus Copernicus	Jane Goodall
Jacques Cousteau	William Harvey
Marie Curie	Caroline Herschel
John Dalton	Heinrich Hertz
Charles Darwin	David Hilbert
Democritus	Hipparchus
René Descartes	Alain Aspect
Frank Drake	Martin Karplus
Albert Einstein	David Baltimore
Eratosthenes	Donald Knuth
Euclid	Allen Bard
Leonhard Euler	Robert Marks II
Michael Faraday	Timothy Berners- Lee
Pierre de Fermat	Craig Mello
Fibonacci	John Tyler Bonner
Ronald Fisher	Robert Hooke
Alexander Fleming	Grace Hopper
Benjamin Franklin	Jack Horner
Rosalind Franklin	Hippocrates

Popular books of science

Reading a good book can bring a lot of change in your life. So, check out some popular science books to better understand science. I am going to discuss my most favorite science books briefly here.

1. Burn: The Misunderstood Science of Metabolism

You must have knowledge about our metabolism system. Here, in this book, author provides valuable suggestion how to increase metabolism by exercise. According to author, we burn about 3000 cal every day, no matter what our activities are. Isn’t this interesting? Read this book for complete guidance.

2. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks

This is a wonderful book deeply provides understanding to human functions and their interaction with organism and environment.

3. The Drunken Botanist

Let’s talk about another amazing book. This book provides knowledge about the formation of variety of alcohols from plants. The author explains about the production of rice as well as other trivia bits.

4. Wonderful Life

This book is actually about the beautiful nature and describes the journey of Burgess to provide reader valuable lesion about the oldest fossil fuels in the world.

The list of other worth reading science books:

I want to suggest more books of science below for your benefits.

• Women in Science: 50 Fearless Pioneers Who Changed the World:
• So, You Want to Be a Coder?: The Ultimate Guide to a Career in Programming, Video Game Creation, Robotics, and More!:
• Black Inventors for Children: Famous African American Inventors Who Changed History Forever!:
• Math Doesn't Suck: How to Survive Middle School Math Without Losing Your Mind or Breaking a Nail:
• Bathtub Science:
• The Berenstain Bears' Big Book of Science and Nature:
• Queen Bees and Wannabes, 3rd Edition: Helping Your Daughter Survive Cliques, Gossip, Boys, and the New Realities of Girl World
• Brain on Fire: My Month of Madness
• The Man Who Mistook His Wife For A Hat: And Other Clinical Tales
• The Art of Choosing
• Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind
• The Mismeasure of Man
• The Portable Jung
• The Freud Reader
• The Invisible Gorilla
• The Upside of Irrationality
• Man's Search for Meaning
• High Price: A Neuroscientist's Journey of Self-Discovery That Challenges Everything You Know About Drugs and Society
• Magic Trees of the Mind: How to Nurture Your Child's Intelligence, Creativity, and Healthy Emotions from Birth Through Adolescence
• Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome: America's Legacy of Enduring Injury and Healing
• Neurotribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity
• White Trash: The 400-Year Untold History of Class in America

I hope this article will help you to better understand science & its branches. For more detail, please read the refer Science books above.

What is Biology? Definition, Branches, Books and Scientists

Hello Friends! I hope you all are doing well. Today, I am going to give you a very fundamental and detailed tutorial on What is Biology? Further, we will also discuss the biology branches, importance of biology in our life, popular Biology books, famous Biologists and great inventions in the field of biology. The word 'Biology' actually refers to the complete study of life (Including all living organism i.e. humans, animals, plants and microorganisms). For the convenience to study about every field of life, scientist have divided science into 4 major branches.

1. 1. Physical Sciences.

1. Biological Sciences(Biology).
2. Earth Sciences.
3. Space Sciences.

Now let's first have a look at what is biology?

What is Biology?

Biology is derived from Greek words, bio means life and logos means study. It concentrates on all the aspects of living things such as ecology, occurrence, reproduction, nutrition, organization, economic importance etc. Let's come towards the proper definition of biology:

Biology Definition

• Biology (the branch of science), mainly focused on the complex life processes of living organism ( including chemical processes, physical characteristics, evolution and molecular interaction).
• Biology covers all forms of living organisms and is further divided into multiple fields i.e. Zoology deals with the study of animals while Bootany deals with plants.
• Biology also studies the behavior, structure and physiology of a specific organism or a class of organisms.

Now you must want to know, why biology is important in our life? Right? So let me tell you importance of biology first. Then, I will discuss branches of biology.

Why is Biology Important in Everyday Life?

There was a time, when we have no cure for even small diseases i.e. fever, pneumonia etc. but today surgeons are performing surgeries using laser technologies. A century ago, there wasn't any concept of organs transplant in Biological field and today biologists have developed surgeries to transplant almost every human organ and are trying to transplant brain. If you ask me, brain transplant is going to happen soon. Biology has increased productivity in the field of agriculture by producing advanced seeds and fertilizers. Biologists have also exrtacted different chemicals from plants which are helpful in curing different diseases. Nutritional biology is all about the nutrients required by our body for healthy life.

Interdisciplinary branches of biology

Let me tell you here, Biology is the most complex branch of science. It is not that simple. Biology is linked with other science disciplines, and further divided into many branches. Well! To deeply understand biology, we will also learn about these branches later. Here, let’s find out the relation of biology with other main science branches. Let’s start to discuss these interlinked branches one by one.

1. Biophysics

This branch of sciences, deals with the study of laws and principles of physics, applicable to the biological processes. For your understanding, I will give you an example. Animal limbs working on the physics principle of lever.

2. Biochemistry

This branch focuses on the different chemical and compounds of chemistry & their impact on human life. For example, photosynthesis process.

3. Biomathematics

This discipline of sciences, deals with the study of all biological process by using math techniques and calculations. The example is the human & animal population data calculation.

4. Biogeography

This branch categories and distribute the different living organism species in the world. Example is the specie Acacia found in the region of desert.

5. Bio-economics

The study of living organisms with respect to the economical point is called bio-economic branch. Such as the profit & cost of wheat yield.

Main branches of biology

Biology is very broad branch of science, and divided into many sub-disciplines.

1. Botany

This discipline is deal with the study of plants. Theophrastus is the one of the famous scientists in this field.

2. Zoology

This field is concerned with the detailed study of animals. And Aristotle is famous for his contribution and known as father of this field.

3. Microbiology

Microbiology is the study of micro-organism. Leeuwenhoek is considered as the father of microbiology.

Some other popular branches of biology are:

No.	Branches	Description
1	Taxonomy	This is the field of biology, mainly working on the identification and categorization of the living species.
2	Histology	Histology is the field of study, focuses on internal structure, working & behavior of tissues using light microscope.
3	Anatomy	The study about the external body parts.
4	Morphology	This biology branch carrying the study on internal body parts of different living species.
5	Cytology	It is the discipline, fundamentally studying about the functions and structure of cells.
6	Cell Biology	The field of biology, deals with the genetics information transferred from parents to next generation though cells.
7	Molecular Biology	The study of different activities of protoplasm, including their functions, structures and many other properties.
8	Physiology	This branch of biology provides information about the function and process of different body parts.
9	Embryology	It is the study of embryonic development process including every stage, size of embryos etc.
10	Ecology	This biology discipline, studies on the relation of living organism with their living environment.
11	Genetics	This branch studies how the inheritance transferred from generation to generation.
12	Evolution	The study of life & its existence.
13	Palaeontology	This branch of biology, study about naturally found fossil fuels and develops techniques to identify these resources underneath.
14	Exobiology	It is the branch of biology, studying the practical experimental study on life in space.
15	Virology	This branch is all about the study of viruses.

Other fields of Biology are:

• Acarology: It is the branch of biology, & study of mites and ticks.
• Actinobiology: Studies the effect of radiations on the living organism.
• Cardiology: The complex study on the heart system.
• Araneology: The study on spiders.
• Agroforestry: Studies the properties & form of land used to cultivate the crops and trees.
• Batrachology: This branch studies the structure and life study of the frog.
• Apiculture: It is the study on beekeeping.
• Aschelitinthology: The branch of biology, studies roundworms.
• Bacteriology: This is the detailed study on the bacteria.
• Agronomy: Research on Plants & crops.
• Biochemistry: The branch of science, reveals the link between chemical reaction on the life process.
• Biometrics: Use of statistical analytical study on biological systems.
• Arthrology: This is the branch of biology, studying the structures and functioning of joints parts.
• Anthology: The area of study on flowers & its parts.
• Biotechnology: This branch (biology) is all about the study of making drugs and medicines from useful organism for human health care.
• Angiology: This biology field, focuses on blood regulatory systems.
• Carcinology: The field of study about sea creature i.e. crabs.
• Agrostology: The research on the grass is called Agrostology.
• Aerobiology: This deep study about the flying organism.
• Dermatology: Dermatologists' basically deals with skin problems.

Important topics in biology

The research on biology growing everyday in many subjects. So, I am goin to tell you the main topics of research in biology.

• Photosynthesis (Food making process by plants in presence of sunlight).
• Carbon cycle (Study of how carbon is exchanged between atmosphere and living organism).
• Study of human heart (Functions, diseases, structure & abilities).
• Nitrogen cycle (Incorporation of nitrogen in the atmosphere).
• Human digestive system (Host and glands involved in human digestive system & their functions and roles).
• Flora & Fauna (Flora means study of plants and Fauna refers to all animals’ life).
• Human brain (Functions, structure and working).
• Blood veins and arteries (Study of how veins carry oxygen and blood).
• Transpiration (How water pumping during photosynthesis).
• Soil profile (Study of soil productivity and fertilization condition).
• Difference between Mitosis& Meiosis.
• Study of sensory organs.
• Gymnosperms (Study of plants, producing seeds).
• Fertilizers (Study and developments of fertilizers to enhance productivity of the soil).
• Ecology (Development of friendly environment between organism and surrounding).
• Evolution (How life starts and what changes occurring).
• Animal cells.
• Bio-molecules (Study of proteins, lipids & carbohydrates).

Popular Biologists

There are many biologists, contributed in this field. Let's discuss some popular biologists and their contributions.

Famous Biologists of all Time
No.	Biologists	Contributions
1	Aristotle	He was the Greek philosopher, and discovered many important biological theories. His greatest contribution is the classification of living organisms. He was the first scientist, proposed the relation of species and organize them accordingly.
2	Galen	He was the great Greek physicians; suggest the new ideas about medical research. He opens new ways in field of medicine. He works for many branches of biology, anatomy, physiology, neurology and pathology. The remarkable discoveries are identification the relation & differences between the artery and vein.
3	Oswald Avery	He revealed about how the heredity instructions passes form DNA to next generation.
4	James Black	He proposed the ideas of making drugs using beta blockers for the stomach ulcers and heart diseases.
5	Elizabeth Blackwell	She is the first qualified women physicians of America. She was the founder of first medical school in America.
6	Linda Buck	He discovered the five senses and their working. He also revealed that humans have 350 odour cells receptors that send the signals to human brain.
8	Rachel Carson	Author of the great book “Silent Spring” that describes the effect of chemical on the environment. He revealed the chemicals that must be banned for the sake of environment.
9	George Washington Carver	He worked on improving the agronomy by improving the nitrogen nutrient in the crop fertilization.
10	Erwin Chargaff	He gives Chargaff’s principles and discovered the DNA structure.

List of other biologists who contributed in this field are listed below:

Richard J. Ablin	Warder Clyde Allee
Erik Aquarius	Joel Asaph Allen
Arthur Adams	George James Allman
Michel Adanson	June Dalziel Almeida
Monique Adolphe	Tikvah Alper
Edgar Douglas Adrian	Prospero Alpini
Adam Afzelius	Sidney Altman
Carl Adolph Agardh	Bruce Ames
Jacob Georg Agardh	José Alberto de Oliveira Anchieta
Louis Agassiz	Jakob Johan Adolf Appellöf
Alexander Agassiz	Agnes Robertson Arber
Nikolaus Ager	Aristotle
William Aiton	Emily Arnesen
Bruce Alberts	Ruth Arnon
Nora Lilian Alcock	Peter Artedi
Boyd Alexander	Gilbert Ashwell
Richard D. Alexander	Ana Aslan
Alfred William Alcock	David Attenborough
Salim Ali	Jean Baptiste Audebert
Frédéric-Louis Allamand	Jean Victoire Audouin
Churchill Babington	Karl Ernst von Baer
John Bachman	Liberty Hyde Bailey
Curt Backeberg	Donna Baird
Scott Baker	John Hutton Balfour

Best Biology books of all Time

There are a huge collection of useful books of biology available online. Let me tell you about my favorite biology books. I must say that every young biologist must read these books. Because a genius said that reading books is like you are borrowing his/her brain for some time.

1. The Double Helix by James Watson

Watson was the greatest scientist, and in this book he described about DNA discovery. What is more beneficial to get information about DNA from the person who discovered it? He described this research circumstances, gives the young biologist a great lesson.

 2. Time, Love, Memory by Jonathan Weiner

I read this book during my first year of master. This book helped me a lot to solve practical problem in the lab in the field of genetics. Young biologists are getting are doing working on genes. I strongly recommend this book for those students. The genetic discoveries are growing very fats, that it becomes very difficult for the newcomers to understand all the basics concepts. Are you facing this problem? No worries. You can take help from this book as much as you want.

3. Virolution by Frank Ryan

This is actually a very interesting and informative book about evolution. The author revealed some discussed with the example of fish. Fish died because of the virus diseases in his own DNA. The virus activated when fish reach at productive age. Other worth reading biology books are:

• "Biology" written by Neil A. Campbell.
• "Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcer" written by Robert M. Sapolsky.
• "Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers" written by Mary Roach.
• "The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution".
• "Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History" written by S. Jay Gould.
• "The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher" written by L.Thomas.
• "The Origin of Species".
• "Endless Forms Most Beautiful: The New Science of Evo Devo and the Making of the Animal Kingdom" written by S. B. Carroll.
• "The Blind Watcmaker: Why the Evidence of Evolution Reveals a Universe Without Design".
• "The Selfish Gene".
• "Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic" by David Quammen.
• "Other Minds: The Octopus, the Sea, and the Deep Origins of Consciousness" written by P. Godfrey-Smith.
• "Bonk: The Curious Coupling of Science and Sex" written by Mary Roac.
• "The Gene: An Intimate History".
• "River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life" written by Richard Dawkins.

• "Gulp: Adventures on the Alimentary Canal" written by Mary Roach.

• "Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams" by Matthew Walker.
• "She Has Her Mother's Laugh: The Powers, Perversions, and Potential of Heredity" written by C. Zimmer.
• "Voyage of the Beagle" written by C. Darwin.

• "Life Ascending: The Ten Great Inventions of Evolution" written by N. Lane.
• "The Genius of Birds" by Jennifer Ackerman.

• "A Short History of Nearly Everything" written by B. Bryson.

• "The Diversity of Life" written by Edward Wilson.

• "The Hot Zone: The Terrifying True Story of the Origins of the Ebola Virus" written by R. Preston.

• "Gut: The Inside Story of Our Body’s Most Underrated Organ" written by G. Enders.

• "Climbing Mount Improbable" written by R. Dawkins.

I hope this article will help you to understand biology, its branches, importance, popular books of biology and famous biologists & their contribution in the field of biology.