PWM stands for Pulse-Width Modulation. Once the switching frequency (fsw) has been chosen, the ratio between the switch-on time (TON) and the switch-off time (TOFF) is varied. This is commonly called duty-cycle (D). The duty cycle can be between 0 and 1 and is generally expressed as a percentage (%).
D = TON / (TON + TOFF) = TON x fsw
The variation of the pulse width, made at a high frequency (kHz), is perceived as continuous and can be translated into a variation of the rotation speed of a motor, dimming a LED, driving an encoder, driving power conversion, and etc. The use of PWM is also wi ...
A Digital to Analog Converter(DAC) performs the task of converting digital words of n bits into voltages whose amplitude will be proportional to the value of the code expressed by the words themselves. Since the input binary words represent a succession of finite codes, the voltage coming out of a DAC cannot be continuous over time but is made up of as many levels as the converted codes are. This means that the devices to which the analog signal produced by a DAC is sent must filter it with a low-pass characteristic (integrating action). The operating criterion of a DAC is simple: in fact, it ...
An Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) converts a continuous signal (usually a voltage) into a series of discrete values ??(sequences of bits). The main features are:
Resolution (in analog terms): It is the minimum variation of the analog input voltage that can determine the variation of the LSB, that is of the least significant bit of the output code. Since the quantization step Q corresponds to the LSB, it can be said that the resolution coincides with the quantization step Q (and therefore is measured in Volts). We can say that the quantization step Q corresponds to the LSB because two c ...
The SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) protocol, or rather the SPI interface, was originally devised by Motorola (now Freescale) to support their microprocessors and microcontrollers. Unlike the I2C standard designed by Philips, the SPI interface has never been standardized; nevertheless, it has become a de-facto standard. National Semiconductor has developed a variant of the SPI under the name Microwire bus. The lack of official rules has led to the addition of many features and options that must be appropriately selected and set in order to allow proper communication between the various inte ...
EEPROMs (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memories) allow the non-volatile storage of application data or the storage of small amounts of data in the event of a power failure. Using external memories that allow you to add storage capacity for all those applications that require data recording. We can choose many types of memories depending on the type of interface and their capacity.
EEPROMs are generally classified and identified based on the type of serial bus they use. The first two digits of the code identify the serial bus used:
Parallel: 28 (for example 28C512) much used ...
Hello friends, I hope you all are doing great. In today's lecture, we will have a look at the I2C Communication with STM32 Microcontroller board. I am going to use the Nucleo board for today's lecture. In the previous lecture, we have discussed STM32 Serial communication both in Interrupt Mode and polling Mode. Today, we will study another way of communication(i.e. I2C) with STM32. So, let's first have a look at what is I2C Communication:
What is I2C Communication?
I²C (Inter-Integrated Circuit) is a two-wire serial communication system used between integrated circuits. Like any serial protoc ...