The Engineering Projects

Introduction to NPN Transistor

Hello Friends! I hope you are well. Today, I am going to give you a detailed Introduction to NPN transistor. In this tutorial, we'll look at the NPN transistor, how it works, circuit diagram, output characteristics curve, and applications. It is a bipolar junction transistor mainly used for current amplification and switching purposes. BJTs (Bipolar Junction Transistor) are divided into two types i.e. NPN transistor and PNP transistor. Both transistors are different in terms of their electrical composition and construction, however, both are used for amplification and switching purposes in one way or the other.

What is NPN Transistor?

• NPN transistor is a bipolar junction transistor(BJT), composed of 3 semiconductor layers in a way that one P-doped layer(Base) is sandwiched between two N-doped layers(Emitter & Collector) and is mainly used for current amplification and fast switching.
• In NPN transistors, the majority charge carriers are electrons and thus conduction is carried out by the flow of electrons from emitter to collector.
• NPN transistor package comes with three terminals named:
  1. Emitter.
  2. Base.
  3. Collector.
• These terminals are used for external connection with the circuit and a small current at the base terminal is used to control the large current at the collector and emitter side. (We will cover it in detail in the working section)

Let's have a look at the symbol of NPN transistor:

NPN Transistor Symbol

• As we use logos to represent companies, similarly in electronics, specific symbols are used to represent components. These electronic symbols prove helpful in designing circuit diagrams especially block diagrams of electronic models.
• Below figure shows the NPN transistor's Symbol:

Now let's have a look at the Construction of NPN Transistor:

Construction of NPN Transistor

• NPN transistor consists of 3 regions, two of them are constructed using N-type semiconductor material while the third one is of P-Type Semiconductor.
• The P-type region is sandwiched between these two N-Type regions.
• So hypothetically, NPN Transistor is constructed by connecting two diodes in opposite directions.
• The equivalent circuit of NPN transistor is shown in the below figure:

• An NPN transistor has two P-N junctions in it, named as:
  1. Emitter-Base Junction.
  2. Collector Base Junction.

Doping Concentration in NPN Transistor

• Impurities are added to Intrinsic(Pure) Semiconductors which increase their conductivity and are called Extrinsic(Doped) Semiconductors.
• In NPN transistors, the Base region is heavily doped, the Emitter is lightly doped while Collector's doping lies in between the Base & Emitter.
• So, in terms of doping concentration from high to low, we have the sequence as follow:

Base > Collector > Emitter

• Moreover, the Base region is constructed using P-type semiconductors, while Emitter & Collector are designed using N-type semiconductors.

Now, let's have a look at the working of NPN transistors:

How NPN Transistor Works?

• The NPN transistor comes with two junctions, called:
  1. Emitter-Base Junction.
  2. Collector-Base Junction.
• The NPN transistor sets in operating condition when an emitter-base junction is forward biased and the collector-base junction is reverse biased and enough current is present at the base terminal. In order to make emitter-base junction forward biased, a positive voltage is applied at the base side and a negative voltage is applied at the emitter side.
• Similarly, in order to make emitter-base junction reverse biased, collector voltage must be kept more positive than base and collector.

Circuit Diagram

Following figure shows the circuit diagram of the NPN transistor.

• We can see from the diagram, voltage and resistive loads are applied at the terminals of the transistor.
• A negative voltage is connected to the emitter while a positive voltage is connected to the base terminals.
• The base is more positive with respect to the emitter.
• The resistive load is applied at the base terminal which limits the current produced in this terminal.
• The positive voltage is applied at the collector terminal and load resistance is applied at this terminal that limits the electrons entering at this terminal.

Working

• The base is responsible for initiating transistor action. When a voltage is applied at the base, it gets biased and draws a small current which is then used to control a large current at the collector and emitter side.
• The base action is considered as an ON-OFF valve that generates current when a proper bias voltage is applied at this terminal.
• The small change in the voltage applied at the base terminal shows a large impact on the output terminals. Actually, the base acts as an input and the collector acts as an output in NPN transistor.
• In case of silicon transistor emitter-base junction draws voltage around 0.7 when there is no voltage at the base terminal, in order to initiate the electron action and put the transistor in running condition, the base voltage must be greater than 0.7 voltage in the case of silicon transistor and 0.3 in case of germanium transistor.
• In the N-side of the transistor which represents emitter, the electrons act as the majority charge carriers which are then diffused into the base when a suitable voltage is applied at the base terminal. These electrons act as minority charge carriers when they enter the base terminal, where they join with holes present in the base. Not all electrons join with the holes present at the base terminal. Some of them join with the holes, and the resulting electron-hole pair disappears. Most of the electrons leave the base terminal and then enter the collector region where they again act as a majority charge carriers.
• When a voltage is applied across the base terminal, the base current is given by;

 

• Collector current is directly related to base current times a constant factor.
• In order to increase the efficiency of the NPN transistor, the base is made very thin and a collector is made thick for two reasons i.e collector can handle more heat and accept more electrons diffused through the base terminal.

Current Gains and Relation between Them

• Current gains play an important role in the amplification process. The common emitter current gain is a ratio between collector current and base current. It is called beta and denoted by ß. It is also known as an amplification factor which defines the amount of current being amplified.
• Beta is a ratio between two currents, so it features no unit. The beta value is always greater than unity and ranges between 20 to 1000 - 20 for high power transistors and 1000 for low power transistors, however, most of the time its value is taken as 50.
• Similarly, a common base current gain is another important factor which is a ratio between collector current and emitter current. It is called alpha and denoted by a. An alpha value ranges between 0.95 and 0.99, however, most of the time its value is taken as unity.
• Following figure shows the relation between two current gains.

• IF alpha = 0.99 then b = 0.99/0.01 = 99.
• An alpha value cannot exceed from unity, because it is a ratio between collector current and emitter current i.e emitter current always remains greater than collector current because it exhibits 100% current of the transistor and is equal to the sum of collector current and base current.

NPN Transistor Configurations

• This NPN transistor can be configured into three configurations called common emitter configuration, common collector configuration, and common base configuration.
• Common emitter configuration is mostly used for amplification purpose where base acts as an input, collector acts as an output while emitter acts as a common terminal between input and output.
• This common emitter configuration acts always operates in a linear region where small current at the base side is used to control large current at the collector side.
• The common emitter configuration used in the electronic circuits always produces inverted output that is highly affected by the bias voltage and temperature. This configuration is an ideal choice for ampliation circuits because it comes with high input impedance and low output impedance and produces the exact voltage and power gain required for amplification purpose.
• During common emitter configuration, transistor always operates between saturation and cut-off region that helps in amplifying the negative and positive cycles of the input signals. If the base terminal is not biased with the proper voltage, only half of the signal would be amplified.

Output Characteristics Curve of NPN Transistor

Following figure shows the output characteristic curve of the NPN bipolar transistor which is plotted between output collector current and the collector-emitter voltage with varying base current.

• As described earlier, there will be no output collector current if the applied voltage at the base terminal is zero. When proper bias voltage above 0.7 V, is applied at the base terminal, it gets biased and draws current that controls and effects the output collector current.
• We can see, Vce directly effects the value of output collector current as long as the applied voltage is 1 V. Above that value collector current no longer remains under the influence of Vce value. In that case, the collector current is widely dependent and controlled by the base current. A small change in the base current and bias voltage would produce a large change in the collector current.
• The load resistor applied at the collector terminal controls the amount of current entering the collector terminals. Keeping in the view of the load resistor and the voltage applied at the collector-emitter terminals, the collector current is given by;

• Straight load line between point A and B falls under active region when an emitter-base junction is forward biased and the transistor conducts where electrons are majority charge carriers.
• The Q point in the graph can be defined by the load line which is actually referred as an operating point of the transistor.
• The output characteristics curve of this NPN transistor is used to describe the collector current when base current and collector voltage is given.
• In order to conduct, collector voltage needs to be more positive than base and emitter.
• It is important to note that, when an emitter-base junction is not forward biased, Ic will be zero, no matter how much voltage is applied at the base terminals. When the emitter-base junction is forward biased and voltage is applied at the base terminal, it draws small current which is then used to control large current at other terminals.

Difference between NPN and PNP Transistors

• Both NPN and PNP transistors are different in terms of electrical construction and layers doping. NPN stands for negative-positive-negative and also known as sourcing device. While PNP stands for positive-negative-positive and also known as sinking device.
• In NPN transistor base is positive as compared to emitter and collector voltage is more positive as compared to both emitter and base. Similarly, in PNP transistor base is negative as compared to emitter and emitter voltage is much larger than collector voltage.
• The voltage polarities and current directions are reversed in both transistors.
• The NPN transistor conducts and initiates transistor action when a positive voltage is applied at the base terminal. The PNP transistor conducts when a negative voltage lower 0.7 V (for silicon) than emitter voltage is applied at the base terminal.
• The NPN transistor uses electrons as majority charge carriers for the conduction while PNP transistor uses holes as majority charge carriers for conduction process.
• In NPN transistor current flows from the collector to emitter while in case of PNP transistor current flows from emitter to collector terminal.
• Both transistors differ in terms of how they are powered on. The NPN transistor powers on when there is enough current present at the base terminal while PNP transistor powers on when there is no current at the base terminal.

Now, let's have a look at the applications of NPN transistor:

Applications of NPN Transistor

NPN Transistor is the most commonly used type of transistor because of its wide range of applications. A few of NPN transistor applications are as follows:

• As NPN transistors are fast switching devices, thus they are used for switching purposes i.e. Pulse Width Modulation.
• NPN transistors are also used as automatic switches in electronics products.
• Because of high current gain, NPN transistors are used for current amplification i.e. small current at input allows heavy current to pass at the output(Ic).
• In embedded computers(i.e. microcontrollers, microprocessors etc.), thousands of transistors are joined together(in SMD form) performing different functions i.e. switching of pins.

Real-Life Applications of NPN Transistor

• Used in logarithmic converters and high-frequency applications.
• Signal processing and radio transmission applications involve NPN transistors.
• Darlington pair circuits make use of this NPN transistor for amplifying signals.
• Used in temperature sensor.
• Push-Pull amplifying circuits, which fall under the category of the classic amplifier circuit, make use of this NPN transistor.
• In small quantities, transistors are used to make logic circuits and in the circuits where amplification is required.

That's all for today. I hope you have got clear what is NPN transistor and why it is used for. If you are unsure or have any questions, you can approach me in the comment section below, I'd love to help you according to the best of my expertise and knowledge. Feel free to keep us updated with your feedback and suggestions, they help us provide you quality content that aligns with your needs and requirements. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to 2n5884

Hey Friends! Hope you are doing great. I am here to provide you the technical knowledge that helps you stay ahead of your competitors. Today, I am going to unlock the details on the Introduction to 2n5884. It is a power PNP bipolar junction transistor mainly used for general purpose amplification and switching purpose. This is a complementary silicon epitaxial-base transistor that can support 25 A and 80 V. I'll discuss each and everything related to this transistor i.e. what it does, its pinout, circuit diagram and main applications. You must have a look at comprehensive read on Introduction to Bipolar Transistor if you are unsure how these bipolar transistors work. Before we dive into the details of this PNP transistor we must be aware what is transistor? The transistor is a semiconductor device that comes with three terminals where a voltage applied to one pair of terminals controls the current on the other pair of terminals. Let's dive in and explore everything you need to know about this PNP transistor.

Introduction to 2n5884

• The 2n5884 is a power PNP bipolar transistor mainly used for general purpose amplification and switching purpose.
• It is a silicon semiconductor device that comes with three terminals called emitter, base, and collector.
• It comes with three layers where one N-doped layer is housed between two P-doped layers. The N layer represents the base of the transistor, while other two layers represent emitter and collector respectively.
• This component is also known as a current controlled device where a voltage applied at the base terminal is used to control large current at the emitter and collector terminals.
• This PNP component is a little bit different than its counterpart NPN transistor, however, both are bipolar components where current is carried out by the movement of both charge carriers i.e. electrons and holes. Electrons are major charge carriers in NPN transistor and holes are major charge carriers in PNP transistor.

• When a voltage is applied at the base terminal, it gets biased and draws current which is then used to control large current at the emitter and collector terminals.
• All these three terminals are different in terms of their size and doping concentration. An emitter is highly doped and carries more current as compared to base and collector. The base is lightly doped which is responsible to trigger electron reaction at the base terminal. The collector is moderately doped which accepts the holes in case of this PNP transistor.
• Output current obtained at the collector terminal is highly dependent on the voltage applied at the base terminal. This process is used for amplification purpose.
• You must have a look at the construction of diode which plays a vital role in the construction of this bipolar transistor.

Pinout of 2n5884

• Following figure shows the pinout of this PNP transistor which is composed of three terminals.

1. Base 2. Emitter 3. Collector 

• Movement of holes plays an important role in the output current obtained at the output terminals.
• Unlike NPN transistor, a negative voltage is applied at the base terminal in this PNP transistor where the base is more negative as compared to emitter and collector.

Circuit Diagram of 2n5884

Following figure shows the circuit diagram of 2n5884.

• An emitter is highly doped so current at the emitter side more than current at the collector and base side. Actually, emitter current is the sum of base and collector current.
• Unlike NPN transistor, holes are diffused through the base from the emitter in this PNP transistor, which are then collected by the collector.
• This PNP transistor is used for amplification purpose, however, most of the professionals don't recommend this transistor for amplification purpose and pick NPN transistor for amplification because conduction carried out by the movement of electrons is more effective and suitable than conduction carried out by the movement of holes.
• This transistor is different than JFET which is unipolar transistor i.e conduction is carried out by single charge carrier.

Absolute Maximum Ratings

• Following figure shows the absolute maximum ratings of this PNP transistor.

• It is important to note that, these are the suitable stress ratings recommended by the manufacturer, which if exceed from absolute maximum ratings, can damage the device severely.
• Similarly, if these ratings are applied for the maximum period of time above normal operating conditions, they can affect the overall reliability of the device.
• Take these ratings into consideration and make sure this component exhibits and follows same ratings defined by the manufacturer before you intend to place this component into your project.
• Proper measurements taken the early stages of your project can save your bunch of time and worry that can affect the nature and overall performance of the project.

Applications

• This component is used for amplification and switching purpose.

You must also have a look at following transistors of same nature used for amplification, switching, and different electronic applications.

• 2n3773 - NPN transistor
• 2n5401 - PNP transistor

That's all for today. I hope you have found enough information about this component. In case you are feeling unsure or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to best of my knowledge and expertise. Keep your suggestions and feedback coming, they allow us to give you quality content that aligns with your field of interest. Thanks for reading the article.

Electronic Components Distributor for PCB Projects

Hey Friends! This is a platform where we strive to keep you updated with useful information that exhibits technical aspect in any way so you don't get overwhelmed by all the data placed across the web and find all information in one place. Today, I am going to give you a quick review about e-commerce store that deals in electronic devices and components called WinSource which is an electronic components distributor from China. You must also have a look at BC107 - an NPN transistor which is an essential component for many electronic circuits mainly used for amplification and switching purpose. If you are a student and technology geek, you need to streamline your electronic projects every now and then. You can find electronic components anywhere that are readily available, but when it comes to dealing with complex projects that require precision and accuracy, you need to pay special heed to arrange the exact component that undergoes and follows same operating condition defined by the manufacturer. If you ignore the absolute maximum ratings or stress ratings while streamlining your project, they can severely affect the nature and overall performance of your project. This is where this e-commerce store comes into play, where you can find components that come with perfection and accuracy.

Electronic Components Distributor

Picking an online store for electronic components is kind of tricky especially when you are unsure the product you get, comes with top-quality and fulfills the requirements of your project. Don't you worry, we have got you covered. We are going to give a quick review of an outstanding electronic components distributor from China known as Win-Source that helps you make a final decision.

All Information In Place

This electronic components distributor has placed all information on the website and comes with easy instructions and everything you need to know before placing an order. Some people don't feel comfortable providing their information at first place, but you can trust them. Why? Because we have personal experience working with them multiple times. They don't exchange or sell your information for the sake of their credibility. Rest assured, everything you provide will be used as per requirement or getting back to you. You can follow the following steps to place your order. It is advised to follow all instructions placed on the cart screen and provide all details as per requirement in order to complete the order.

Online Order

When you are planning to place an order, you get intimidated by the registration form that opens up right in front of your face. We can understand, not everyone likes to fill out the whole registration form at first place especially when they are unsure to place an order. However, if you fill the registration form, this saves you a bunch of time and worry and gives an ultimate guarantee that your order is properly taken care of. You can start your free registration on that site. There are many benefits placing your order online and fulfilling the registration form i.e. you can check shipment history, order history, view an account statement, customize your order and modify your personal information.

Off-line Order

Don't you worry if you are not feeling comfortable sharing your personal information online. They know not every customer comes with same mindset and interest. They put customers' need on the top and provide a solution that resonates with their field of interest and makes them feel satisfied. You can place an order offline if you contact them through email at sales@win-source.net But, there are some limitations placing an order offline i.e. if you place order offline, a delay can occur before your order is secured, which can put your order at risk, because there is a chance other customer places order online for that specific product and secures the product online before your entry for that product is secured offline. It is advised to put order online.

Advanced Technical Support

This electronic components distributor comes with top-notch customer service and advanced technical support that tries its best to fulfill your demands and requirements. They take an extra mile and go out of their way to solve your questions and queries relating to a specific product. Advanced technical support includes:

• Packing Service
• Testing Service
• Program Service
• Logistics Service

Return Policy

This electronic components distributor comes with a return policy that gives you the flexibility of replacing your order in case you get a faulty product or the product you got, doesn't align with your project you are working on. You can inform them within 365 days. Did I write 365 days? Yes, that's right. They have a dedicated team of professionals and experts that assist you finding relevant components and guide you if you need technical help. Not every company provides and keeps you updated with every information that deems necessary before placing an order. This is where this electronic components distributor stays ahead of its competitors. You should also check their return policy. Note: There is a difference between placing your order in a cart and securing the order. When you place your order in a cart, make sure to complete it instantly. However, the order you put in the cart will get stayed in the cart for seven days provided that no other customer secures that order within that duration.

Cost-Effective Price

Economical and most competitive price is another advantage you get working with this store. Maintaining a good quality with an economical price is not an easy job, which they do quite satisfactory. They take an active part in the discussions initiated by their customers and help them with a definite solution until they feel completely satisfied. This clearly shows they prefer maintaining and building relationships rather than achieving final goals.

FAQs Section

The good thing about this electronic components distributor is that they have dedicated section about FAQs on their website, so you don't feel left out in the process and get every information before placing and securing your order.

No Extra Charges

They don't put extra charges to the components that are not readily available and difficult to find. They deliver exactly what they promise. Fulfilling customers' needs is their job and providing them top-notch service is their duty. When you know the company you are working with, provides a quality product with the intention of retaining their customers, you can pay attention to the other steps of your project like designing or executing the project. Win-Source is an online store that strives to provide the cost-effective and dynamic solution to their customers. All operations on their store are ISO9001 and ISO14001 certified, that sets you free from the doubt of getting a low-quality product. Following are the main benefits I have summarized you get working with this electronic components distributor.

• Economical Cost
• Quality Product
• Optimum Customer service
• Secure order online and offline
• Keep an eye on shipment and order history
• Can get obsolete and hard to find components
• Customize and modify your personal and order details after the order is placed
• View an invoice and account statement
• Advanced technical support including packing service, testing service, program service, and logistics service

That's all for today. I hope you have got enough information to make a final decision about this electronic components distributor. Following are essential components you must be using for an amplification purpose, and you can order these components from this online store.

• 2n3773 - NPN transistor
• 2n5088 - PNP transistor
• 2n3055 - NPN transistor
• 2n4401 - NPN transistor

If you are unsure or feeling skeptical, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to best of my expertise in any way I can. Feel free to keep us updated with your suggestions, they allow us to give you quality content. Thanks for reading the article.

What is SMO? Relation between SMO and SEO

Hi Friends! I am back to give you a daily dose of valuable information, so you can excel and grow in your relevant field. Today, I am going to uncover the details on What is SMO and What is the Relation between SMO and SEO? This is the twelveth article of complete SEO series. You can check my previous article on Influencer Outreach where I have highlighted the ways to do it effectively. We cannot overlook the importance of SEO throughout the blogging journey. If you really want to grow and escalate your online presence in the early stages of your business, you must pay special heed to the SEO strategies that play an important role to put your blog on the top of search results. Before we move forward and define the role of SMO in SEO, we must we aware what is SMO? SMO stands for Social Media Optimization. It is a list of techniques and strategies used for increasing your blog or product awareness through social media platforms like facebook, twitter, LinkedIn. This also includes the bookmarking sites like Reddit and stumble upon and blogs that fall into your niche. While looking for SEO and SMO, some people are concerned which is more important? Or SMO does really matter to help boost your ranking in search engines?

• It's true that SMO doesn't directly affect the SEO and help your content appear on the top of search results, but it really helps your business gets more exposure and visibility to the targeted audience. However, apart from that, if you closely look to the businesses who do good in search engines, you will get to know they have strong social signals pointing to their website.

Now, search engines give more value to the business who manage both SEO and SMO instead of the ones who only take care of SEO.

• SMO falls under the Off-Page SEO which is essential to appear your blog or business on the top of search results. There are many factors affecting your social media profile.

How you curate and organize your social media profile plays an important role in the visibility of your business to the targeted audience. You can check the complete guide of SEO tutorials where I have combined all articles related to On Page and Off Page SEO.

What is SMO?

SMO is defined as a process used for increasing online awareness of your content or product through social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin, Instagram. It includes how your content and business is curated, organized and managed through social media platforms. You'd be doing injustice to the overall health of your business if you are paying attention to SEO only, all the while ignoring the importance of social media. There are three ways your content appears online

• Your content appears on the top of search results
• You are recommended by other websites your audience visits
• You get a presence on the social media platforms

All three ways fall under inbound marketing where you use techniques to approach the relevant audience.

• Optimizing your content for SMO plays an important role to make Google think your content is worthy and brings value to the customers.

The invention of social media has changed, if not entirely, the concept of search engines. No doubt, search engines have their own importance in bringing traffic to your site, but we cannot undermine the importance of SMO. Some people who don't bother to look for their desired product through search engines' search, find it useful to look for the product on social media because it gives more flexibility and helps them make a final decision. More social shares on social media is a hint that the product is worthy which is recommended by the relevant visitor that exhibits the same interest as yours. SMO helps in

• More Leads
• High traffic
• Business explore
• Better SEO

Now, search engines' algorithms and criteria to look for relevant and best content have been changed. Apart from better SEO, you must give equal importance to SMO. Search engines give more importance to the content that is well-distributed and shared on social platforms.

• Most of the businesses overlook the importance of SMO, and they work and give importance to SEO only which is not beneficial in the long run.

How SMO Works and Relates with SEO

Optimization is defined as steps and actions that are taken to streamline a strategy for using the situation and resource effectively. Social media optimization is not just creating and building a social media profile on every platform that comes into play. Although, it is imperative to create the social media profile in order to boost online presence, however, things start working when someone else shares or recommends your content or product on their social platforms.

• Getting a backlink from your own profiles exhibits less value as compared to links from diverse social media platforms.

If you want your product is spread across the social media and your voice is heard, make sure to engage with the audience and help them provide a definite solution to their problems.

• Take an active part in the discussions initiated by your visitors, so they can anticipate you value interactions and relationships more than getting financial goals.

SMO and SEO work on the same principle i.e. to create awareness about the blog or product and generate more traffic, but there is a little difference between them.

• SEO is a search engine optimization where you optimize your website keeping in the view of search engine protocols and SMO is a social media optimization where you optimize your website or product with the help of social media platforms.

How Google Considers Social Signals

Google looks each social signal like a regular HTML page, but does it help your content appear on the top of search results?

• It doesn't directly help, if it did, it would be very easy for the marketer to manipulate the search engines and get top position in the search results. The quantity of social shares holds less value than the quality of social signals.

Google appreciates if your business is getting a number of social signals, but google gives more importance to the quality of social signals you get. If you Google catches you up, you are manipulating search engines by fake social signal recommendation, Google will instantly block your site or leave you with a warning.

• Social media optimization and search engine optimization are closely related to each other. We wouldn't be exaggerating if we say, social media platforms act as a search engine for some people.

Your content is easily found on search engines when you take care of SEO that takes visitors close to the purchase of your services. This is where SMO comes into play.

• When visitors come to your site with the intention of your product is widely spread and shared across the social media and recommended by the visitors of the same interest, they take no time making a final decision.

You can use our Social Share Counter SMO tool, especially designed by our experts, that helps you count the number of social shares of a certain webpage. This way you can analyze the content and develop a strategy that helps you increase the social shares. Following things, you must be considering while you prepare your content for social media.

Quality Content

If you want your content is widely shared across the social media platform, make sure you have produced quality content that resonates with the requirements of your visitors. Organize your content in such a way that you properly deal and touch the problems your targeted audience is facing. This will force them to share your content so other people of same interest can get the advantage of your content.

Keyword Research

What is the importance of creating quality content if your content doesn't organize and develop around the keywords your audience is looking for? Do your homework and explore the keywords audience types when they look for the specific product. This will help you get a clear idea of what your visitors are looking for. There are many tools available to make your content prepare around certain keywords. You can start with free tools like Google Keyword Planner.

Add Social Media Buttons

Make sure to add social media buttons to the content or blog post your share, so your visitors find no difficulty sharing your content across the web in case they find something useful. Also, the social media profiles you create must include the link back to your website. This will help the visitors come to your website in case they are in need of more information regarding the specific product.

Final Thought

• SMO and SEO are closely related to each other. SEO helps your content appear on the top of search results, while SMO boosts your online presence by appearing your content in front of the targeted audience.
• Google does give value to the content and business that come with lots of social shares.
• It is like a grey area, we cannot completely admit that SMO helps your content appear on the top of search results, but it does help to increase your online presence that ultimately brings more visitors on your site.
• Your business success depends on both SEO and SMO, you cannot ignore any of them to make your content appear before the relevant audience.
• The practical way to boost your online presence through social media is to engage your customers, help them solve their problems and let them highlight the features and advantages of your product in their own words.
• It takes a lot of hard work and planning before you are pretty nifty about organizing social media platforms, but, if it is done properly, no one can stop your brand accelerate and get a renowned position in the market.

That's all for today. I hope you have found this article useful. In the next post, we will cover Web 2.0 and how it is related to SEO. In case you are feeling skeptical or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to the best of my expertise. Feel free to keep us updated with your feedback and suggestions, they allow us to provide you quality work that resonates with your needs and demands. Thanks for reading the article.

Raspberry Pi 3 Projects

Hey Fellas! Hope you are doing great. Our team always keeps your needs and demands on the top so you keep coming back for what we have to offer. Based on recent comments and suggestions given by our valuable visitors, I have decided to arrange all of our Raspberry Pi 3 projects so you get a clear idea What is Raspberry Pi 3 and How it is used for the execution of many projects? Are you feeling skeptical about learning Raspberry Pi 3 basics? Don't you worry, I have got you covered. I'll arrange all articles related to raspberry pi 3 in a sequence from beginner to pro level, so you find all information in one place and grab the main concept easily. Let's dive in and explore each and everything related to Raspberry Pi 3.

Raspberry Pi 3 - Basics

Raspberry Pi 3 is not a new device and most of the people are aware of it. In case, you are not, let me help you with the basic functions and features of this device and everything you need to know.

• What is Raspberry Pi 3??? In this tutorial, I have explained Introduction to Raspberry Pi 3 i.e. what is raspberry pi 3? how it is used for? Its main features and hardware specifications and what operating system are used to operate this device. This article proves to be very beneficial if you are new to this device.
• Installation of Rasbian on Raspberry Pi 3 SD Card This is a very important tutorial in order to make your device ready for operation. In this tutorial, you will get to know, how to install Raspbian on the SD card of Raspberry Pi 3. SD card works as a hard drive of this device and Raspbian is an operating system used to put the device in a running condition.
• How to Setup 7 inch HDMI LCD with Raspberry Pi 3??? Now, you are familiar with the Raspberry Pi 3 and you have successfully installed an operating system on this device. Now is the perfect time to use this device for controlling and running of external electronic devices. In this tutorial, you will learn easy steps how to connect 7 inch LCD with Raspberry Pi 3. In order to execute this project in real time, you need 5 main things i.e. Raspberry Pi 3, SD card, 7 inch LCD, USB mouse, and keyboard.
• How to Control Raspberry Pi 3 from Laptop ??? This tutorial includes a comprehensive read on how to control raspberry pi 3 from the laptop. You will get a quick review with images how to install VNC server on raspberry pi 3. This is a third party tool used to control raspberry pi 3 from the laptop.
• LED Blinking using Raspberry Pi 3 This tutorial is very important for the beginners who take a deep interest in embedded projects. In this tutorial, we break down everything in easy steps to interface LED with a digital pin of raspberry pi 3. We have developed simple code in Python to turn LED device ON & OFF.
• How to Create a GUI in Raspberry Pi 3??? This tutorial is linked to our previous tutorial on LED blinking. We have used the same project and added a GUI to it. This GUI gives a presentable form to your project. We have added buttons on GUI that allow our LED turn ON & OFF. You must be expert in creating a GUI before you get a hold of bigger projects.
• How to Create PWM in Raspberry Pi 3 ??? We are going to work on the same project where we have interfaced LED with raspberry pi 3 and then created GUI buttons to control the LED. In this tutorial, you will learn how to control the intensity of LED by creating PWM pulse. You'll also get an overview of how to use Scale in Raspberry Pi 3.

ExamSnap - Reliable in Passing IT Certification Exams

When studying for a major exam, it is important to look for every tool or asset that could benefit you on the day of the test. Most exams from vendors such as ISC, Cisco, ITIL, Citrix, VMware, Microsoft and CompTIA are very challenging. IT professionals and others looking to get ahead in their career must ensure they are fully prepared if they want to pass these examinations on the first try. That is why it is a good idea to find a website where exam dumps and sample questions are readily available. The problem for many test takers is there are so many such sites when you search on Google. You may get confused about what site is going to offer you the most features. ExamSnap is the perfect training courses platform where you can access dumps of past exams and it puts you in a terrific position. Also, it has accurate past test materials. Here you can see some features that you can seek from ExamSnap! READ ON…

Helps to Know The Exam Pattern

ExamSnap is a platform that helps to get an upper hand on test day. Since, most of these examinations are testing specific programs, subjects or positions and it's important for the test taker to have a good understanding of the material on the exam. But, any standardized test taker can tell you that acing an exam does not just about know the material, it's also about knowing the exam. When you know the exam, you have the upper hand before you have even walked into the testing room.

Provide Sample Questions

ExamSnap.com is a website that offers VCE exam dumps and sample questions. With sample questions, it is possible to know what types of ways the material is going to be tested. For example, a professional who is about to take an exam about Microsoft Office may know the ins and outs of the various programs and their features, but the test taker may not know about how that information will be tested. If they are not sure about how the questions are worded, or how they are being tested, mistakes can be made on test day.

Provides Numerous Practical Exams

ExamSnap will offer numerous practical exams so that you can know precisely what is being tested, and how it will be tested. While you are not going to get the identical questions from past exams, the format and frequency of those questions will be identical. Unless there is a new version of the exam when you sit for it, you are getting the same exam. And if you have gone through the various exam dumps and you have done many practice exams, you will be more than ready.

Offers Good Support

It is pointless to find a site with exams from five years ago, as those will not be the latest version. ExamSnap will not only provide the past exams but also offers good support to its customers. When you have past exams from a few months ago, you know you are at the right site. It is also important to get instant access to those products, instead of having to wait for hours after you make a purchase.

Provide Detailed Explanation

At ExamSnap.com, you'll be able to find exam questions as well as detailed explanations of the answers. Under each question, there's also an option to discuss it with other users of the website if you need further help or clarification about something. Once you've adequately prepared by practicing the past exam papers, your chances of passing your exams and getting your certification is a lot higher.

Conclusion

To save yourself the hassle of finding a trusted exam provider, visit ExamSnap now. Our finest quality and uniquely built products are hard to find. We provide thousands of Microsoft, Cisco, CompTIA exams that are the best value for your time and money. ExamSnap is a really reliable site if you’re looking for IT certification training materials. So whether you seek to obtain heights in Cisco, Microsoft, IBM, Oracle, HP, CompTIA or any other IT area, ExamSnap is your ultimate guide. Pass your next certification exam fast! All you need is to visit the site and check ‘New Files’ page. There you will find hundreds of exam dumps vce files that can be downloaded absolutely free. Also website offers all the necessary video courses you need for your exam preparation. The home page also has the section named‘Hot Certifications’ where you can find other courses, for example CCDA, CCDP, CCENT and many more. The home page also has the section named ‘Top 50 Practice Exams’ where you can find certification exams, for instance, Cisco, Microsoft, CompTIA and many other certifications practice exams.

JLCPCB: A Quick PCB Manufacturer - Only PCB Solution You Need

Hi Friends! We are here to help you with valuable information keeping in view of your needs and requirements. This is a platform where you get knowledge related to engineering & technology and anything exhibits technical aspect. Today, I am going to give a quick review of one of the best PCB fabrication houses called JLCPCB. PCB plays an important role in the execution of many projects. A recent surge in an innovative technology has removed the need of joining various electronic components using old methods where you required an end to end wiring to place components together. This is where PCB comes into play.

JLCPCB Fabrication House

If you take a deep interest in the embedded system, more often than not, you need to fabricate the PCB. It is good to fabricate your PCB on your own if you have enough time before the execution of the project. But when you have many projects in place, fabricating PCB by yourself is not a good idea. This is where you look for the fabrication house on which you can trust and expect quality service. Selecting a right PCB fabrication house is kind of tricky and time consuming when you're overwhelmed by lot of information available on the internet. I'd be doing injustice if I wasn't giving an unbiased review about this outstanding PCB fabrication house known as JLCPCB. This is not an exaggeration. This is the result of our personal experience working with them. They are the quick PCB manufacturer and provide top-notch service. Their quality product has forced me to write a quick review about them. If you are unsure and skeptical of where to start the designing process, you can look at this list of Top 10 PCB Design Software.

Best Quality

Everyone is concerned, when it comes to quality. Yes, you wouldn't like to put your whole project at stake for sake of getting the low-quality product. JLCPCB understands the nature and complexity of your project and provides you quality product that resonates with your needs and demands so you keep coming back for what they have to offer.

Live Chat Support

If you are a new customer or returning one, they deal with everyone equally. They help you throughout the whole process i.e. from citing the quotation to the completion of the end product, so you don't feel you are left out in the process. They come with a quick chat support service where you can ask them anything related to your desired product. Make sure you contact them during their business hours. If you are unable to connect them through live chat support service during business hours you can leave them a message at support@jlcpcb.com, they will give you quick response at their earliest. They take out of the box approach to deal with your questions and queries until you feel satisfied.

Quick Quotation

Placing an order is very easy. You don't need to get intimidated by registering or login before you place an order. This quick PCB manufacturer house comes with PCB calculator on their site from where you can put the details of your product and get an instant quote. However, you'll be asked to register and put login details once you are sure and satisfied with the quotation. This saves you a bunch of time and worry, making sure only serious people put their login details who are deeply interested in getting the required product. They are in this PCB fabrication field for 10 years now and retain almost 200,000 customers around the world. This is a big achievement though. No? You decide. You can get a quote from this quick PCB manufacturer here.

Forum

The forum is an important introduction to their website where many professional of the same interest take an active part in the discussion running on their website. If you are unsure or have any question, you can ask in the forum, you'll get an instant reply. They also have a team of professionals who keep your needs and demands on the top, making sure you are completely satisfied before you place an order.

Fast Delivery

Time appears to be very crucial for many projects especially when you have too many projects in place and you need to deliver in time. In this case, you look for the service who delivers within due date. Don't you worry, they have got you covered. They are quick PCB manufacturer and deliver exactly what they promise. However, lead time is different for different orders, based on the nature and complexity of the project. Generally, lead time ranges from 2 business days to 1 weeks week. However, if you are in hurry and require product before the lead time mentioned on their site, you can ask them in advance.

Types of PCB

They have an ability to fabricate any kind of PCB ranging from the single layer, double layer, multilayer, rigid to flexible PCB. They provide you ease of uploading of Gerber file of your product, so you can look and anticipate the whole PCB before it gets delivered to your place. This process refrains you from the risk of getting the wrong product that may cause a problem in the later stage of your project. However, in case you find a faulty product or you feel the product you get, doesn't align with your requirements, you can quickly ask for the replace or refund. They will either replace the product or give your full refund without any question asked.

Covered with Silkscreen and Soldermask

You might be thinking if the finished product is covered with solder mask and silkscreen layer? Yes, it does. The final product you get, contains proper finishing and traces are aligned together in a way that you won't find any broken layers. And the copper layers that are placed on the board are thick and can afford high temperature and pressure. Thick copper layers allow the board to dissipate energy, saving the project from too much heat that can cause problems in the execution process. Rigid-Flex is another type of PCB that is not available quite often but you can order it from this company.

Regular Maintenance

They have recently installed advanced lines, where they take proper measures and keep checking the machines with a regular interval, making sure preventive maintenance is properly maintained and controlled.

Economical Cost

Did I mention you'll get the product at the most economical cost? Yes, that's right. If you order few or in bulk, rest assured, you'll get the product in less price as compared to available in the market. Their low prices don't put you in doubt of getting low quality. They know how to keep the quality and price intact, making sure the product you get, matches with your needs and demands. You'd be thinking why I haven't mentioned any limitation or drawback of their service. Reality is, there is not any. In case, I had found one, I'd be the first person mentioning that at first place. Because we have an experience of getting their service multiple times and they haven't disappointed us once. That's all for today. This is enough to get you started and make a final decision. They are the quick PCB manufacturer and go an extra mile to meet your needs and demands. If you have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to best of my expertise in any way I can. Keep us updated with your valuable suggestions, they allow us to give you quality work. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to 7805

Hey Fellas! We always strive to keep you updated with best and valuable information so you keep coming back for what we have to offer. Today, I am going to uncover the details on the Introduction to 7805. It is a positive voltage regulator used for providing constant output voltage over a wide range of input voltage. Before we move on, you must be clear what is voltage regulation? Voltage regulation is referred as the measure of voltage change between input and output. The IC 7805 does the same thing. It provides constant output voltage when a range of different voltage is applied at the input terminal. This component comes with three terminals called input, ground, and output. This is called positive voltage regulator because it generates positive voltage with respect to the ground terminal. Transistors and voltage regulator IC like 7805 work in a similar way with the intention of providing voltage regulation. I'll discuss each and everything related this integrated circuits, so you get a clear idea what it does, and how it is used over a wide range of applications. Let's dive in and explore what is this about and everything you need to know.

Introduction to 7805

• 7805 is an IC used for voltage regulation and comes in TO-220 version. This component belongs to 78xx series where xx defines the output voltage it generates.
• Voltage fluctuation is a common practice during the execution of many electronic projects. This component overcomes and prevents this voltage fluctuation by providing a constant output voltage at the output terminal.
• The best part is that it doesn't require any additional components to set output voltage.
• It is a compact IC that comes with a built-in protection circuit that avoids the circuits from too much heating, making it suitable for circuits drawing high current.
• The input voltage range applied to the input terminals of this IC varies from 7 V to 18 V (in some cases 7 to 35 V), resulting in the generation of constant output voltage around 5 V.
• You can see, there is a huge difference between input voltage and the output voltage that gets regulated. This difference is discharged as heat. The surge of heat generation can damage the device and affect the overall project performance.
• There are two ways to overcome this heat generation i.e. you can use a heat sink that is widely used for heat dissipation OR you can limit the input current 2 to 3 V above the regulated voltage at the output terminal. For example, you'll get 5 V at the output terminal, so it is suitable to limit input voltage within 7 or 8 V.

• Heat sink comes in different sizes based on the amount of heat that is required to disperse. It is advised to calculate the size of heat sink before you put your voltage regulator in operation.
• With the addition of heat sink, this IC can control output current at around 1.0 A.
• This voltage regulator is an ideal choice for the applications where safe area compensation, thermal shutdown, and current limiting is required.
• This device is designed with the purpose of getting constant output voltage, however, it can be coupled with external components with the intention of generating desired voltage and current.
• This IC comes with an accurate circuit which generates constant voltage so no capacitors are required to produce smooth output, however, it is advised to place 10µF capacitors in the input and output terminal to remain in the safer side.

Pinout of 7805

• Following figure shows the pinout of this voltage regulator.

• Pin 1 shows the input voltage applied to this regulator which ranges between 7 to 18 V.
• Pin 2 shows the ground terminal. Voltage regulator generates positive voltage with respect to the ground terminal.
• Pin 3 shows the output terminal where regulated voltage is obtained. Regulated voltage shows the tolerance between 1.5 % to 2 %.
• This regulator has a capacity of controlling output current around 1 A.
• It shows a voltage dropout around 2 V. It is advised to provide minimum 7 V at the input terminal in order to obtain exact 5 V at the output terminal.

Absolute Maximum Ratings

• Following figure shows the absolute maximum ratings of 7805.

• These are the stress ratings, which if exceed from absolute maximum ratings, can damage the device severely.
• Before you place this regulator in the circuit, make sure it undergoes and exhibits same stress ratings as defined by the manufacturer.
• Similarly, it these stress ratings are applied for a maximum period of time above the normal operating conditions, they can affect the device reliability.
• These ratings are obtained with a storage temperature range at around 150 °C.
• This IC exhibits a thermal resistance around 5 °C/W which is the resistance in the heat flow.

Applications

This voltage regulator is used over a wide range of applications. Following are some main applications of this regulator.

• Used in a circuit where a constant voltage is required.
• It is used in a phone charger and portable CD player.
• UPS power supply circuit and remote control extension make use of this regulator.
• This regulator is widely used where internal circuit current limiting is required.
• Safe area compensation is another advantage obtained from this regulator.
• This regulator is mainly used for generating constant voltage output, but it can be customized to use for the required current and voltage at the output.
• It is an ideal choice for the applications which support current around 1.0 A to 1.5 A which cannot be obtained without proper heat sinking.
• Safe operating area protection and thermal shutdown make it suitable for many applications involving high temperature and pressure.

That's all for today. I hope you have found this article useful. If you are unsure or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you according to best of my expertise in any way I can. Keep your feedback and suggestions coming. They allow us to provide you quality work that aligns with your needs and demands. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to 2n3792

Hey Guys! Hope you are doing great. Transistors are the fundamental parts of the recent electronic devices. They are available in two types i.e. NPN and PNP transistors. Based on the technical aspect and utilization, both types come with different benefits and advantages. Today, I am going to discuss the details on the Introduction to 2n3792. It is a PNP (positive-negative-positive) silicon bipolar power transistor mainly used for amplification and medium speed switching. It is manufactured using epitaxial planer process and comes in TO-3 casing. I'll cover each and everything related to this transistor so you don't need to go anywhere and find all information in one place. Let's explore what is this about, its main applications and everything you need to know.

Introduction to 2n3792

• The 2n3792 is a PNP bipolar transistor which is mainly used for amplification and medium speed switching applications.
• It consists of three layers where one N-doped layer is housed between two P-doped layers.
• It has three terminals called emitter, base, and collector. All these terminals are different in terms of their doping concentrations. The emitter is highly doped as compared to base and collector terminals.
• In this transistor, base-emitter is more positive with respect to base and collector. While negative biased voltage is applied at the base terminal.
• It is a current controlled device where small current at the base side is used to control the large current at other terminals.

• In this PNP transistor, current directions and voltage polarities will be reversed as compared to NPN transistors.
• It works in a similar way to NPN transistor i.e. both are used for amplification purpose where small current at the base side is used to control the large current at the emitter and collector side, however, there is one exception, unlike NPN transistor, holes are diffused through base from the emitter and collected by the collector.
• This PNP transistor is rarely used for amplification purpose because conduction carried out by the movement of electrons is considered more valuable than conduction carried out by the movement of holes.

Pinout of 2n3792

• Following figure shows the pinout of this PNP transistor. It consists of three terminals.

1. Base 2. Emitter 3. Collector 

• Voltage is applied at the base terminal, which draws small current.
• The output current obtained at the collector terminal is highly dependent on the voltage applied at the base terminal. This process is used for amplification purpose.

Circuits Diagram of 2n3792

• Following figure shows the circuit diagram of 2n3792.

• Current at the emitter terminal is equal to the sum of current at the base and collector side. The emitter is highly doped so it exhibits more current as compared to other terminals.
• In this transistor current direction is reversed as compared to NPN transistor. In this case, current flows from collector to emitter.
• Voltage polarities are also reversed. Negatively biased voltage is applied at the base terminal in order to initiate holes reaction which is then used to control the large current at the other terminals.
• As the name suggests, this is a bipolar junction transistor where conduction is carried out by both charge carriers i.e. electrons and holes, but holes are majority charge carriers in this case. While electrons are majority charge carriers in NPN transistors.

Absolute Maximum Ratings of the 2n3792

• Following figure shows the absolute maximum rating of the 2n3792.

• These are the stress ratings that play an important role in the selection of this transistor for electronic circuits.
• If stress ratings exceed the absolute maximum ratings, they can damage the device.
• Similarly, if these ratings are applied for the maximum period of time above normal operating conditions, they can effect the reliability of the transistor. Before you pick this transistor for your project, make sure, it exhibits and undergoes same ratings as defined by the manufacturer.
• Power dissipation is 150 W and these absolute maximum ratings are taken at the absolute junction temperature around 200 ºC.
• Thermal resistance is 1.17 ºC/W which is the measure of resistance to the heat flow.

Applications

• This transistor is used for medium speed switching applications.
• It is also used for an amplification purpose.

That’s all for today. I hope you have found this article useful. If you are unsure or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. Your suggestions and feedback will be highly appreciated, they allow us to provide you quality work that resonates with your needs and expectations. Thanks for reading the article.

Introduction to 2n4123

Hey Guys! I am back to give you a daily dose of information so you can excel and grow in your relevant field and keep coming back for what we have to offer. If you are a hobbyist or student, you require a transistor for the execution of your project every now and then. Today, I am going to unlock the details on the Introduction to 2n4123. It is an NPN (negative-positive-negative) general purpose transistor which is mainly used for the amplification and switching purpose where collector current around 100mA is required. It is a semiconductor device mainly composed of silicon and comes with three terminals where a voltage applied to the one pair of terminals is used to control the current at the other pair of terminals. I'll break down each and everything related to this transistor in easy steps so you can grab the main concept easily. Let's dive in.

Introduction to 2n4123

• The 2n4123 is an NPN bipolar junction transistor mainly used for amplification and switching purpose, especially where collector current of 100mA is required.
• This transistor comes with three terminals called emitter, base, and collector that are used for the external connection with the electronic circuits.
• All these three terminals are different in terms of doping concentration. Emitter terminal is highly doped as compared to base and collector terminals.
• The base terminal is lightly doped which controls the number of electrons. Collector terminal is moderately doped which collects the number of electrons from the base terminal.
• Actually, NPN transistor is a combination of diodes joining back to back.

• This NPN transistor is termed as a current controlled device which is different than JFET that is voltage controlled device.
• One P-doped semiconductor layer is housed between the other two N-doped layers. The P-doped layer represents the base terminal while other two layers represent emitter and collector respectively.
• When a voltage is applied at the base terminal, it draws small current which is then used to control large current at the emitter and collector terminals.
• This process is used for amplification purpose where small current controls the large current.
• An output current obtained at the collector terminal is highly dependent on the intensity of voltage applied at the base terminal.
• This transistor operates in forward biased mode. If a transistor is not forward biased, collector current will be zero, no matter how much voltage is applied at the base terminal.

2n4123 Pinout

Following figure shows the pinout of this NPN transistor which mainly consists of three terminals. 1. Emitter 2. Base 3. Collector 

• When a voltage is applied at the base terminal, it triggers the electron reaction, resulting in the diffusion of electrons from the base to collector terminal.
• This movement of electrons is highly dependent on the voltage applied at the base terminal.
• The number of electrons diffused into the base terminal from the emitter is greater than the number of holes diffused into the emitter region.
• When the electron enters the base terminal it combines with the hole inside the base terminal where resulting pair disappears.
• The base terminal cannot control all electrons diffused into it from the emitter terminal, resulting in the transfer of electrons from the base to collector terminal.

Circuit Diagram of 2n4123

• Following figure shows the circuit diagram of the 2n4123.

• Current at the emitter terminal is equal to the sum of base and collector current because doping concentration of emitter is more than other terminals.
• The base is more positive with respect to the emitter which makes it an ideal choice for controlling the number of electrons.
• There are two current gain factors that are mostly used to determine the characteristics of the transistor. One is common-emitter current gain which is a ratio between collector current and base current. This is called Beta and denoted by ß.
• Its value ranges between 20 to 1000, however, the standard value is taken as 200.
• Beta is a ratio between two currents so it exhibits no unit. It is also known as amplification factor and determines the amount of current being amplified.
• Another current gain is common-base current gain which is a ratio between collector current and emitter current. It is called alpha and denoted by a. Alpha value ranges between 0.95 to 0.99, however, most of the time its value is taken as unity.
• It is important to note that if we interchange emitter and collector, then the transistor will become reverse biased and these current gains show low value as compared to values taken from forward biased transistor.
• In this NPN transistor, electrons are main charge carriers, which is different than PNP transistor where holes are major charge carriers.

Absolute Maximum Ratings of 2n4123

• Following figure shows the absolute maximum ratings of this transistor.

• These are the stress ratings that must be controlled before you place this component in the electronic circuit.
• If these stress ratings are exceeded from the absolute maximum ratings, they can damage the device at large, which ultimately affect the performance of the project.
• Similarly, if these stress ratings are applied for a maximum period of time above normal operating conditions, they can affect the device reliability.
• These ratings are determined on the basis of the maximum junction temperature of 150 °C.

Applications

• This NPN transistor is mainly used for general purpose amplification.
• Switching applications involve this NPN transistor where collector current around 100mA is required.

That's all for today. I hope you have found this article useful. If you are unsure or have any question, you can ask me in the comment section below. I'd love to help you in any way I can. Keep your suggestions coming. Your valuable suggestions and feedback keep us busy providing you quality work that resonates with your field of interest. Thanks for reading the article.