<img src="https://images.theengineeringprojects.com/image/main/2021/12/2-18.jpg" alt="Overview, Introduction to the LED PCBs, The LED PCB working principle, LED PCD structure, Circuit layer, Insulating layer, Metal substrate layer, Types of the LED PCBs, The single layer LED PCB, Double layer PCB, Assembly methods of the LED PCB, Surface-mount assembly, Through-hole assembly, Considerations while designing the LED PCBs, Ideal board design, Picking the proper orientation, Component placement, Avoid placement of the components on the PCB outline, Vias should not be pl ...
PWM stands for Pulse-Width Modulation. Once the switching frequency (fsw) has been chosen, the ratio between the switch-on time (TON) and the switch-off time (TOFF) is varied. This is commonly called duty-cycle (D). The duty cycle can be between 0 and 1 and is generally expressed as a percentage (%).
D = TON / (TON + TOFF) = TON x fsw
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