Project Files of Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Library for Proteus V1.0 (VAWT, Arduino)

VERTICAL-AXIS WIND TURBINE LIBRARY FOR PROTEUS - V1.0 (a small helical
Savonius wind turbine: its rotor in the wind, its power and torque curves, the
best point, a stall, gusts - driving our 3-phase PM generator through a SHAFT
wire)
Designed by The Engineering Projects
www.TheEngineeringProjects.com

IMPORTANT LINKS
Article (read it first - pictures, step by step, every feature explained):
  https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2026/11/vertical-axis-wind-turbine-library-for-proteus-v1-0.html
Report a bug or suggest a feature (our forum):
  https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/forum/category/motor-driver-proteus-library
The turbine drives our 3-Phase PM Generator - a SEPARATE library, not in this
package (it has the generator and the 3-phase rectifier board): download and
install it first - its own article:
  https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2026/11/3-phase-pm-generator-library-for-proteus-v1-0.html
The demo runs on our Arduino UNO V4.0 (included) - working LEDs, RESET and a
built-in serial monitor - its own article:
  https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2026/10/arduino-uno-library-for-proteus-v40.html
The demo measures the DC side with our INA219 Current Sensor and its DC
electronic load - a SEPARATE library, not in this package - its own article:
  https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/2026/10/ina219-current-sensor-library-for-proteus-v1-0.html
Support us (the libraries are free):
  https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/donate

FILE STRUCTURE
Vertical-Axis-Wind-Turbine-TEP-v1.0/
|-- Proteus Library Files/
|   |-- ArduinoV4TEP.LIB                              201.9 KB   TEP Arduino boards V4.0 (UNO) -> LIBRARY
|   |-- TEPVAWT.LIB                                    31.1 KB   the library -> LIBRARY folder
|-- Proteus Model Files/
|   |-- TEPARDUINO.DLL                                883.5 KB   the Arduino board model -> MODELS folder
|   |-- TEPVAWT.DLL                                   299.5 KB   the model -> MODELS folder
|-- Proteus Simulation/
|   |-- TEPARDUINO.DLL                                883.5 KB   copy of the board model
|   |-- TEPVAWT.DLL                                   299.5 KB   copy of the model
|   |-- VAWT_Demo.hex                                  28.2 KB   the demo firmware
|   |-- Vertical-Axis-Wind-Turbine-Generator-INA219-ArduinoUnoV4.pdsprj   28.3 KB   the demo project
|-- Arduino Code/
|   |-- VAWT_Demo/VAWT_Demo.ino                         7.0 KB   the demo sketch (source of the .hex)
|-- README.txt                                        ~18.9 KB   this file
Total: 2.62 MB (unzipped). The C++ source code of the models is not included.

WHAT IS IT?
A simulation model of a small vertical-axis wind turbine (VAWT) - the helical
Savonius of rooftops, gardens and school projects: two curved buckets twisted
180 degrees around a vertical shaft. Our own model:
  * The rotor: 0.26 m across, 0.70 m tall (0.18 m2 facing the wind). A
    Savonius is a drag rotor: its torque is largest at standstill (it starts
    by itself, at about 1.7 m/s with the generator on it) and falls in a
    straight line with the tip speed ratio (the buckets' speed over the
    wind's) to nothing at about 1.6, where it runs free. Its power
    coefficient Cp peaks at 0.18 at a tip speed ratio of 0.8.
  * About 19 W on its shaft at 10 m/s near 560 RPM (the best point for that
    wind), 9.5 W at 8 m/s, 1 W at 4 m/s - the power grows with the cube of
    the wind.
  * The wind (property WIND and the pop-up's chips Calm, Breeze 4, Windy 8,
    Strong 10, Gale 13 m/s), gusts (property GUSTS and the Gusts chip: the
    wind swings 30 % around its mean) and a turning wind (the Wind turns
    chip): a vertical axis takes the wind from any side - nothing to steer.
  * The losses: the bearings and the gearbox, and the air's drag on the
    spinning buckets; the inertia of the rotor.
  * THE SHAFT: the SHAFT pin's net carries the shaft - 1 V on it = 1 RPM, 1 A
    into it = 1 N.m of torque driving it (the convention of our 3-Phase PM
    Generator). Wire it to the generator's SHAFT pin and the rotor, the
    generator and its load are solved together: a heavier load slows the
    rotor, too heavy a load stalls it, no load lets it race.
  * The watch: AT THE BEST POINT, TURNING (with the share of the best this wind
    allows), SPEEDING UP, SLOWING DOWN, STALLED, RUNNING FREE, COASTING, CALM,
    OVERSPEED (over 1200 RPM); the tip speed ratio, Cp, the torque and the
    power on the shaft, the power in the wind, the energy.
The symbol is just the turbine: the two aluminium buckets between their end
plates, the top bearing cap, the column with the lower bearing, and the cast
right-angle gearbox (1:1) at the foot with its output shaft and coupling on the
right (the SHAFT pin). At Run the DLL draws the buckets at the rotor's angle and
repaints the part - nothing is painted behind the rotor, the sheet shows
between its buckets. On the gearbox's face: the value line (the rating when
stopped; the RPM, the wind, the watts and the state at Run), the OUT LED (green
while the rotor drives its shaft) and the OPEN PANEL button - TEP additions; a
real turbine has none of them. The wind, the sky and the compass are drawn in
the pop-up.

ONE DEVICE (search "wind" or "VAWT" in Pick Devices):
  VAWTTEP   "Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine V1.0"   (category Electromechanical >
            Renewable Energy), model TEPVAWT.DLL
  The pop-up panel "TEP Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine" opens at Run (and with
  OPEN PANEL on the gearbox) - the look of the TEP Serial Monitor. Tabs
  Turbine, Graphs, Event log and Check; gear and ? icons for Settings and
  Help; the palette icon switches the theme:
    Turbine    the wind chips (Calm, Breeze 4, Windy 8, Strong 10, Gale 13
               m/s), Gusts and Wind turns; the state in big letters; THE
               ROTOR'S POWER AND TORQUE AGAINST ITS SPEED for this wind, with
               the best point (green) and where the rotor runs (orange); the
               live values (the wind, the rotor, the tip speed ratio, Cp, the
               shaft power, the best now, the torque out, the power in the
               wind); THE WIND AND THE TURBINE - the sky, the wind's streaks,
               the compass with the wind's direction, a tree bending, the
               rotor turning; the last 10 s: the shaft power, the best and the
               speed.
    Graphs     the wind, the rotor's speed, the shaft power against the best
               over the last 10, 30 or 60 s. Live / Freeze.
    Event log  the wind, AT THE BEST POINT, TURNING, STALLED, COASTING, CALM and
               the warnings; filters All / Power / Warnings, Pause, Clear
    Check      Good for: a turbine that gives less than its label, a rotor
               that stalls or races, a load that does not fit the wind - the
               wind, the rotor, the load, the power, the efficiency, the
               energy, with tips
    Settings   theme, text size, open at Run, window size
    Help       report a bug, suggest a feature, article, updates, donate,
               forum; Copy diagnostics for a bug report

TEST STATUS
V1.0: verified in Proteus 8.5 on 30 Oct 2026 (the demo project as shipped: an
A3 sheet, an Arduino UNO V4.0 with its built-in monitor, the turbine in 10 m/s
driving our 3-phase PM generator through the SHAFT wire, its rectifier board,
our INA219 - its pop-up version - and its DC load at 1.1 A from their own
libraries, 100k from phase U to D2; all pop-ups open). What the run showed:
  * 10 m/s, 1.1 A: "AT THE BEST POINT - 610 RPM, 0.291 N.m: 18.59 W on the
    shaft at 10.0 m/s (tip speed ratio 0.83, Cp 0.18)" (the best this wind
    allows: 18.93 W at 557 RPM); the LEDs lit (UNO, INA219, the turbine's
    and the generator's OUT, the board's PWR); the buckets turning on the
    sheet; the INA219's pop-up "MEASURING - BUS 13.824 V, SHUNT 110.00 mV,
    CURRENT 1.100 A, POWER 15.206 W"; the generator 614 RPM, 61.4 Hz, 11.31 V
    rms, 0.898 A rms, 16.39 W out (88 %).
  * 0.8 A: "TURNING - 737 RPM, 0.216 N.m: 16.67 W on the shaft, 88 % of the
    18.93 W this wind allows (tip speed ratio 1.00)".
  * 3.0 A: "STALLED - 10.0 m/s but only 149 RPM (tip speed ratio 0.20): the
    load wants more torque than this wind gives"; the board 0.571 V at 2.14 A
    (its PWR LED dark), the generator OVERLOAD; Check: "8.70 W on the shaft -
    46 % of the 18.93 W this wind allows". Back to 1.1 A: it starts again by
    itself, AT THE BEST POINT at 610 RPM.
  * Windy 8 at 1.1 A: "TURNING - 264 RPM, 0.289 N.m: 8.00 W on the shaft,
    84 % of the 9.51 W this wind allows (tip speed ratio 0.45)"; at 0.8 A:
    "AT THE BEST POINT - 417 RPM, 0.215 N.m: 9.38 W on the shaft at 8.0 m/s
    (tip speed ratio 0.71, Cp 0.18)".
  * Gusts and Wind turns at 8 m/s: the speed and the power swing with the
    wind; the direction changes nothing.
  * Breeze 4 at 50 mA: "TURNING - 322 RPM, 0.022 N.m: 0.74 W on the shaft,
    73 % of the 1.01 W this wind allows (tip speed ratio 1.10)"; the board
    7.90 V at 50 mA.
  * Calm: "COASTING - the wind dropped to 1.7 m/s: the rotor slows down from
    275 RPM", then "CALM - 0.0 m/s: too little wind to start the rotor".
  * 10 m/s at 1.1 A again: AT THE BEST POINT; the monitor "WT 613 RPM  61.3
    Hz  13.94 V  1.100 A  15.33 W  - enough for an Arduino"; "best": "Best so
    far: 15.34 W at 13.95 V, 1.100 A, 614 RPM"; Check "18.71 W on the shaft -
    99 % of the 18.93 W this wind allows".
  * All four pages of the pop-up (Turbine, Graphs, Event log, Check).
Host tests of the model: 10 checks (the rotor alone; the rotor, the generator,
the rectifier and the DC load solved together at 1 - 12 m/s; a stall; gusts)
and 4 of the pop-up.

INSTALLATION (about 2 minutes)
1. Close Proteus. Extract the WHOLE ZIP to a normal folder (e.g. Desktop).
2. Copy everything in "Proteus Library Files" (TEPVAWT.LIB and our Arduino
   library V4.0, ArduinoV4TEP.LIB) to the LIBRARY folder of Proteus, for
   example:
     C:\Program Files (x86)\Labcenter Electronics\Proteus 8 Professional\LIBRARY
   (on some PCs: C:\ProgramData\Labcenter Electronics\Proteus 8 Professional\
   LIBRARY - use the folder that already holds Proteus's own .LIB files).
3. Copy TEPVAWT.DLL and TEPARDUINO.DLL from "Proteus Model Files" to the MODELS
   folder (...\Proteus 8 Professional\MODELS). The demo's generator and
   rectifier board and its INA219 and DC load are NOT in this package: install
   our 3-Phase PM Generator library (TEPPMGEN.LIB / TEPPMGEN.DLL) and our INA219
   Current Sensor library (TEPINA219.LIB / TEPINA219.DLL) the same way (their
   own ZIPs - see IMPORTANT LINKS).
4. Delete TEPVAWT.IDX from the LIBRARY folder if it is there.
5. Start Proteus. In Pick Devices (P) search "wind".

RUN THE DEMO
"Proteus Simulation\Vertical-Axis-Wind-Turbine-Generator-INA219-ArduinoUnoV4.pdsprj"
- keep the .hex file and the DLLs beside the project (with the generator and
INA219 libraries installed).
  ARD1: Arduino UNO V4.0 running VAWT_Demo.hex, its serial monitor built in
        (window "TEP Arduino UNO - ARD1").
  WT1:  the turbine (WIND=10): its SHAFT pin straight into GEN1's SHAFT pin.
  GEN1: the 3-phase PM generator (DRIVE=SHAFT: the turbine turns it); V and W
        straight into BR1, U by U labels.
  BR1:  the 3-phase rectifier board: + up to a DC+ label, - to ground.
  U1:   our INA219 (Advance), SDA / SCL on the UNO's A4 / A5 by labels; VIN+
        on the DC+ net, VIN- straight into the load.
  LD1:  the TEP DC electronic load, 1.1 A (the best load at 10 m/s).
  R1:   100k from phase U (a U label) to the UNO's D2: the speed from the AC.
  1. Press Run. The monitor and the pop-ups open (move them aside). In 10 m/s
     the rotor spins up to its best point in about 8 seconds.
  2. On the turbine's pop-up: Calm, Breeze 4, Windy 8, Strong 10, Gale 13;
     Gusts; Wind turns.
  3. On the INA219's pop-up: the load presets, +10 / +100 mA, "Switch the load
     off" - watch the rotor's operating point move on its curves.
  4. Type in the monitor and press Send: best, reset, rate 500, help.
  5. Double-click WT1: WIND (m/s), GUSTS (NO / YES).

WIRING (the same idea in a project)
  A small VAWT turns a generator (often built into its base); the
  generator's three phases go to a rectifier and a wind charge controller
  with a dump load, then to the battery. The best load changes with the wind
  (a tip speed ratio near 0.8 for a Savonius): an MPPT wind controller
  follows it, a fixed load fits one wind only.
  To measure it with an Arduino: an INA219 on the rectifier's DC side, one
  generator phase through 100k into an interrupt pin for the speed (each
  rising edge is one electrical cycle; RPM = the frequency x 60 / the pole
  pairs; with a 1:1 drive that is the rotor's RPM), an anemometer for the
  wind.
REAL HARDWARE:
 * Mount it high and clear: the wind near roofs and trees is slow and
   turbulent - the power grows with the cube of the wind speed.
 * A Savonius is safe and quiet but slow: expect a power coefficient near
   0.15 - 0.2; a Darrieus or a horizontal-axis turbine of the same size gives
   more in a steady wind.
 * Never let it run free in a storm: keep it loaded, or short the generator's
   phases to brake it.
 * Balance the rotor and check its bearings: a helical rotor at several
   hundred RPM shakes a light mast.

THE DEMO SKETCH ON THE SERIAL MONITOR (VAWT_Demo V1.0, 9600 baud)
  best      the best point so far          reset     forget it
  rate N    report every N ms (200 - 5000) help      the list
EXPECTED MONITOR OUTPUT
  Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine demo - The Engineering Projects
  The rotor turns the generator; phase U on D2 gives the speed; the INA219 (0x40 on A4 / A5) measures the DC.
  Commands: best | reset | rate 1000 | help
  (then a line every second: WT, RPM, Hz, volts, amps, watts, and a note:
  changing, stopped, no load or enough for an Arduino)

PROPERTIES (double-click the part > Edit Properties)
  WIND    the wind at the start, m/s (0 - 20); default 10
  GUSTS   gusts at the start: NO or YES; default NO
Every run starts again from the properties.

TROUBLESHOOTING
* CALM: too little wind to start the rotor (about 1.7 m/s with the generator).
* STALLED: the load wants more torque than this wind gives - lighten the load
  or wait for more wind.
* RUNNING FREE: nothing takes the power - check the shaft wire, the generator
  and its load.
* OVERSPEED: over 1200 RPM - load it more or brake it.
* The turbine is not simulated: TEPVAWT.DLL is missing from MODELS and from
  the project folder. No generator or no rectifier board: install our 3-Phase
  PM Generator library (TEPPMGEN.LIB / .DLL). No INA219 or no DC load: install
  our INA219 library (TEPINA219.LIB / .DLL). No UNO / no monitor window:
  TEPARDUINO.DLL, or click the UNO's USB port.
* The rotor does not move on the sheet: the part is repainted at most 4 times
  a second; when it turns fast it is shown turning slowly forwards.
* The pop-up does not appear: click OPEN PANEL on the gearbox, or turn "Open
  the panel at Run" on its Settings page back on.

BUG REPORTS AND FEATURE REQUESTS
Please post them in our forum with a screenshot, the Serial Monitor text, the
simulation log and the pop-up's Copy diagnostics text:
  https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/forum/category/motor-driver-proteus-library

SUPPORT US
This library is free. If it saves you time, please support our work:
  https://www.theengineeringprojects.com/donate

LICENCES AND THIRD-PARTY NOTES
* The turbine model (TEPVAWT.DLL), the symbol and artwork and the Arduino
  Library V4.0 (ArduinoV4TEP.LIB / TEPARDUINO.DLL) are made by The Engineering
  Projects. The model is our own, fitted to the typical data of small helical
  Savonius rotors. The models use only standard Windows libraries; no Visual
  C++ redistributable is needed. The C++ source code is not included. The
  demo's generator and rectifier board (our 3-Phase PM Generator library) and
  its INA219 and DC load (our INA219 Current Sensor library) are separate
  downloads.
* The demo's .hex is built from the demo sketch and the Arduino AVR core 1.8.6
  (with its Wire library), which includes LGPL-licensed code; its source code
  is available at https://github.com/arduino/ArduinoCore-avr/tree/1.8.6
* Proteus is a product of Labcenter Electronics and is not included. Arduino is
  a trademark of Arduino SA. This library is not made or endorsed by any
  turbine maker, Arduino or Labcenter.

REBUILDING THE FIRMWARE (OPTIONAL)
The HEX file is supplied; Arduino IDE is not needed to run the demo. To edit
the sketch, open Arduino Code\VAWT_Demo\VAWT_Demo.ino, select Arduino Uno and
use Sketch > Export Compiled Binary. The sketch needs 10,250 bytes of flash
(31 % of the UNO) and 538 bytes of RAM.

MODEL SCOPE AND LIMITS
Modelled: the rotor's torque against its speed and the wind (a straight-line
torque coefficient, Cp up to 0.18), self-starting, the bearings, the gearbox
and the air's drag, the inertia, the wind with its gusts and its direction, and
the watch's states and warnings.
How it runs: at each Newton step the rotor is in the circuit on the SHAFT net
as a current (the wind's torque, exact - it is linear in the speed) and the
tangent of its losses, plus its inertia as a capacitor; the generator and its
load on the same net are solved with it.
Not modelled: the torque's ripple as the buckets turn (a helical rotor smooths
it), the wind's shear and turbulence near the ground beyond the gusts, the
rotor's tower shadow, icing, and the structure's vibration.

VERSION
TEP Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine library V1.0 (Oct 2026). Device VAWTTEP
(TEPVAWT.LIB / TEPVAWT.DLL). Demo sketch VAWT_Demo V1.0. Demo generator and
rectifier board: PMGENTEP and RECT3TEP (TEP 3-Phase PM Generator library V1.0,
a separate library). Demo sensor and load: INA219ADVTEP and DCLOADTEP (TEP
INA219 Current Sensor library V1.0, a separate library).
Demo board: ARDUINO UNO V4.0 (TEP Arduino Library V4.0) with its built-in
serial monitor.