Specifying heavy copper—boards with 4 oz/ft² or thicker layers—is rarely done for light-duty applications. It is a decision driven by a specific thermal management challenge: moving massive current through a limited space without compromising the board's integrity. Whether building EV motor controllers or renewable energy inverters, the physics remains the same.
Here is the catch: Standard online PCB calculators often fail to capture the reality of heavy copper.
Most designers instinctively grab a free calculator or a generic IPC chart, plug in the current, and size the trace. While effective for standard 1 oz logic boards, these tools rely on linear assumptions that break down at 4 oz, 10 oz, or heavier weights. Designing for high-power applications requires understanding how these boar ...
Power generation systems form the backbone of modern society. From the moment you flip a light switch to the complex machinery running factories, electrical power makes it all possible. Understanding how we generate this electricity has become increasingly important as the world shifts from traditional fossil fuels to cleaner energy sources.
The Basics of Power Generation
At its core, every power generation system does the same thing. It converts some form of energy into electrical energy that can flow through the grid to homes and businesses. The main difference between various systems is the primary energy source they use and how they accomplish this conversion.
Most traditional power plants follow a similar pattern. They create heat, use that ...
Hey readers! I hope you are having a good day. Today, we are learning the basics of another MQ sensor family, the MQ-3. This sensor is designed for the detection of alcoholic gases in the air surrounding it. Gas sensors are widely used in multiple applications, and they provide information to the other components of the circuit. In the air, it can detect the 25-500ppm alcohol gas concentration and is a highly sensitive detector. We are going to study it thoroughly from scratch.
In this article, we are going to start the discussion with the basic introduction of this sensor. We’ll understand its datasheet and will know the basic details about its internal and external structure. After that, we’ll move towards the features, specifications, and best platform to buy these sensors. Then, we’l ...
Artificial intelligence is not an add-on feature in live video chat apps anymore. It's now deeply integrated into the core functions that make these platforms work smoothly. From improving call quality to keeping conversations safe, AI is involved in many critical ways. For developers, product owners, and system architects working in this space, understanding how AI shapes the modern live video experience is essential.
This article explores how AI is applied throughout the live video chat experience. It covers video quality, security, user engagement, accessibility, moderation, technical execution, and performance. The goal is to provide a clear, honest view of what AI really does in live video chat apps, without exaggeration or unnecessary complexity.
How does AI improve video and audio ...
In the contemporary digital society, quality photos are not only a luxury but also a necessity. Being a content creator, an influencer, or someone who likes sharing personal photos, even the slightest improvements can significantly change the overall appearance of your photos. Using AI software such as Dreamina, it is no longer difficult to apply filters to make people look beautiful. These apps give one the chance to fine-tune facial features, flatten skin, and lighten eyes without making the results look artificial. Additional features like an AI image enlarger can help you improve your image, which makes it easy to expand your background creatively and keep a picture clear when upscaling images to be printed, on social media, or in portfolios.
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Efficient fluid management plays a vital role in heavy industries, especially where material removal, fluid transfer, and sediment handling are required. In mining, dredging, and wastewater treatment sectors, Submersible Pumps have become essential tools due to their ability to operate directly in liquid environments. These pumps minimize the need for priming, offer energy savings, and are specifically designed to handle abrasive and solid-laden fluids. They are often integrated into solids-handling pump systems that keep operations moving efficiently in tough environments.
As industries continue to push for higher performance and lower maintenance costs, EDDY Pump stands out as a manufacturer delivering durable and efficient Submersible Pumps for tough applications. From open-pit mining ...
The world of compact construction equipment is advancing rapidly, and one of the biggest beneficiaries of that innovation is the skid-steer loader. Long known for its versatility and maneuverability, the modern skid steer has evolved well beyond its original design. Today’s machines integrate new advancements in automation, electrification, hydraulics, undercarriage systems, and telematics — reshaping what contractors can expect from these compact powerhouses.
Among all these innovations, one area that has made particularly impressive strides is the development of rubber tracks. These systems are transforming how skid steers handle traction, stability, and ground impact, making them more adaptable than ever to demanding jobsite conditions.
1. Smarter Skid Steers: Automation and Telematic ...
Hi friends, I hope you are all well. Today we can talk about the dimensions of all physical quantities which include the base quantities and the derived quantities. Dimensions of physical quantities are the fundamental part that helps us understand the physical and natural properties of any physical quantity. In modern science and technology, in engineering, and in different fields of physics where physical quantities units are used, the dimensions of these units help to derive a new formula and are also used in derivations. Dimensions of physical quantities also convey the detail of the types of physical quantity.
Dimension of physical quantities also helps to check the correctness of the equation and the formula that we can derive or use to solve the problems. Dimension of the phy ...
In the fast-paced world of engineering, small mistakes can snowball into massive complications — especially when it comes to component identification, labeling, and documentation. Whether you’re managing an electrical system, a mechanical setup, or an IoT prototype, clear and accurate identification is the unsung hero that keeps everything running smoothly.
Yet, many projects suffer from avoidable identification errors that lead to maintenance delays, compliance issues, and even costly rework. The good news? Each of these mistakes can be prevented with a few simple best practices.
Let’s look at six of the most common identification mistakes engineers make — and how to fix them efficiently.
1. Using Inconsistent or Unreadable Labels
One of the most frequent mistakes is inconsistent labe ...
For maintenance departments, frequently lost or misplaced parts represent a recurring issue that could interfere with even the most efficient operations. Consider a technician preparing to repair a vital machine, only to discover that the necessary part is unavailable. This situation leads to reduced efficiency, increased irritation, and extended periods of inactivity.
With the introduction of parts inventory management software
, maintenance workers can now easily track their spare parts, tools, and available supplies in real-time, considerably reducing the time spent on spreadsheets and estimates.
The Hidden Costs of Poor Parts Management
Problems can arise from poor inventory management if you have ever worked with maintenance employees. A missing instrument may seem insignificant ...
